This document discusses various topics related to leadership, including: - Trust being the foundation of effective leadership and dimensions of trust like integrity and competence. - Different types of trust like deterrence-based, identification-based, and knowledge-based trust. - Transactional versus transformational leadership styles and the importance of emotional intelligence. - Contemporary leadership roles involving team leadership, mentoring, self-leadership, and ethical leadership. - Challenges to the traditional view of leadership and how to effectively select and train new leaders.

1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N SS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O NE L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N SW W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
PowerPoint Presentation
by Charlie Cook
Chapter 12
Contemporary
Issues in
Leadership

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Trust: The Foundation of LeadershipTrust: The Foundation of Leadership
Trust
A positive expectation that another will not—through
words, actions, or decisions—act opportunistically.
Trust is a history-dependent process (familiarity)
based on relevant but limited samples of experience
(risk).

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Dimensions of TrustDimensions of Trust
 Integrity
– honesty and truthfulness.
 Competence
– an individual’s technical
and interpersonal
knowledge and skills.
 Consistency
– an individual’s reliability,
predictability, and good
judgment in handling
situations.
 Loyalty
– the willingness to protect
and save face for
another person.
 Openness
– reliance on the person to
give you the full truth.

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Trust and LeadershipTrust and Leadership
LeadershipLeadershipLeadershipLeadership
TRUSTTRUST
andand
INTEGRITYINTEGRITY
TRUSTTRUST
andand
INTEGRITYINTEGRITY

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Three Types of TrustThree Types of Trust
Deterrence-based Trust
Trust based on fear of reprisal if the trust is violated.
Identification-based Trust
Trust based on a mutual understanding of each
other’s intentions and appreciation of the other’s
wants and desires.
Knowledge-based Trust
Trust based on behavioral
predictability that comes
from a history of interaction.

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Basic Principles of TrustBasic Principles of Trust
 Mistrust drives out trust.
 Trust begets trust.
 Growth often masks mistrust.
 Decline or downsizing tests the highest levels of
trust.
 Trust increases cohesion.
 Mistrusting groups self-destruct.
 Mistrust generally reduces productivity.

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Framing: Using Words to Shape Meaning and
Inspire Others
Framing: Using Words to Shape Meaning and
Inspire Others
Leaders use framing (selectively including or
excluding facts) to influence how others see
and interpret reality.
Leaders use framing (selectively including or
excluding facts) to influence how others see
and interpret reality.
Framing
A way to use language to
manage meaning.

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Inspirational Approaches to LeadershipInspirational Approaches to Leadership
Charismatics Influence Followers By:
1. Articulating the vision
2. Setting high performance expectations
3. Conveying a new set of values
4. Making personal sacrifices
Charismatics Influence Followers By:
1. Articulating the vision
2. Setting high performance expectations
3. Conveying a new set of values
4. Making personal sacrifices
Charismatic Leadership Theory
Followers make attributions of heroic or
extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe
certain behaviors.

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Beyond Charismatic LeadershipBeyond Charismatic Leadership
 Level 5 Leaders
– Possess a fifth dimension—a paradoxical blend of
personal humility and professional will—in addition to
the four basic leadership qualities of individual
capability, team skills, managerial competence, and
the ability to stimulate others to high performance.
– Channel their ego needs away from themselves and
into the goal of building a great company.

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Transactional and Transformational LeadershipTransactional and Transformational Leadership
• Contingent Reward
• Management by
Exception (active)
• Management by
Exception (passive)
• Laissez-Faire
• Charisma
• Inspiration
• Intellectual Stimulation
• Individual Consideration
Transactional Leaders
Leaders who guide or
motivate their followers in
the direction of established
goals by clarifying role and
task requirements.
Transformational Leaders
Leaders who provide
individualized consideration
and intellectual stimulation,
and who possess charisma.

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Emotional Intelligence and Leadership
Effectiveness
Emotional Intelligence and Leadership
Effectiveness
Elements of Emotional
Intelligence:
• Self-awareness
• Self-management
• Self-motivation
• Empathy
• Social skills
Elements of Emotional
Intelligence:
• Self-awareness
• Self-management
• Self-motivation
• Empathy
• Social skills

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Contemporary Leadership Roles: Providing
Team Leadership
Contemporary Leadership Roles: Providing
Team Leadership
Team Leadership Roles:
• Act as liaisons with
external constituencies.
• Serve as troubleshooters.
• Managing conflict.
• Coaching to improve team
member performance
Team Leadership Roles:
• Act as liaisons with
external constituencies.
• Serve as troubleshooters.
• Managing conflict.
• Coaching to improve team
member performance

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Contemporary Leadership Roles: MentoringContemporary Leadership Roles: Mentoring
Mentoring Activities:
• Present ideas clearly
• Listen well
• Empathize
• Share experiences
• Act as role model
• Share contacts
• Provide political
guidance
Mentoring Activities:
• Present ideas clearly
• Listen well
• Empathize
• Share experiences
• Act as role model
• Share contacts
• Provide political
guidance
Mentor
A senior employee who
sponsors and supports a
less-experienced
employee (a protégé).

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Contemporary Leadership Roles:
Self-Leadership
Contemporary Leadership Roles:
Self-Leadership
Creating self leaders:
• Model self-leadership.
• Encourage employees to
create self-set goals.
• Encourage the use of self-
rewards.
• Create positive thought
patterns.
• Create a climate of self-
leadership.
• Encourage self-criticism.
Creating self leaders:
• Model self-leadership.
• Encourage employees to
create self-set goals.
• Encourage the use of self-
rewards.
• Create positive thought
patterns.
• Create a climate of self-
leadership.
• Encourage self-criticism.
Self-Leadership
A set of processes
through which
individuals control
their own behavior.

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Actions:
• Work to positively change the attitudes and
behaviors of employees.
• Engage in socially constructive behaviors.
• Do not abuse power or use improper means to
attain goals.
Actions:
• Work to positively change the attitudes and
behaviors of employees.
• Engage in socially constructive behaviors.
• Do not abuse power or use improper means to
attain goals.
Ethical LeadershipEthical Leadership

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Online LeadershipOnline Leadership
 Leadership at a Distance: Building Trust
– The lack of face-to-face contact in electronic
communications removes the nonverbal cues that
support verbal interactions.
– There is no supporting context to assist the receiver
with interpretation of an electronic communication.
– The structure and tone of electronic messages can
strongly affect the response of receivers.
– An individual’s verbal and written communications may
not follow the same style.
– Writing skills will likely become an extension of
interpersonal skills

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Challenges to the Leadership ConstructChallenges to the Leadership Construct
Qualities attributed to leaders:
• Leaders are intelligent, outgoing, have strong verbal
skills, are aggressive, understanding, and industrious.
• Effective leaders are perceived as consistent and
unwavering in their decisions.
• Effective leaders project the appearance of being a
leader.
Qualities attributed to leaders:
• Leaders are intelligent, outgoing, have strong verbal
skills, are aggressive, understanding, and industrious.
• Effective leaders are perceived as consistent and
unwavering in their decisions.
• Effective leaders project the appearance of being a
leader.
Attribution Theory of Leadership
The idea that leadership is merely an attribution that
people make about other individuals.

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Finding and Creating Effective LeadersFinding and Creating Effective Leaders
 Selection
– Review specific requirements for the job.
– Use tests that identify personal traits associated with
leadership, measure self-monitoring, and assess
emotional intelligence.
– Conduct personal interviews to determine candidate’s
fit with the job.
 Training
– Recognize the all people are not equally trainable.
– Teach skills that are necessary for employees to
become effective leaders.
– Provide behavioral training to increase the
development potential of nascent charismatic
employees.