Metals are an important class of elements that play an important part in our daily lives and the advancement of contemporary civilisation. Metals have been used by humans for millennia because of their extraordinary qualities like as strong electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and lustre. Metals have continually changed our environment and continue to be vital in numerous industries, from the earliest tools and weapons made during the Bronze Age to high-tech gadgets and towering skyscrapers of today. We will go deeper into the significance, types, qualities, applications, and future possibilities of metals in this presentation, as well as their long-term impact on our society and environment. Our adventure begins in the distant past, when early people discovered the transformational power of metals. Our forefathers discovered the secrets of metallurgy millennia ago, in the crucible of discovery. They recognised that heating certain rocks produced compounds with qualities unlike anything found in nature. The Bronze Age, typified by the fusing of copper and tin, was a watershed point in human history. It was the advent of metals as tools and weapons, ushering in an era of progress that would permanently alter the course of society.

1. Metals
Prepared by Engr. Habibullah
Assign by Dr. Zakariya
(Assistant Professor)
NTU Department of Polymer

2. Historical Perspective
Stone
Age
Copper
Age
Bronze
Age
Iron
Age
Metals are so important in the development of civilization
that we associate “Ages” with them.
1. 2. 3. 4.

3. Metal Age
Early civilizations have been designated by the level
of their metals development.
Stone Age
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
2.5 million B.C.
3500 B.C.
3500 B.C.
1000 B.C. to till
Now

4. Stone Age 2.5 million B.C.
The earliest humans had access to only a very limited
number of materials, those that occur naturally.
• Stone
• Wood
• Boons
• clay
• Skins and so on.

5. Bronze Age 3500 B.C.
• Copper and Gold were the first metals ever used by human.
• Human discovered techniques for smelting ore of copper
and tin and then alloying those metals in order to cast
bronze. (Cu + Tin)
• These new materials included:
• pottery
• and various metals.
Metallurgy developed first in
Anatolia (modern Turkey).

6. Iron Age 1000 B.C.
• Iron smelting comes from the Hittites, who ruled an empire
in Anatolia (modern Turkey) .
• During this time, they hammered or pounded the metal to
create tools and weapons.

7. what our life, would be like, without
all of the metals

8. Modern Material
Knowledge
Materials Science Materials Engineering
Investigating
why materials have
their properties?
Designing the structure of
a material to produce a
predetermined set of
properties.

9. Engineering
Materials
Metals Non-Metals
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous
Organic
Inorganic
Metalloids

10. What are Metals ?
About 80% of Elements are Metals.
Elements having valiancy between 1 and 3 are Metals.
(Except H and He)

11. What are Metals ?
Elements having tendency to donate electrons are Metals.
Galvanic cell
Zn(s) -> Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- -> Cu(s)

12. What are Metals ?
Metals have metallic bound, Which has unique
Characteristics.
Decentralize
Electrons
Electronic Sea Model

13. What are Metals ?
Valence electrons spreads out through the metal lattice.
Cations surrounded by electronic sea or clouds.
Electronic Sea
Cations

14. What are Metals ?
Metals have crystalline structure, in which
atoms are held together by metallic bond.
Fe, V, Nb ,Cr Al, Ni, Ag, Cu, Au Ti , An, Mg, Cd

15. What are Metals ?
Bravais Lattices system
Lattice is the symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements
of atoms, ions or molecules inside a crystalline solid as points.

16. What are Metals ?
Bravais Lattices system
has 14 lattice shapes on the bases of
Four Types of Unit cells
• Body-centered
• Face-centered
• Base-centered
Body-centered
Cubic
Simple/Primitive
Cubic
Face-centered
Cubic
Unit cell is the smallest part of crystalline in which atoms are arranged.

17. Chemical Properties of Metals
Electron
Metallic Bond:
• Electrostatic attraction of cations for mobile electrons.
• Electrostatic attraction is very strong.
• Cations surrounded by electron sea or cloud.
• Metal Conductivity due to electrons sea or cloud.
• Metals are the electropositive element that tends to donate electrons
and form positive ions and become stable.
For example:
Na → Na+ + e–
• Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
Metal oxides are
generally basic.
• Oxidization cause Corrosion.
• Iron Oxide = Fe2O3
(Rusting of Iron)

18. Chemical Properties of Metals
corrosion:
Corrosion is a natural phenomenon of conversion of metal into a
more stable chemical oxide. Corrosion is a natural process that
converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide. It is
the gradual deterioration of materials by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with their environment.
Types of corrosion:
• Dry or Chemical Corrosion
• Wet or Electrochemical
Corrosion

19. Chemical Properties of Metals
Dry or Chemical Corrosion:
It involves direct chemical attack of atmospheric gases i.e. O2 , Co2 etc.
Wet or Electrochemical Corrosion:
It occurs due to setting up of a large number of small galvanic
cells in metals as an impurity or moisture. Generally impurity
(more active metal) act as anode and original metal act as cathode,
so anode is the area where corrosion occurs.
Wet or Electrochemical Corrosion Dry or Chemical Corrosion

20. Physical Properties of Metals
Metals are:
• Solid except mercury
• Malleable
• Ductile
• Good conductor of heat and electricity.
• Lustrous mean shiny appearance.
• Sonorous
• Metals are hard.

21. Physical Properties of Metals
Malleable: Easily draw into sheet Ductile: Draw into wire shape
Lustrous: mean shiny appearance. Sonorous: Sound create on beaten
Ductility Malleability Sonorous

22. Mechanical Properties of Metals
Tensile and Compressive Properties:
The tensile and compressive properties of a material describe
its response to axial loads along the orthogonal (x, y, z) axes.
Tensile Stress Tensile Stress

23. Mechanical Properties of Metals
Shear Properties:
The shear properties of a material describe its response
to the imposed shear loads.
Shearing Stress Area

24. Mechanical Properties of Metals
Bending Stress:
Bending stress describe the material response to an
external load applied perpendicularly to a
longitudinal axis.
Compressive Tensile
F
F

25. Mechanical Properties of Metals
Hardness
The hardness of a material is a measure of its resistance to
penetration by an indenter. Hardness is also a measure
of strength and often has the units of stress.

26. Mechanical Properties of Metals
Fatigue
Fatigue is the response of materials to reversing, or
cyclic loads. Fatigue occurs as a result of the formation
and growth of cracks at stress levels that may behalf the
tensile strength or less.

27. Mechanical Properties of Metals
Creep
It is a time- dependent deformation under a certain
applied load. Generally occurs at high temperature
(thermal creep), but can also happen at room temperature
in certain materials (e.g. lead or glass), but much slower. .

28. Types of Metals by
Composition
Ferrous Non Ferrous
Iron & Its
Alloy
Metals Other
than Iron

29. Types of Metals by
Composition
Ferrous Metal:
The Metal that containing iron as main constituents i.e. Iron and its
alloys.
Iron & Its alloys
• Iron Ore
• Pig Iron
• Cast Iron
• Wrought Iron
• Steel

30. Types of Metals by
Composition
Iron Ore:
Iron ore is the raw material used to make different types
Iron alloys.
Types of Iron Ore
Iron Ore collecting

31. Types of Metals by
Composition
Pig Iron:
Pig iron is the product of smelting iron ore with cock and
lime stone in blast furnace.
Pig Iron

32. Blast Furnace:
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for
smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron.
19th century
Blast Furnace

33. Pig Iron Composition

34. Cast Iron:
Cast iron is obtained by re-melting pig iron with cock and
line stone in cupola furnace. Carbon content varies from
1.7% to 4.5% , Along with varying amounts of silicon and
manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and
phosphorus.

36. Cast Iron Composition

37. Cast iron Applications

38. Cast iron Applications

39. Types of Metals by
Composition
Wrought Iron:
It is the purest iron which contain 99.5 to 99.9% iron.

40. Wrought Iron Applications

41. Types of Metals by
Composition
Steel :
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than
2% carbon and 1% manganese and small amounts of
silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen.

42. Types of Plain carbon Steel

43. Steel Applications

44. Types of Metals by Composition
Non Ferrous Metals
Non-Ferrous metals do not contain any appreciable
amounts of iron. All pure metals are non-ferrous elements,
except iron.

45. Application
Copper Platinum
Nickel Mercury

46. Any Question?
Thank you