Ninhydrin is a chemical that detects free amines by producing a purple color when reacted with proteins or amino acids. The document describes an experiment where albumin, gelatin, and pepton were each reacted with ninhydrin solution and heated, producing a purple color in all three trials, indicating the presence of free amino acids. The conclusion is that the ninhydrin test resulted in a positive reaction for albumin, gelatin, and pepton, showing there are free amino acids present.
Tests for proteins is the tests that are used for determine proteins and indicate it form other dietary fuels , we carried out this tests in our biochemistry lab in college of pharmacy - third stage - university of sulaimani .
This document summarizes several qualitative tests used to identify various amino acids:
1) The ninhydrin test uses the strong oxidizing agent ninhydrin to detect most amino acids, producing a purple color. Proline produces yellow.
2) The xanthoproteic test detects aromatic amino acids by producing a yellow color when nitric acid is added. Sodium hydroxide then changes the color to orange.
3) Paulys test produces color changes when an amino acid solution is treated with sulfonic acid, sodium nitrite, and sodium carbonate.
This document discusses various color reaction tests that can be used to identify proteins and amino acids. It describes the Biuret test, which produces a purple/violet color in the presence of two or more peptide bonds. The Xanthoproteic test identifies tyrosine and tryptophan by producing a yellow color that turns orange upon adding an alkali. Rosenheim's test is specific for tryptophan and produces a violet ring. The Ninhydrin test produces a blue/purple color with primary amines like proteins and amino acids. Molisch's test identifies glycoproteins by producing a purple ring.
This experiment analyzed the thermal denaturation of the protein lysozyme at different pH levels using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The peak absorbances of amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine were determined. Difference spectra and thermal denaturation curves were generated for lysozyme in acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and glycine HCl buffer (pH 2.5). Calculations found lysozyme was more stable at pH 4.0, with an equilibrium constant of 0.652, Gibbs free energy of 1164.47 J/mol, and enthalpy of -194.92 kJ. At pH 2.5 the equilibrium constant was -2.23, preventing calculation
The document summarizes the synthesis of 5,5-dimethyl-3-aminocyclohex-2-ene via a condensation reaction between 5,5-dimethylcyclohexene-1,3-dione and ammonium acetate with no solvent. NMR and IR spectroscopy confirmed the identity of the enaminone product, though it had a lower melting point and yield than reported due to insufficient recrystallization. The green synthesis produced the target enaminone through a condensation reaction without solvents.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about different methods for the protein analysis. Proteins are long chain of amino acids and there are specific test also required depends on the nature and structure of proteins. As the name suggest amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl groups. The R- in the formulas stands for different chemical groups (may be aliphatic, aromatic or heterocycylic) and this determines the characteristics of the amino acids. The colour tests have frequently been used for qualitative detection of amino acids. Not all amino acids contain the same reactive groups. For this reason the various colour tests yield reactions varying in intensity and type of colour according to the nature of groups contained in the particular amino acid under examination.
• Portion explained:
• Detection of Proteins
1. Millon’s reaction
2. Millon-Nasse reaction
3. Xanthoproteic reaction
4. Hopkins-Cole reaction
5. Biuret test
6. Ninhydrin reaction
7. Folin test
8. Sakaguchi test
9. Nitroprusside test
10. Spectrophometric method
Pyrrole is a 5-membered heterocyclic ring with the molecular formula C4H5N. It can be synthesized through 5 main reactions: 1) from succinamide using zinc and heat, 2) from acetylene in a hot tube, 3) from furan using ammonia and steam over alumina, 4) via the Paal-Knorr reaction of ammonia at high temperature, and 5) via the Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis using heat. Pyrrole undergoes various reactions including heterophilic substitution, oxidation, reduction, the Kolbe-Schmit reaction, and the Ritmer-Tiemann reaction. It has medicinal uses.
Ninhydrin is a chemical that detects free amines by producing a purple color when reacted with proteins or amino acids. The document describes an experiment where albumin, gelatin, and pepton were each reacted with ninhydrin solution and heated, producing a purple color in all three trials, indicating the presence of free amino acids. The conclusion is that the ninhydrin test resulted in a positive reaction for albumin, gelatin, and pepton, showing there are free amino acids present.
Tests for proteins is the tests that are used for determine proteins and indicate it form other dietary fuels , we carried out this tests in our biochemistry lab in college of pharmacy - third stage - university of sulaimani .
This document summarizes several qualitative tests used to identify various amino acids:
1) The ninhydrin test uses the strong oxidizing agent ninhydrin to detect most amino acids, producing a purple color. Proline produces yellow.
2) The xanthoproteic test detects aromatic amino acids by producing a yellow color when nitric acid is added. Sodium hydroxide then changes the color to orange.
3) Paulys test produces color changes when an amino acid solution is treated with sulfonic acid, sodium nitrite, and sodium carbonate.
This document discusses various color reaction tests that can be used to identify proteins and amino acids. It describes the Biuret test, which produces a purple/violet color in the presence of two or more peptide bonds. The Xanthoproteic test identifies tyrosine and tryptophan by producing a yellow color that turns orange upon adding an alkali. Rosenheim's test is specific for tryptophan and produces a violet ring. The Ninhydrin test produces a blue/purple color with primary amines like proteins and amino acids. Molisch's test identifies glycoproteins by producing a purple ring.
This experiment analyzed the thermal denaturation of the protein lysozyme at different pH levels using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The peak absorbances of amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine were determined. Difference spectra and thermal denaturation curves were generated for lysozyme in acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and glycine HCl buffer (pH 2.5). Calculations found lysozyme was more stable at pH 4.0, with an equilibrium constant of 0.652, Gibbs free energy of 1164.47 J/mol, and enthalpy of -194.92 kJ. At pH 2.5 the equilibrium constant was -2.23, preventing calculation
The document summarizes the synthesis of 5,5-dimethyl-3-aminocyclohex-2-ene via a condensation reaction between 5,5-dimethylcyclohexene-1,3-dione and ammonium acetate with no solvent. NMR and IR spectroscopy confirmed the identity of the enaminone product, though it had a lower melting point and yield than reported due to insufficient recrystallization. The green synthesis produced the target enaminone through a condensation reaction without solvents.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about different methods for the protein analysis. Proteins are long chain of amino acids and there are specific test also required depends on the nature and structure of proteins. As the name suggest amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl groups. The R- in the formulas stands for different chemical groups (may be aliphatic, aromatic or heterocycylic) and this determines the characteristics of the amino acids. The colour tests have frequently been used for qualitative detection of amino acids. Not all amino acids contain the same reactive groups. For this reason the various colour tests yield reactions varying in intensity and type of colour according to the nature of groups contained in the particular amino acid under examination.
• Portion explained:
• Detection of Proteins
1. Millon’s reaction
2. Millon-Nasse reaction
3. Xanthoproteic reaction
4. Hopkins-Cole reaction
5. Biuret test
6. Ninhydrin reaction
7. Folin test
8. Sakaguchi test
9. Nitroprusside test
10. Spectrophometric method
Pyrrole is a 5-membered heterocyclic ring with the molecular formula C4H5N. It can be synthesized through 5 main reactions: 1) from succinamide using zinc and heat, 2) from acetylene in a hot tube, 3) from furan using ammonia and steam over alumina, 4) via the Paal-Knorr reaction of ammonia at high temperature, and 5) via the Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis using heat. Pyrrole undergoes various reactions including heterophilic substitution, oxidation, reduction, the Kolbe-Schmit reaction, and the Ritmer-Tiemann reaction. It has medicinal uses.
This document provides information about a biochemistry textbook titled "Biochemistry Passing MBBS Series" by Karthikeyan Pethusamy. The key details include that it is a concise, colorful, and conceptually illustrated textbook following the Competency-Based Medical Education curriculum. It contains over 500 diagrams, tables, and quick revision points. The purchase of the book provides 365 days of free access to a companion Android app with additional learning features. The author's social media pages and YouTube channel are also provided for further learning resources.
Learning objectives:
Role of cytoskeleton & molecular motors
Differentiate the three types of cytoskeletal elements
Drugs acting on cytoskeletal elements and their uses
Pathological basis of disorders associated with cytoskeletal elements
Interaction between cytoskeleton and molecular motor proteins
Case discussion is an effective way to instil biochemistry into the minds of young medical students. Here, Dr Karthikeyan discusses vitamins. Don\t forget to watch the YouTube video inside
This document provides information on career options and pathways for medical researchers after completing MBBS. It outlines options for higher education such as MD, MS, DM, MCh programs as well as other options like MMST, UPSC, direct PhD programs. It also describes programs like the ICMR MD/MS-PhD program that provides financial support for 5 years to pursue a PhD after MD/MS. Funding agencies that support medical research like ICMR, DST, DBT, CSIR, and Wellcome Trust are listed. The career ladder from MBBS to senior faculty roles is depicted. Fellowship programs for post-doctoral research, early career grants, and senior research positions are described. Approaches
In this high-yield review, you will learn about the biochemical role of tetrahydrobiopterin and the related clinical condition Segawa Syndrome.
People with some forms of phenylketonuria take tetrahydrobiopterin supplement (BH4 supplement). We will learn the biochemical basis of that also.
Do not forget to watch the YouTube video.
This diagram shows the sources and fates of pyruvate in cellular metabolism. Pyruvate is produced from glucose through glycolysis and can be converted to lactic acid by lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) or transported into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex to enter the citric acid cycle or carboxylated to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate can also be reversibly interconverted with alanine and malate.
Carnitine is beta hydroxy-gamma-trimethyl ammonium butyrate.
It is synthesized from lysine and methionine in the liver and kidney.
Carnitine deficiency leads to hypoglycemia, Why?
Explained in the video.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is treated with antibiotics targeting the primary pathogens. Treatment regimens depend on disease severity, with mild to moderate disease treated with oral antibiotics as outpatients. More severe disease requires hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Without treatment, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
This document provides information on different types of blood collection tubes including their purposes and contents. It discusses EDTA tubes which are used for complete blood counts and DNA isolation, citrate tubes which contain citrate and are used for prothrombin time tests, heparin tubes coated with heparin for karyotyping, gel tubes which separate plasma or serum from cells, plain red vials which separate serum after clot formation, and grey glucose vials containing sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate to prevent glucose consumption during processing. It emphasizes the importance of inverting tubes to mix anticoagulants and lists the recommended order of blood draw.
Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used mainly for herpes zoster infection.
Acyclovir is selectively acted upon by the viral thymidine kinase.
The enzyme phosphorylates acyclovir to a monophosphate.
The acyclovir monophosphate (acyclo-GMP) is subsequently converted to acyclovir triphosphate (acyclo- GTP) by human enzymes.
Acyclo-GTP persists is a potent inhibitor viral DNA polymerase compared to human DNA polymerases. Thus, viral replication is selectively inhibited in the infected cells.
Lecture on Alcohol metabolism by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy, M.D, DNB.
Feel free to download the ppt and use for the educational purpose.
Don't forget to watch the YouTube video.
Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity, such as self-splicing introns that catalyze their own excision from pre-mRNA or RNase P that is involved in tRNA processing. Examples of ribozymes discussed include self-splicing introns, snRNAs that catalyze splicing, RNase P, and therapeutic ribozymes like angiozyme and herzyme. The ribosome is also identified as a ribozyme due to its peptidyl transferase activity.
Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy MD DNB (Biochemistry) explains the genetic code for the undergraduate students. Don't miss the YouTube video attached. The video is made with the same power point file.
This is a powerpoint file of a practical class taken by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethsuamay for the first year MBBS students of AIIMS, New Delhi. Feel free to download and use for educational purposes. Happy learning and teaching!
Don't forget to watch the YouTube video.
This is a powerpoint file of an MBBS practical class taken by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy at All India Institute of Medical Sciences - NewDelhi.
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are of the author only not of the institution.
Promotional preview of my book for AIIMS entrance examination along with 100+ PGI type questions.
You can contact me here at: https://www.facebook.com/doctorkarthi/
Happy learning!
Levels of organisation of DNA explains how 2 meters long DNA is compacted into chromatin. Useful self-assessment questions are given in the slides. If you want to know the answer, you can ask in comments.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
This document provides information about a biochemistry textbook titled "Biochemistry Passing MBBS Series" by Karthikeyan Pethusamy. The key details include that it is a concise, colorful, and conceptually illustrated textbook following the Competency-Based Medical Education curriculum. It contains over 500 diagrams, tables, and quick revision points. The purchase of the book provides 365 days of free access to a companion Android app with additional learning features. The author's social media pages and YouTube channel are also provided for further learning resources.
Learning objectives:
Role of cytoskeleton & molecular motors
Differentiate the three types of cytoskeletal elements
Drugs acting on cytoskeletal elements and their uses
Pathological basis of disorders associated with cytoskeletal elements
Interaction between cytoskeleton and molecular motor proteins
Case discussion is an effective way to instil biochemistry into the minds of young medical students. Here, Dr Karthikeyan discusses vitamins. Don\t forget to watch the YouTube video inside
This document provides information on career options and pathways for medical researchers after completing MBBS. It outlines options for higher education such as MD, MS, DM, MCh programs as well as other options like MMST, UPSC, direct PhD programs. It also describes programs like the ICMR MD/MS-PhD program that provides financial support for 5 years to pursue a PhD after MD/MS. Funding agencies that support medical research like ICMR, DST, DBT, CSIR, and Wellcome Trust are listed. The career ladder from MBBS to senior faculty roles is depicted. Fellowship programs for post-doctoral research, early career grants, and senior research positions are described. Approaches
In this high-yield review, you will learn about the biochemical role of tetrahydrobiopterin and the related clinical condition Segawa Syndrome.
People with some forms of phenylketonuria take tetrahydrobiopterin supplement (BH4 supplement). We will learn the biochemical basis of that also.
Do not forget to watch the YouTube video.
This diagram shows the sources and fates of pyruvate in cellular metabolism. Pyruvate is produced from glucose through glycolysis and can be converted to lactic acid by lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) or transported into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex to enter the citric acid cycle or carboxylated to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate can also be reversibly interconverted with alanine and malate.
Carnitine is beta hydroxy-gamma-trimethyl ammonium butyrate.
It is synthesized from lysine and methionine in the liver and kidney.
Carnitine deficiency leads to hypoglycemia, Why?
Explained in the video.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is treated with antibiotics targeting the primary pathogens. Treatment regimens depend on disease severity, with mild to moderate disease treated with oral antibiotics as outpatients. More severe disease requires hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Without treatment, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
This document provides information on different types of blood collection tubes including their purposes and contents. It discusses EDTA tubes which are used for complete blood counts and DNA isolation, citrate tubes which contain citrate and are used for prothrombin time tests, heparin tubes coated with heparin for karyotyping, gel tubes which separate plasma or serum from cells, plain red vials which separate serum after clot formation, and grey glucose vials containing sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate to prevent glucose consumption during processing. It emphasizes the importance of inverting tubes to mix anticoagulants and lists the recommended order of blood draw.
Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used mainly for herpes zoster infection.
Acyclovir is selectively acted upon by the viral thymidine kinase.
The enzyme phosphorylates acyclovir to a monophosphate.
The acyclovir monophosphate (acyclo-GMP) is subsequently converted to acyclovir triphosphate (acyclo- GTP) by human enzymes.
Acyclo-GTP persists is a potent inhibitor viral DNA polymerase compared to human DNA polymerases. Thus, viral replication is selectively inhibited in the infected cells.
Lecture on Alcohol metabolism by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy, M.D, DNB.
Feel free to download the ppt and use for the educational purpose.
Don't forget to watch the YouTube video.
Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity, such as self-splicing introns that catalyze their own excision from pre-mRNA or RNase P that is involved in tRNA processing. Examples of ribozymes discussed include self-splicing introns, snRNAs that catalyze splicing, RNase P, and therapeutic ribozymes like angiozyme and herzyme. The ribosome is also identified as a ribozyme due to its peptidyl transferase activity.
Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy MD DNB (Biochemistry) explains the genetic code for the undergraduate students. Don't miss the YouTube video attached. The video is made with the same power point file.
This is a powerpoint file of a practical class taken by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethsuamay for the first year MBBS students of AIIMS, New Delhi. Feel free to download and use for educational purposes. Happy learning and teaching!
Don't forget to watch the YouTube video.
This is a powerpoint file of an MBBS practical class taken by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy at All India Institute of Medical Sciences - NewDelhi.
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are of the author only not of the institution.
Promotional preview of my book for AIIMS entrance examination along with 100+ PGI type questions.
You can contact me here at: https://www.facebook.com/doctorkarthi/
Happy learning!
Levels of organisation of DNA explains how 2 meters long DNA is compacted into chromatin. Useful self-assessment questions are given in the slides. If you want to know the answer, you can ask in comments.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.