median 50 -Solution median 50 -.pdf

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HOMO and LUMO are acronyms for highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, respectively. The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO-LUMO gap. HOMO and LUMO are sometimes referred to as frontier orbitals.[1] Roughly, the HOMO level is to organic semiconductors what the valence band is to inorganic semiconductors and quantum dots. The same analogy exists between the LUMO level and the conduction band. The atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals pictured above require complicated calculations and assumptions that far exceed the equation shown for ?nlm. Spartan calculates these orbitals as HOMOs or LUMOs. The HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) is the valence orbital that received the last valence electron(s). The orbital directly beneath the HOMO in energy is labeled HOMO(-1). The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) is the empty orbital just above the HOMO. The orbital just above the LUMO is labeled LUMO(+1). The \"1\" can be changed to 2, 3, 4, ... to create a complete set of all MOs in the molecule. The HOMO and LUMO images (surfaces) created by Spartan can be correlated/represented with the lines on a molecular orbital (MO) diagram. In this experiment, you will be asked to create the MO diagrams complete with Spartan orbital surfaces for H2 + , H2, and H2 - . Spartan also can generate electron density surfaces. Electron density is the square of the wave function (|?| 2 , or |?| 2 ). Squaring the wave function results in the loss of phase information (i 2 = - 1). The lack of phase information is indicated in Spartan by the creation of gray only density surfaces (Note: the \"electron\" is omitted in Spartan). The surface created represents the relative size and shape of the molecule, atom, or ion being investigated. Solution HOMO and LUMO are acronyms for highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, respectively. The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO-LUMO gap. HOMO and LUMO are sometimes referred to as frontier orbitals.[1] Roughly, the HOMO level is to organic semiconductors what the valence band is to inorganic semiconductors and quantum dots. The same analogy exists between the LUMO level and the conduction band. The atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals pictured above require complicated calculations and assumptions that far exceed the equation shown for ?nlm. Spartan calculates these orbitals as HOMOs or LUMOs. The HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) is the valence orbital that received the last valence electron(s). The orbital directly beneath the HOMO in energy is labeled HOMO(-1). The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) is the empty orbital just above the HOMO. The orbital just above the LUMO is labeled LUMO(+1). The \"1\" can be changed to 2, 3, 4, ... to create a complete set of all MOs in the molecule. The HOMO and LUMO images (surfaces) created by Spartan can be correlated/represented with the.

YearCash flow0-1000000115000021500003150000415.pdf

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Year Cash flow 0 -1000000 1 150000 2 150000 3 150000 4 150000 5 150000 6 150000 7 150000 8 150000 9 150000 10 150000 11 150000 12 150000 13 150000 14 150000 15 150000 16 150000 17 150000 18 150000 19 150000 20 150000 21 150000 22 150000 23 150000 24 150000 25 150000 26 150000 27 150000 28 150000 29 150000 30 150000 31 150000 32 150000 33 150000 34 150000 35 150000 36 150000 37 150000 38 150000 39 150000 40 150000 41 150000 42 150000 43 150000 44 150000 45 150000 46 150000 47 150000 48 150000 49 150000 50 150000 51 150000 52 150000 53 150000 54 150000 55 150000 56 150000 57 150000 58 150000 59 150000 60 150000 IRR 15% Computation of inflation rate between 1939 and 1957 i.e. for 18 years = (Ending value/ Beginning value)^(1/n) -1 = (1,000,000/80,805.12)^(1/18) -1 =12.375^(1/18) -1 = 1.15 -1 = 0.15 = 15% The rate of return during the period of 60 years is 15% and the inflation rate between 1939 and 1957 is 15%. I have computed IRR using excel formula. Please post as comments for any clarifications. Year Cash flow 0 -1000000 1 150000 2 150000 3 150000 4 150000 5 150000 6 150000 7 150000 8 150000 9 150000 10 150000 11 150000 12 150000 13 150000 14 150000 15 150000 16 150000 17 150000 18 150000 19 150000 20 150000 21 150000 22 150000 23 150000 24 150000 25 150000 26 150000 27 150000 28 150000 29 150000 30 150000 31 150000 32 150000 33 150000 34 150000 35 150000 36 150000 37 150000 38 150000 39 150000 40 150000 41 150000 42 150000 43 150000 44 150000 45 150000 46 150000 47 150000 48 150000 49 150000 50 150000 51 150000 52 150000 53 150000 54 150000 55 150000 56 150000 57 150000 58 150000 59 150000 60 150000 IRR 15% Solution Year Cash flow 0 -1000000 1 150000 2 150000 3 150000 4 150000 5 150000 6 150000 7 150000 8 150000 9 150000 10 150000 11 150000 12 150000 13 150000 14 150000 15 150000 16 150000 17 150000 18 150000 19 150000 20 150000 21 150000 22 150000 23 150000 24 150000 25 150000 26 150000 27 150000 28 150000 29 150000 30 150000 31 150000 32 150000 33 150000 34 150000 35 150000 36 150000 37 150000 38 150000 39 150000 40 150000 41 150000 42 150000 43 150000 44 150000 45 150000 46 150000 47 150000 48 150000 49 150000 50 150000 51 150000 52 150000 53 150000 54 150000 55 150000 56 150000 57 150000 58 150000 59 150000 60 150000 IRR 15% Computation of inflation rate between 1939 and 1957 i.e. for 18 years = (Ending value/ Beginning value)^(1/n) -1 = (1,000,000/80,805.12)^(1/18) -1 =12.375^(1/18) -1 = 1.15 -1 = 0.15 = 15% The rate of return during the period of 60 years is 15% and the inflation rate between 1939 and 1957 is 15%. I have computed IRR using excel formula. Please post as comments for any clarifications. Year Cash flow 0 -1000000 1 150000 2 150000 3 150000 4 150000 5 150000 6 150000 7 150000 8 150000 9 150000 10 150000 11 150000 12 150000 13 150000 14 150000 15 150000 16 150000 17 150000 18 150000 19 150000 20 150000 21 150000 22 150000 23 150000 24 150000 25 150000 26 150000 27 150000 28 150000 29 150000 30 150000 31 150000 32 150000 33 .

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a toxin-mediated acute life-threatenin.pdf

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Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a toxin-mediated acute life-threatening illness, usually precipitated by infection with either Staphylococcus aureus or group A Streptococcus (GAS), also called Streptococcus pyogenes. It is characterized by high fever, rash, hypotension, multiorgan failure (involving at least 3 or more organ systems), and desquamation, typically of the palms and soles, 1-2 weeks after the onset of acute illness. The clinical syndrome can also include severe myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and non focal neurologic abnormalities. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1(TSST-1), a prototype superantigen secreted by a Staphylococcus aureus bacterium strain in susceptible hosts, acts on the vascular system by causing inflammation, fever, and shock.This bacterium strain that produces the TSST-1\'s can be found in any area of the body. TSST-1 is a bacterial exotoxin found in patients who have developed toxic shock syndrome (TSS), which can be found in menstruating women or any man or child for that matter. GAS is an aerobic gram-positive organism that forms chains and is an important cause of soft tissue infections. Diabetes, alcoholism, varicella infections, and surgical procedures all increase the risk of severe GAS infections and hence may potentially increase the risk of GAS TSS. Severe, invasive GAS infections can cause necrotizing fasciitis and spontaneous gangrenous myositis. An increasing number of severe GAS infections associated with shock and organ failure have been reported. These infections are termed streptococcal TSS. Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) is a superantigen with a size of 22 kDa produced by 5 to 25% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It causes toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by stimulating the release of large amounts of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and tumour necrosis factor. In general, the toxin is not produced by bacteria growing in the blood; rather, it is produced at the local site of an infection, and then enters the blood stream. Pathogensis: M proteins: Filamentous proteins on the cell membrane with antiphagocytic properties. More than 80 M types. Solution Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a toxin-mediated acute life-threatening illness, usually precipitated by infection with either Staphylococcus aureus or group A Streptococcus (GAS), also called Streptococcus pyogenes. It is characterized by high fever, rash, hypotension, multiorgan failure (involving at least 3 or more organ systems), and desquamation, typically of the palms and soles, 1-2 weeks after the onset of acute illness. The clinical syndrome can also include severe myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and non focal neurologic abnormalities. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1(TSST-1), a prototype superantigen secreted by a Staphylococcus aureus bacterium strain in susceptible hosts, acts on the vascular system by causing inflammation, fever, and shock.This bacterium strain that produces the TSST-1\'s can be found in any area of the body. TSST-1 is a bacter.

The trophozites (active form) are present only in the host and fresh.pdf

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The trophozites (active form) are present only in the host and fresh loose faeces. E. coli is found in the faeces of the carrier. In unsanitary conditions (like open defecation), the cysts are released and they may be persistent for a few months in the environment. When a person drinks untreated water contaminated with E. coli, the cysts enter his digestive system. once inside the digestive system, the cysts release the trophozite stage within the digestive tract which may lead to further infection. the trophozites are generally present in the large intestine. Sometimes, they invade the intestinal mucosa, enter the blood stream and pass on to the different parts of the body causing a number of outcomes, the most common of which is liver abcess. Solution The trophozites (active form) are present only in the host and fresh loose faeces. E. coli is found in the faeces of the carrier. In unsanitary conditions (like open defecation), the cysts are released and they may be persistent for a few months in the environment. When a person drinks untreated water contaminated with E. coli, the cysts enter his digestive system. once inside the digestive system, the cysts release the trophozite stage within the digestive tract which may lead to further infection. the trophozites are generally present in the large intestine. Sometimes, they invade the intestinal mucosa, enter the blood stream and pass on to the different parts of the body causing a number of outcomes, the most common of which is liver abcess..

The set Z15ZSolutionThe set Z15Z.pdf

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Superior colliculus/optic tectum is a midbrain structure. The term superior colliculus is used when discussing mammals and optic tectum when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general. It is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The layers can be grouped into the superficial layers and the deeper layers. Neurons in the superficial layers receive direct input from the retina and respond almost exclusively to visual stimuli. The deeper layers contain a population of motor-related neurons, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. The superior colliculus mainly has its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or an input from the cerebral cortex, creates a \"bump\" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement (A quick and simultaneous movement of both eyes). In primates however, the superior colliculus is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns etc. Solution Superior colliculus/optic tectum is a midbrain structure. The term superior colliculus is used when discussing mammals and optic tectum when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general. It is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The layers can be grouped into the superficial layers and the deeper layers. Neurons in the superficial layers receive direct input from the retina and respond almost exclusively to visual stimuli. The deeper layers contain a population of motor-related neurons, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. The superior colliculus mainly has its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or an input from the cerebral cortex, creates a \"bump\" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement (A quick and simultaneous movement of both eyes). In primates however, the superior colliculus is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns etc..

ROE = 14.3 Payout Ratio = 42Sustainable Growth Rate = ROE (1.pdf

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ROE = 14.3% Payout Ratio = 42% Sustainable Growth Rate = ROE * (1 - Payout Ratio) Sustainable Growth Rate = 14.30% * (1 - 0.42) Sustainable Growth Rate = 14.30% * 0.58 Sustainable Growth Rate = 8.29% Solution ROE = 14.3% Payout Ratio = 42% Sustainable Growth Rate = ROE * (1 - Payout Ratio) Sustainable Growth Rate = 14.30% * (1 - 0.42) Sustainable Growth Rate = 14.30% * 0.58 Sustainable Growth Rate = 8.29%.

Sample code for Discrete Cosine Transform for an imageSolution.pdf

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Present PbNot present HgSolutionPresent PbNot present .pdf

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dear pls put prob 14 and 20... i cant solve witho.pdf

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D) is the answer. note BF3 is a strong Lewis aci.pdf

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D) is the answer. note: BF3 is a strong Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) that reacts with a Lewis base (electron pair donor). CH3NH2 has a lone pair of electrons at N atom and thus acts as a Lewis base to react with BF3. Solution D) is the answer. note: BF3 is a strong Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) that reacts with a Lewis base (electron pair donor). CH3NH2 has a lone pair of electrons at N atom and thus acts as a Lewis base to react with BF3..

One major similarity with soils dominated by calcium and sodium ions.pdf

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One major similarity with soils dominated by calcium and sodium ions are that they will be saline soils without much moveable waer within them and plants would have to apply more energy to exude salts and take up pure water. The main difference is sodium ions will disperse into separate particles rather than sticking together. In terms of affecting water flow and hydrology in soils, the most important impact of high Na+ is that aggregates will be weaker or nonexistent if they are held together by clay. Without aggregation pore structure of soil is highly affected and it is seen that water drainage doesnt take place as fast as that in calcium rich soils. Calcium ions have a tendency to ‘flocculate’ (clump together) soil colloids (fine clay and organic matter particles), thus, increasing aggregation and macroporosity.In turn, soil porosity, structural stability and water movement may actually be improved in saline soils. Solution One major similarity with soils dominated by calcium and sodium ions are that they will be saline soils without much moveable waer within them and plants would have to apply more energy to exude salts and take up pure water. The main difference is sodium ions will disperse into separate particles rather than sticking together. In terms of affecting water flow and hydrology in soils, the most important impact of high Na+ is that aggregates will be weaker or nonexistent if they are held together by clay. Without aggregation pore structure of soil is highly affected and it is seen that water drainage doesnt take place as fast as that in calcium rich soils. Calcium ions have a tendency to ‘flocculate’ (clump together) soil colloids (fine clay and organic matter particles), thus, increasing aggregation and macroporosity.In turn, soil porosity, structural stability and water movement may actually be improved in saline soils..

Interval.SolutionInterval..pdf

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C) II and IV .pdf

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Hi!Since Lithium has 1 single valence electron (it is located in G.pdf

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Hi! Since Lithium has 1 single valence electron (it is located in Group/Column 1 on the periodic table) and Fluorine is lacking 1 single valence electron (it is located in Group 7A), the most likely ionic compound to form here would be: LiF, Lithium Fluoride I hope this helps! Please rate if it does :) Solution Hi! Since Lithium has 1 single valence electron (it is located in Group/Column 1 on the periodic table) and Fluorine is lacking 1 single valence electron (it is located in Group 7A), the most likely ionic compound to form here would be: LiF, Lithium Fluoride I hope this helps! Please rate if it does :).

I think that 0.434SolutionI think that 0.434.pdf

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B)diffusion a)effusion .pdf

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$Determine decimal fraction of C-14 remaining 43.3 58.2 = 0.74.pdf$ $Determine decimal fraction of C-14 remaining 43.3 58.2 = 0.74.pdf$

Determine decimal fraction of C-14 remaining 43.3 58.2 = 0.74.pdf

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Determine decimal fraction of C-14 remaining: 43.3 / 58.2 = 0.744 Determine how many half-lives have elapsed (1/2)n = 0.744 n log (1/2) = log (0.744) n = 0.42 Determine length of time elapsed: 5715 yr X 0.42 = 2438.16 Solution Determine decimal fraction of C-14 remaining: 43.3 / 58.2 = 0.744 Determine how many half-lives have elapsed (1/2)n = 0.744 n log (1/2) = log (0.744) n = 0.42 Determine length of time elapsed: 5715 yr X 0.42 = 2438.16.

c) All colonies sub-cultured from blood culture broth media must be .pdf

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c) All colonies sub-cultured from blood culture broth media must be identified. Multiple bottles improves the likelihood that diphtheroids and coagulase negative Staphylococcus will be treated. During sepsis, multiple organsims may be present in the infection. Time separation and culture of blood in different environement allows different types of bacteria to be easily separated and identified. Solution c) All colonies sub-cultured from blood culture broth media must be identified. Multiple bottles improves the likelihood that diphtheroids and coagulase negative Staphylococcus will be treated. During sepsis, multiple organsims may be present in the infection. Time separation and culture of blood in different environement allows different types of bacteria to be easily separated and identified..

AnswerFour phenotypes are possible in a flock of ducks that contain.pdf

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Answer:Four phenotypes are possible in a flock of ducks that contains all the possible combinations of these three alleles.As in the ABO blood system 4 phenotypes are possible in this case.GenotypePhenotypeHH,Hi(H)II,Ii(I)HI(HI)ii(i) Solution Answer:Four phenotypes are possible in a flock of ducks that contains all the possible combinations of these three alleles.As in the ABO blood system 4 phenotypes are possible in this case.GenotypePhenotypeHH,Hi(H)II,Ii(I)HI(HI)ii(i).

Answer1. b. AgrobacteriumThe ability of Agrobacterium to transf.pdf

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Answer: 1. b. Agrobacterium The ability of Agrobacterium to transfer genes to plants and fungi is used in biotechnology, in particular, genetic engineering for plant improvement. A modified Ti or Ri plasmid can be used. 2. c. Artificial active Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen. 3. c. Attenuated An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or \"live\"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. 4. a. Sign Symptom is nothing but the abnormal phenotype expressed in living organisms. Symdrome means the all abnormalities associated with the disease. 5. b. The eye Normal flora can be found in many sites of the human bodyincluding the skin (especially the moist areas, such as the groin and between the toes), respiratory tract (particularly the nose), urinary tract, and the digestive tract (primarily the mouth and the colon). Solution Answer: 1. b. Agrobacterium The ability of Agrobacterium to transfer genes to plants and fungi is used in biotechnology, in particular, genetic engineering for plant improvement. A modified Ti or Ri plasmid can be used. 2. c. Artificial active Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen. 3. c. Attenuated An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or \"live\"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. 4. a. Sign Symptom is nothing but the abnormal phenotype expressed in living organisms. Symdrome means the all abnormalities associated with the disease. 5. b. The eye Normal flora can be found in many sites of the human bodyincluding the skin (especially the moist areas, such as the groin and between the toes), respiratory tract (particularly the nose), urinary tract, and the digestive tract (primarily the mouth and the colon)..

H2SO4 is stronger than HSO4- since HSO4 already has one negative cha.pdf

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H2SO4 is stronger than HSO4- since HSO4 already has one negative charge - gaining a second is unfavorable compared to H2SO4 which would gain only a -1 charge after deprotonation. HNO3 is stronger than HNO2 since the greater number of O atoms exerts a stronger electron- withdrawing effect on the O-H electrons. Additionally, the NO3- ion has more resonance structures and thus greater resonance stability than the NO2- ion. H2S is a stronger acid than H2O since hydrogen forms weaker bonds to elements lower in the periodic table (larger elements). This is why HI is stronger than HBr, for example. H2S is a stronger acid than PH3 since S is more electronnegative (further to the right in the periodic table) than P. Thus, S prefers to have a negative charge compared to P. For part 2: We know that Kw = [H3O*][OH-] = 10^- 14 M. In pure water, these ions are at equal concentrations, so [H+] = [OH-] = 10^-7 M. Now, we have 1.00 mL = 0.001 L. So, we have 10-7 mol/L * 0.001 L = 10^-10 moles of each ion. Now, 1 mol = 6.02 * 10^23 ions, so we have: 6.02*10^23 * 10^-10 = 6.02 * 10^13 [H3O*] ions and 6.02 * 10^13 [OH-] ions. Solution H2SO4 is stronger than HSO4- since HSO4 already has one negative charge - gaining a second is unfavorable compared to H2SO4 which would gain only a -1 charge after deprotonation. HNO3 is stronger than HNO2 since the greater number of O atoms exerts a stronger electron- withdrawing effect on the O-H electrons. Additionally, the NO3- ion has more resonance structures and thus greater resonance stability than the NO2- ion. H2S is a stronger acid than H2O since hydrogen forms weaker bonds to elements lower in the periodic table (larger elements). This is why HI is stronger than HBr, for example. H2S is a stronger acid than PH3 since S is more electronnegative (further to the right in the periodic table) than P. Thus, S prefers to have a negative charge compared to P. For part 2: We know that Kw = [H3O*][OH-] = 10^- 14 M. In pure water, these ions are at equal concentrations, so [H+] = [OH-] = 10^-7 M. Now, we have 1.00 mL = 0.001 L. So, we have 10-7 mol/L * 0.001 L = 10^-10 moles of each ion. Now, 1 mol = 6.02 * 10^23 ions, so we have: 6.02*10^23 * 10^-10 = 6.02 * 10^13 [H3O*] ions and 6.02 * 10^13 [OH-] ions..

ANS#includestdio.h#includeconio.h int main() { int.pdf

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ANS: #include #include int main() { int x,y=31; printf(\"input %d\",l_bit); binar_ar(y); for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) printf(\"%d/t%d\",get_bit(y,i),l_bit); x=1; printf(\"%d th bit %d\",x,l_bit); y = set_bit(y, x,true); for (int i =15; i >= 0; i--) printf(\"%d/t%d\",get_bit(y,i),l_bit); x = 1; printf(\"%d th bit %d\",x,l_bit); y = set_bit(y, x, false); for (int i=31; i >= 0; i--) printf(\"%d/t%d\",get_bit(y,i),l_bit); } void binar_ar(int n) { for(int i = 31; i > 0; i = i/2) { if(n & i) printf(\"1\"); else printf(\"0\"); } printf(\"%d\",l_bit); } bool get_bit(int n, int x) { return ( (n & (1 << x) ) > 0); } int set_bit(int n, int x, bool b) { if(b) return (n | (1 << x)) ; else { int ma = ~(1 << x); return n & ma; } } Solution ANS: #include #include int main() { int x,y=31; printf(\"input %d\",l_bit); binar_ar(y); for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) printf(\"%d/t%d\",get_bit(y,i),l_bit); x=1; printf(\"%d th bit %d\",x,l_bit); y = set_bit(y, x,true); for (int i =15; i >= 0; i--) printf(\"%d/t%d\",get_bit(y,i),l_bit); x = 1; printf(\"%d th bit %d\",x,l_bit); y = set_bit(y, x, false); for (int i=31; i >= 0; i--) printf(\"%d/t%d\",get_bit(y,i),l_bit); } void binar_ar(int n) { for(int i = 31; i > 0; i = i/2) { if(n & i) printf(\"1\"); else printf(\"0\"); } printf(\"%d\",l_bit); } bool get_bit(int n, int x) { return ( (n & (1 << x) ) > 0); } int set_bit(int n, int x, bool b) { if(b) return (n | (1 << x)) ; else { int ma = ~(1 << x); return n & ma; } }.

a. An interval or ratio scale.Solutiona. An interval or ratio .pdf

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A) Germ cell specification in Drosophila occurs by maternally contri.pdf

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A) Germ cell specification in Drosophila occurs by maternally contributed determinants. In Drosophilla, germ cells can easily be identified very early in embryogenesis, when their differentiation as germ cells is assured by the localisation of maternally inherited determinants before, or immediately following, fertilisation. During oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, RNAs and proteins are synthesised by the nurse cells. These products are transported through cytoplasmic bridges to the oocyte where They become localised to the posterior of the ooplasm both by molecular anchoring at the posterior of the oocyte, and by posterior-specific translational and transcriptional regulation. This posterior ooplasm is the germ plasm, or germ line determinant. During early embryogenesis, cells which inherit the germ plasm become the primordial germ cells. One of the important gene that contributes to germ cell specification in Drosophila is Nanos. b) Neural crest cell specification is due to the cell signalling and depends on BMP signalling in the prospective epidermis and Wnt signalling from the underlying mesoderm. C) Anterior -posterior specification in Drosophila is initiated by maternal effect genes that produce messenger RNA that are placed in different regions of egg . These mRNA encode transcriptional and translational regulatory protiens that diffuse through the syncytial blastoderm and activates or repress the expression of certain zygotic genes. One important maternal effect gene in this respect is bicoid gene. Solution A) Germ cell specification in Drosophila occurs by maternally contributed determinants. In Drosophilla, germ cells can easily be identified very early in embryogenesis, when their differentiation as germ cells is assured by the localisation of maternally inherited determinants before, or immediately following, fertilisation. During oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, RNAs and proteins are synthesised by the nurse cells. These products are transported through cytoplasmic bridges to the oocyte where They become localised to the posterior of the ooplasm both by molecular anchoring at the posterior of the oocyte, and by posterior-specific translational and transcriptional regulation. This posterior ooplasm is the germ plasm, or germ line determinant. During early embryogenesis, cells which inherit the germ plasm become the primordial germ cells. One of the important gene that contributes to germ cell specification in Drosophila is Nanos. b) Neural crest cell specification is due to the cell signalling and depends on BMP signalling in the prospective epidermis and Wnt signalling from the underlying mesoderm. C) Anterior -posterior specification in Drosophila is initiated by maternal effect genes that produce messenger RNA that are placed in different regions of egg . These mRNA encode transcriptional and translational regulatory protiens that diffuse through the syncytial blastoderm and activates or repress the expression of certa.

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