Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang normalisasi basis data. Normalisasi dilakukan untuk mengurangi kemubaziran data dan menghilangkan anomali pada basis data dengan melakukan dekomposisi tabel dan membentuk tabel ke dalam beberapa bentuk normal hingga tingkat tertentu. Bentuk normal yang umum adalah 1NF, 2NF, dan 3NF.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. Pengantar
Perancangan basis data diperlukan
memperoleh basis data yang kompak
dan efisien dalam penggunaan ruang
penyimpanan, cepat dalam
pengaksesan dan mudah dalam
pemanipulasian (tambah, edit, hapus)
data
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis
Data
2
3. Pengantar
Merancang basis data :
1. Menerapkan Normalisasi terhadap
struktur tabel yang telah diketahui
2. Langsung membuat model EntityRelationship
6. Dependency Fungsional
Suatu atribut Y mempunyai
dependency fungsional terhadap
atribut X jika dan hanya jika setiap
nilai X berhubungan dengan sebuah
nilai Y
XY
(X secara fungsional menentukan Y)
Contoh :
PESANAN_JUAL(Pembeli, Kota, Barang,
13/11/2013 Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
6
8. Dependency Fungsional
Pembeli Kota
Pembeli yang sama Kota juga sama
{Pembeli, Barang} Jumlah
{Pembeli, Barang} Kota
{Pembeli, Barang} {Jumlah, Kota}
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
8
9. Dependency Fungsional
Sepenuhnya
Suatu atribut Y mempunyai
dependency fungsional penuh
terhadapatribut X jika :
◦ Y mempunyai dependency fungsional
terhadap X
◦ Y tidak memiliki dependency terhadap
bagian dari X
Contoh : diketahui suatu Tabel berikut
:
PELANGGAN(Kode_Pelanggan, Nama,
Kota, Nomor_Fax)
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
9
10. Dependency Fungsional
Sepenuhnya
{Kode_Pelanggan, Kota}
Nomor_Fax
Kode_Pelanggan Nomor_Fax
Nomor_Fax tidak dependency
sepenuhnya terhadap
{Kode_Pelanggan, Kota}
Nomor_Fax hanya dependency
sepenuhnya terhadap
Kode_Pelanggan
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
10
11. Dependency Total
Suatu atribut Y mempunyai
dependensi total terhadap atribut X,
jika :
◦ Y memiliki dependensi fungsional
terhadap X
◦ X memiliki dependensi fungsional
terhadap Y
X
Y
Contoh : perhatikan tabel berikut.
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
11
13. Dependency Transitif
Atribut Z mempunyai dependency
transitif terhadap atribut X , jika :
◦ Y memilikidependency fungsional
terhadap X
◦ Z memiliki dependency fungsional
terhadap Y
XYZ
Contoh Perhatikan
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
13
14. Dependency Transitif
KULIAH
RUAN
G
TEMPAT
WAKTU
Jaringan
Komputer
Merapi
Gedung Utara
Senin, 08.00-09.50
Matematika I
Rama
Gedung
Selatan
Selasa, 07.00 –
08.45
Sistem Pakar
Sinta
Gedung
Selatan
Rabu, 10.00-11.45
Fisika I
Merapi
Gedung Utara
Selasa, 08.0009.50
Kuliah {Ruang, Waktu}
Ruang Tempat
Kuliah Ruang Tempat
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
14
15. Anomali (Anomaly)
Efek samping yang tidak diharapkan
◦ Menyebabkan ketidakkonsistenan
◦ Data menjadi hilang ketika dilakukan
penghapusan
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
15
17. Anomali Peremajaan
Nilai atribut yang mubazir dilakukan
perbaikan/peremajaan,tetapi tidak
dilakukan secara keseluruhan
Ketidakkonsistenan
Contoh perhatikan Tabel PESANAN
berikut.
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
17
19. Anomali Peremajaan (3)
Andaikan Citra Pindah ke Kota
“Medan” dan diperbaiki hanya pada
record ke 2, apa yang terjadi?
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
19
20. Anomali Penyisipan
Penambahan dilakukan ternyata ada
elemen data yang masih kosong dan
elemen tersebut justru menjadi kunci
Atau
Penambahan dilakukan
mengakibatkan perlunya pengubahan
data lain yang tidak ada hubungan
secara lojik
Contoh Perhatikan dua contoh berikut.
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Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
20
21. Anomali Penyisipan (2)
No_Siswa
10
Nama_Kursus
Bahasa Inggris
Biaya
60.000
10
10
15
20
Bahasa Prancis
Bahasa Mandarin
Bahasa Inggris
Bahasa Jepang
80.000
60.000
60.000
65.000
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
21
22. Anomali Penyisipan (3)
Nama_Kursus Bahasa Batak dibuka
tetapi belum ada pesertanya, apa
yang terjadi?
Seorang Siswa mendaftar dengan
Nama Kursus Bahasa Karo, apa yang
terjadi?
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
22
24. Anomali Penyisipan (5)
Dokter baru dimasukkan tetapi belum
menangani pasien, apa yang terjadi?
Obat baru / obat yang belum pernah
diresep dimasukkan kedalam tabel,
apa yang terjadi?
Penyakit baru tetapi belum pernah
ada pasien didiagnosa dimasukkan,
apa yang terjadi?
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
24
25. Anomali Penghapusan
Suatu baris / record dihapus
mengakibatkan data yang lain hilang
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
25
26. Anomali Penghapusan (2)
No_Siswa
10
Nama_Kursus
Bahasa Inggris
Biaya
60.000
10
10
15
Bahasa Prancis
Bahasa Mandarin
Bahasa Inggris
80.000
60.000
60.000
20
Bahasa Jepang
65.000
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
26
27. Anomali Penghapusan (3)
Hapus record yang terakhir dengan
nomor siswa 20, apa yang terjadi?
Tabel PEMERIKSAAN, data seorang
pasien dihapus yang kebetulan dokter
hanya mempunyai pasien yang
dihapus, apa yang terjadi?
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
27
28. Dekomposisi
Memecah suatu relasi yang memiliki
banyak atribut menjadi beberapa
relasi yang memiliki jumlah atribut
yang lebih sedikit berdasarkan
kebergantungan fungsional yang ada.
Gunakan diagram dependensi
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
28
31. Normalisasi
Mengurangi kemubaziran data
Menghilangkan Anomali
Alat verifikasi terhadap Model E-R
Memperoleh tabel yang fleksibel dan
efisien
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
31
32. Normalisasi (2)
Tahapan Normalisasi :
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Bentuk Normal Tahap Pertama (1NF)
Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua (2NF)
Bentuk Normal Tahap Ketiga (3NF)
Bentuk Normal Boyce-Codd (BCNF)
Bentuk Normal Tahap Keempat (4NF)
Bentuk Normal Tahap Kelima (5NF)
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
32
33. Normalisasi (3)
Tahap pertama hingga ketiga
merupakan bentuk normal yang umum
BCNF perbaikan terhadap normal
ketiga
4NF dan 5NF kasus khusus
Level normalisasi bergantung pada
level sebelumnya
Level makin dalam kecenderungan
tabel lebih baik bahkan anomali hilang
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
33
34. Normal Tahap Pertama (1NF)
Suatu tabel dikatakan 1NF jika :
◦ Tidak ada baris data yang terduplikat atau
berulang dalam tabel
◦ Setiap kolom memiliki nilai tunggal artinya
tidak ada perulangan, group atau array
◦ Data dalam satu kolom memiliki tipe data
yang sejenis
Tujuan 1NF menghilangkan elemen
data yang berulang
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
34
35. Normal Tahap Pertama (1NF)
Tabel JABATAN
NIP
NAMA
107 Ilham
109 Rian
112
Fika
JABATAN
KEAHLIAN
Analis
Senior
Cobol
LAMA
(Tahun)
6
Oracle
Cobol
1
2
Basis data
Cobol
2
1
Analis
Yunior
Pemrogram
an
13/11/2013
BasisSitorus / PengantarBasis 1
Lamhot data
Data
35
36. Normal Tahap Pertama (1NF)
NIP
NAMA
107 Ilham
107 Ilham
109 Rian
109 Rian
112
Fika
112
Fika
JABATAN
KEAHLIAN
LAMA
(Tahun)
Analis
Senior
Analis
Senior
Cobol
6
Oracle
1
Analis
Yunior
Analis
Yunior
Pemrogram
an
13/11/2013
Pemrogram
Cobol
2
Basis data
2
Cobol
1
Basis data
1
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
36
37. Normal Tahap Pertama (1NF)
Tabel PESANAN
Nomor_ Tgl_Pesa
Pesanan nan
Item_1
Item_2
Item_3
Item_4
Total
50001
12/03/201
1
P1
P2
P3
P4
45000
50002
12/03/201
1
P3
P5
P6
50003
13/03/201
1
P1
P2
13/11/2013
32500
12000
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
37
38. Normal Tahap Pertama (1NF)
Nomor_Pesanan Tgl_Pesana
n
50001
12/03/2011
50002
12/03/2011
50003
13/03/2011
13/11/2013
Item
Total
P1
P2
45000
P3
P4
P3
P5
P6
P1
P2
32500
12000
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
38
39. Normal Tahap Pertama (1NF)
Nomor_Pesanan Tgl_Pesana
n
50001
12/03/2011
50001
12/03/2011
50001
50001
50002
50002
50002
50003
50003
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
13/03/2011
13/03/2011
13/11/2013
Item
Total
P1
P2
45000
45000
P3
P4
P3
P5
P6
P1
P2
45000
45000
32500
32500
32500
12000
12000
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
39
40. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Berada pada bentuk normal pertama
Semua atribut bukan kunci memiliki
dependensi sepenuhnya terhadap
kunci primer
Atau setiap atribut bergantung kepada
kunci primer
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
40
41. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Tabel JABATAN
◦ Nama dan Jabatan Dependency
Fungsional terhadap NIP (Karena NIP
yang sama mempunyai Nama dan
Jabatan yang sama)
◦ NIP dan Keahlian menentukan Lama
◦ Lakukan Dekomposisi
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
41
42. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Nama
NIP
Lama
Jabatan
Keahlian
Keahlian
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
42
43. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Tabel PEGAWAI
NIP
NAMA
107 Ilham
109 Rian
112
Fika
JABATAN
Analis
Senior
Analis
Yunior
Pemrogram
an
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
43
44. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Tabel KEAHLIAN
NIP
107
107
109
109
112
112
112
KEAHLIAN
LAMA
(Tahun)
Cobol
Oracle
Cobol
Basis data
Cobol
Basis data
Visual
6
1
2
2
1
1
1
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
44
45. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Nomor_Pesanan Tgl_Pesana
n
50001
12/03/2011
50001
12/03/2011
50001
50001
50002
50002
50002
50003
50003
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
12/03/2011
13/03/2011
13/03/2011
13/11/2013
Item
Total
P1
P2
45000
45000
P3
P4
P3
P5
P6
P1
P2
45000
45000
32500
32500
32500
12000
12000
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
45
46. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Dari Tabel diatas dapat kita
dekomposisi sehingga diperoleh tabeltabel berikut.
Nmr_Pesanan menentukan
Tgl_Pesanan dan Total
Nmr_Pesanan menentukan Item
Item
Tgl_Pesanan
Total
Nmr_Pesana
n
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
46
47. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
PESANAN1(Nmr_Pesanan,
Tgl_Pesanan, Total)
PESANAN2(Nmr_Pesanan, Item)
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
47
48. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Tabel
Pesanan-1
Nomor_Pesanan Tgl_Pesana
n
50001
12/03/2011
50002
50003
12/03/2011
13/03/2011
13/11/2013
Total
45000
32500
12000
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
48
49. Bentuk Normal Tahap Kedua
(2NF)
Nomor_Pesanan
50001
50001
50001
50001
50002
50002
50002
50003
50003
Item
P1
P2
P3
P4
P3
P5
P6
P1
P2
13/11/2013
Tabel Pesanan-2
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
49
50. Bentuk Normal Tahap Ketiga
(3NF)
Suatu Relasi dikatakan dalam 3NF,
jika :
◦ Berada dalam bentuk 2NF
◦ Setiap atribut bukan kunci tidak memiliki
dependensi transitif terhadap kunci primer
Tabel Pegawai dan Keahlian telah
memenuhi kriteria di atas sehingga
kedua relasi termasuk dalam 3NF
Demikian juga dengan Tabel
Pesanan-1 dan Pesanan-2
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
50
51. Bentuk Normal Tahap Ketiga
(3NF)
Tabel Belanja
Nmr_Pesanan
Nmr_Urut
Kode_Item
Nama_Item
50001
50001
0001
0002
P1
P2
Pensil
Buku Tulis
50001
50001
50002
0003
0004
0001
P3
P4
P3
Penggaris
Penghapus
Penggaris
50002
50002
50003
50003
0002
0003
0001
0002
P5
P6
P1
P2
Pulpen
Spidol
Pensil
Buku Tulis
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
51
52. Bentuk Normal Tahap Ketiga
(3NF)
Kunci Primer Nmr_Pesanan dan
Nmr_Urut
Kode_Item dan Nama_Item mempunyai
dpendensi fungsional terhadap PK
{Nmr_Pesanan, Nmr_Urut} {Kode_Item,
Nama_Item}
Kode_Item Nama_Item
Tabel Belanja dapat didekomposisi
R1={Nmr_Pesanan,Nmr_Urut,Kode_Ite
m}
R2={Kode_Item, Nama_Item}
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
52
53. Bentuk Normal Tahap Ketiga
(3NF)
Tabel R1
Nmr_Pesanan
Nmr_Urut
Kode_Item
50001
50001
0001
0002
P1
P2
50001
50001
50002
0003
0004
0001
P3
P4
P3
50002
50002
50003
50003
0002
0003
0001
0002
P5
P6
P1
P2
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
53
54. Bentuk Normal Tahap Ketiga
(3NF)
Tabel Deteil
Kode_Item
Nama_Item
P1
P2
Pensil
Buku Tulis
P3
Penggaris
P4
P5
P6
Penghapus
Pulpen
Spidol
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
54
55. Sejauhmana Normalisasi
Perlu?
Pertanyaan yang sering dilontarkan
Tidak ada patokannya
Kita harus terus melakukan
normalisasi hingga tidak menemukan
anomali lagi
Pada umumnya hingga 3NF sudah
cukup memadai menghilangkan
anomali
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
55
56. Latihan
Rancanglah diagram E-R dari kasus aplikasi
database sederhana untuk sistem informasi
akademis suatu universitas.
Entities yang dimuat adalah :
◦ Mahasiswa: menyimpan semua informasi pribadi
mengenai semua mahasiswa
◦ Dosen: menyimpan semua informasi pribadi
mengenai semua dosen
◦ Mata_kuliah: menyimpan semua informasi mengenai
semua mata kuliah yang ditawarkan
◦ Ruang: menyimpan semua informasi mengenai
ruang kelas yang digunakan
Ketentuan ketentuan yang berlaku dapat anda
tentukan
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
56
57. Latihan
Diberikan tabel Mahasiswa di bawah ini,
lakukan normalisasi sampai bentuk
normal ke tiga
Perhatikan bahwa tabel di atas sudah
dalam bentuk normal ke Satu(1NF).
13/11/2013
Lamhot Sitorus / PengantarBasis Data
57