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This dissertation investigates the kinetics of the direct hydration of n-butene to secondary butanol using a solid acid catalyst. A new laboratory plant was developed with a multiphase reactor and analytical system to analyze samples from different phases. Phase equilibrium models were implemented to predict behavior in the reactor system. Kinetic experiments were performed to determine reaction rates, assess diffusion limitations, and calculate activation parameters. Engineering solutions were provided with potential industrial applications.
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Broad Objective: Enhance productivity of cell lines for biopharmaceutical products.
This required the study of the biology of mammalian cell lines to assess their characteristics for producing these recombinant products. Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway is the key to understanding the parameters for maintaining growth andstable conditions for these cell lines.
Cell culture techniques were optimized to maximize productivity. The stress assays performed for this included: Glucose, Lactate, Thioflavin, and ROS Assays.
This document discusses multiple emulsions, which are complex emulsion systems containing an internal oil droplet phase surrounded by an intermediate water phase and external oil medium. The key types are w/o/w and o/w/o emulsions. Multiple emulsions offer advantages like protecting actives, high encapsulation, and controlled release. However, they are thermodynamically unstable. The document outlines methods for producing and stabilizing multiple emulsions, including double emulsification and phase inversion techniques. Characterization methods and factors affecting preparation are also summarized. Applications include controlled drug delivery, targeting, and use in cosmetics, food, and oxygen delivery.
This dissertation investigates the kinetics of the direct hydration of n-butene to secondary butanol using a solid acid catalyst. A new laboratory plant was developed with a multiphase reactor and analytical system to analyze samples from different phases. Phase equilibrium models were implemented to predict behavior in the reactor system. Kinetic experiments were performed to determine reaction rates, assess diffusion limitations, and calculate activation parameters. Engineering solutions were provided with potential industrial applications.
This technical manual provides guidance on protein electrophoresis techniques. It begins with an introduction to electrophoretic theory, including electrical parameters, buffers, heat effects, matrix materials, analysis, and blotting. Subsequent chapters cover polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and gel analysis methods. Safety considerations are discussed for chemical and electrical hazards. The manual aims to be both a teaching guide and reference for experienced and new users of protein electrophoresis.
EPA Wastewater Treatment for A Single House mrconroy
This document provides guidance on wastewater treatment systems for single houses. It discusses septic tank systems and mechanical aeration systems. It also covers site characterization, which involves a desk study and on-site assessment, including a visual assessment, trial holes, and percolation tests. The document provides details on choosing treatment options, designing septic tanks and percolation areas, and mechanical aeration technologies. It aims to assist those involved in planning, designing, installing and operating on-site wastewater treatment systems.
This document provides standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from animals. It describes disk diffusion and dilution testing methods, as well as quality control guidelines. The document includes definitions of key terms, guidelines for selecting which antimicrobial agents to test and report, interpretive categories, reference strains for quality control, and specifics on performing beta-lactamase tests.
This guidance from the FDA provides recommendations for the types of information and data that should be submitted to validate sterilization processes for human and veterinary drug products. It outlines the key elements needed to characterize terminal sterilization processes like moist heat and validate their ability to reliably produce sterile products. These include descriptions of the process and product, thermal qualification studies, microbiological efficacy tests, and ensuring the integrity of packaging. It also provides recommendations for aseptic manufacturing processes and maintaining sterility over a product's shelf life. The guidance is intended to help applicants submit sufficient information for FDA review and approval of sterilization validation.
This document provides guidance for performing chemical process hazards analyses (PrHAs) as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Process Safety Management (PSM) standard. It discusses the key elements and requirements of PrHAs according to the PSM rule. The document also describes various PrHA methods like checklist analysis, What-If analysis, hazard and operability study, failure mode and effects analysis, and fault tree analysis. It provides examples of applying these methods to sample chemical processes and discusses reporting, reviewing, updating, and tracking corrective actions from PrHA findings. The overall purpose is to help DOE contractors properly implement the PrHA element of the PSM rule.
Chemical process hazards analysis [doe 1996]chihi wided
This document provides guidance for performing chemical process hazards analyses (PrHAs) as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Process Safety Management standard. It discusses the key elements of PrHAs, including collecting process safety information, identifying hazards, evaluating the consequences of failures or deviations, and recommending process changes to mitigate risks. The document also describes several hazard analysis techniques and provides examples of applying them to hypothetical chemical supply systems. Its aim is to help DOE contractors properly conduct PrHAs to prevent accidents involving highly hazardous chemicals.
This document is a thesis submitted by eight students from Cranfield University in partial fulfillment of their MSc in Offshore and Ocean Technology. It examines options for a low cost subsea processing system for brownfield developments. The students analyze existing subsea processing technologies, propose two system configuration options, and select a three-phase gravity separator system. They design a three-phase gravity separator through numerical simulation and analysis of field data from the Balmoral field in the UK. The proposed system includes a three-phase separator, oil and gas boosting pumps, and a water reinjection pump.
This document is a cookbook for developing multiplex assays using Luminex xMAP technology. It provides protocols for developing proteomic and genomic assays, including coupling proteins, antibodies, peptides and nucleic acids to xMAP microspheres. It also describes common immunoassay and nucleic acid assay formats and considerations for optimizing and validating the assays.
This document provides guidelines and safety policies for users of the UTAHNANOFAB laboratory. It outlines roles and responsibilities, facility details, general lab policies, safety information, hazards, and emergency procedures. The goal is to ensure a safe and effective microfabrication research environment through compliance with standards and regulations. Key topics covered include chemical handling and waste disposal, cleanroom protocols, safety equipment, and the process for becoming a lab member.
Predictive modeling of methylene blue dye removal by using artificial neural ...Ashutosh Tamrakar
This document describes a study that uses artificial neural networks to develop a predictive model for the removal of Methylene Blue dye via adsorption onto different commercial and non-conventional adsorbents. The study collected experimental data from literature on dye removal experiments using 22 different adsorbents. A neural network model was developed and optimized to predict dye removal efficiency based on input variables like pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose. The trained neural network achieved 89% accuracy in its predictions. The model was then used to analyze and rank the performance of different adsorbents under varying operating conditions.
This thesis implements continuous POMDP algorithms on autonomous robots to handle uncertainty in partially observable environments. It uses the ARKAQ learning algorithm to model a real world environment and achieve predefined targets with Sony AIBO robots in Webots simulation. Two problems are studied: ball approaching and scoring a goal. The ARKAQ algorithm uses a Kalman filter for state estimation, ART2 neural networks for state segmentation, and Q-learning. Experiments show the robots successfully reach the targets and score goals more effectively than random actions. The optimality of the results is discussed along with parameters that affect optimality.
The document describes an experimental and numerical study on the tribo-electric charging of powders pneumatically conveyed through narrow ducts. Tribo-electric charging occurs due to collisions between particles and between particles and duct walls. A discrete element model is developed to model particle behavior and is coupled with computational fluid dynamics. The model is extended with a tribo-electric charging model for particle-wall collisions. Experiments are performed to measure the charge acquired by single particles during single and multiple collisions, in order to determine parameters for the charging model. It is found that the saturation charge reached varies significantly among particles of the same size and material, contradicting the assumption that identical particles always charge the same. This influences particles' charging behavior and sensitivity
This document provides a feasibility study and situation analysis of green technology applications in selected member countries of the United Nations ESCAP, including India, Malaysia, and Nepal. It finds that technologies like solar, wind, bioenergy, and improved efficiency have potential to increase agricultural outputs and meet growing global food demand in a sustainable way. The study examines linkages between green technologies and environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, income generation, and gender inclusion. It identifies promising technologies in the region like biogas, agroforestry, biofuels, and evaluates policy and impact. The analysis aims to inform future green technology initiatives and policy decisions to support sustainable agriculture and development in Asia and the Pacific.
This document outlines the author's research activities in modeling turbulent combustion for internal combustion engines. It details his work developing models for diesel combustion, surrogate fuel kinetics, and coupling turbulence and chemical kinetics. It also describes his role managing combustion modeling projects and teaching combustion courses. The author seeks qualification to direct research based on this demonstrated expertise.
This document provides the proceedings from an international workshop on biomass briquetting held in New Delhi, India in April 1995. It includes papers presented on various aspects of biomass briquetting technology and applications. The key topics covered include results from a biomass densification research project testing screw press briquetting technology, the status and potential of briquetting in India, the effects of feedstock preheating on briquetting different biomasses, perspectives on briquetting from India and other Asian countries, and recommendations to further biomass briquetting technologies and applications.
Analysis and Classification of ECG Signal using Neural NetworkZHENG YAN LAM
This report describes an analysis and classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using a neural network. The report includes:
1) An introduction to ECG signals, including acquisition and characteristics.
2) A description of neural network classification, including architectures like feedforward and feedback networks.
3) Details of experimental setup and methodology, including ECG preprocessing, feature extraction via wavelet decomposition, and a neural network classifier with a systematic data structure.
4) Results of two experiments on ECG classification, showing recognition rates of 80.89% and 93.75% respectively.
So in summary, the report presents a study using neural networks to classify ECG signals, with details
This document is a thesis submitted by Ashwani Kumar for the degree of Master of Science. It examines bringing quality to the healthcare delivery process through the use of operations research tools. The thesis will first develop strategies to understand and model healthcare data like length of stay. It will then create a simulation model to analyze patient flow in a hospital surgical suite. Finally, it will develop a heuristic scheduling scheme and use the simulation to analyze patient flow improvements. The overall aim is to demonstrate how operations research can enhance efficiency in the surgical suite.
This document discusses liquid phase heterogeneous catalysis and tools to study catalysts. It notes that catalysis is important in the chemical industry, with 85-90% of products relying on catalytic processes. Multiphase catalytic processes involve mass transfer steps as reactants move between gas, liquid and solid phases to interact with catalyst surfaces. Concentration gradients can form and impact selectivity. New catalytic structures like thin catalyst layers on monoliths aim to improve mass transfer. Transient response techniques that can rapidly detect multiple species simultaneously would provide deeper insight into adsorption and reaction mechanisms in liquid phase catalysis, but few such techniques currently exist for liquid phase studies.
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A Framework for Understanding and Controlling Batch Cooling CrystallizationDaniel Griffin
This thesis presents Daniel Griffin's work on developing frameworks for understanding and controlling batch cooling crystallization. It introduces two frameworks - the population balance (PB) framework which describes crystallization using crystal size distributions and equations, and the mass-count (MC) framework which depicts crystallization as movement in a mass-count space. Experimental studies on darapskite and paracetamol systems were used to develop qualitative and quantitative models of dynamics in the MC space. Finally, both rule-based and model-based feedback control schemes were developed and tested to control crystal size using the MC framework.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Ryan E Toivola for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Washington in 2013. The dissertation focuses on developing mechanochromic fluorescent probe molecules that can be incorporated into aerospace polymers and composites to detect damage.
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The goal of the research is to improve detection of barely
This document is a bachelor's thesis submitted by Dimitar Dimitrov to the Technical University of Munich. The thesis analyzes velocity fields in cosmological simulations using the ParticleEngine visualization tool. It presents upgrades made to the ParticleEngine to address the needs of astrophysicists studying galaxy formation simulations. The upgrades include implementing multiple particle sources, a transfer function editor, fourth-component recalculation, displaying physical units, and exporting particle data. Visualization results are shown demonstrating the multi-probe configuration and direct volume rendering with fourth-component recalculation.
This guidance from the FDA provides recommendations for the types of information and data that should be submitted to validate sterilization processes for human and veterinary drug products. It outlines the key elements needed to characterize terminal sterilization processes like moist heat and validate their ability to reliably produce sterile products. These include descriptions of the process and product, thermal qualification studies, microbiological efficacy tests, and ensuring the integrity of packaging. It also provides recommendations for aseptic manufacturing processes and maintaining sterility over a product's shelf life. The guidance is intended to help applicants submit sufficient information for FDA review and approval of sterilization validation.
This document provides guidance for performing chemical process hazards analyses (PrHAs) as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Process Safety Management (PSM) standard. It discusses the key elements and requirements of PrHAs according to the PSM rule. The document also describes various PrHA methods like checklist analysis, What-If analysis, hazard and operability study, failure mode and effects analysis, and fault tree analysis. It provides examples of applying these methods to sample chemical processes and discusses reporting, reviewing, updating, and tracking corrective actions from PrHA findings. The overall purpose is to help DOE contractors properly implement the PrHA element of the PSM rule.
Chemical process hazards analysis [doe 1996]chihi wided
This document provides guidance for performing chemical process hazards analyses (PrHAs) as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Process Safety Management standard. It discusses the key elements of PrHAs, including collecting process safety information, identifying hazards, evaluating the consequences of failures or deviations, and recommending process changes to mitigate risks. The document also describes several hazard analysis techniques and provides examples of applying them to hypothetical chemical supply systems. Its aim is to help DOE contractors properly conduct PrHAs to prevent accidents involving highly hazardous chemicals.
This document is a thesis submitted by eight students from Cranfield University in partial fulfillment of their MSc in Offshore and Ocean Technology. It examines options for a low cost subsea processing system for brownfield developments. The students analyze existing subsea processing technologies, propose two system configuration options, and select a three-phase gravity separator system. They design a three-phase gravity separator through numerical simulation and analysis of field data from the Balmoral field in the UK. The proposed system includes a three-phase separator, oil and gas boosting pumps, and a water reinjection pump.
This document is a cookbook for developing multiplex assays using Luminex xMAP technology. It provides protocols for developing proteomic and genomic assays, including coupling proteins, antibodies, peptides and nucleic acids to xMAP microspheres. It also describes common immunoassay and nucleic acid assay formats and considerations for optimizing and validating the assays.
This document provides guidelines and safety policies for users of the UTAHNANOFAB laboratory. It outlines roles and responsibilities, facility details, general lab policies, safety information, hazards, and emergency procedures. The goal is to ensure a safe and effective microfabrication research environment through compliance with standards and regulations. Key topics covered include chemical handling and waste disposal, cleanroom protocols, safety equipment, and the process for becoming a lab member.
Predictive modeling of methylene blue dye removal by using artificial neural ...Ashutosh Tamrakar
This document describes a study that uses artificial neural networks to develop a predictive model for the removal of Methylene Blue dye via adsorption onto different commercial and non-conventional adsorbents. The study collected experimental data from literature on dye removal experiments using 22 different adsorbents. A neural network model was developed and optimized to predict dye removal efficiency based on input variables like pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose. The trained neural network achieved 89% accuracy in its predictions. The model was then used to analyze and rank the performance of different adsorbents under varying operating conditions.
This thesis implements continuous POMDP algorithms on autonomous robots to handle uncertainty in partially observable environments. It uses the ARKAQ learning algorithm to model a real world environment and achieve predefined targets with Sony AIBO robots in Webots simulation. Two problems are studied: ball approaching and scoring a goal. The ARKAQ algorithm uses a Kalman filter for state estimation, ART2 neural networks for state segmentation, and Q-learning. Experiments show the robots successfully reach the targets and score goals more effectively than random actions. The optimality of the results is discussed along with parameters that affect optimality.
The document describes an experimental and numerical study on the tribo-electric charging of powders pneumatically conveyed through narrow ducts. Tribo-electric charging occurs due to collisions between particles and between particles and duct walls. A discrete element model is developed to model particle behavior and is coupled with computational fluid dynamics. The model is extended with a tribo-electric charging model for particle-wall collisions. Experiments are performed to measure the charge acquired by single particles during single and multiple collisions, in order to determine parameters for the charging model. It is found that the saturation charge reached varies significantly among particles of the same size and material, contradicting the assumption that identical particles always charge the same. This influences particles' charging behavior and sensitivity
This document provides a feasibility study and situation analysis of green technology applications in selected member countries of the United Nations ESCAP, including India, Malaysia, and Nepal. It finds that technologies like solar, wind, bioenergy, and improved efficiency have potential to increase agricultural outputs and meet growing global food demand in a sustainable way. The study examines linkages between green technologies and environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, income generation, and gender inclusion. It identifies promising technologies in the region like biogas, agroforestry, biofuels, and evaluates policy and impact. The analysis aims to inform future green technology initiatives and policy decisions to support sustainable agriculture and development in Asia and the Pacific.
This document outlines the author's research activities in modeling turbulent combustion for internal combustion engines. It details his work developing models for diesel combustion, surrogate fuel kinetics, and coupling turbulence and chemical kinetics. It also describes his role managing combustion modeling projects and teaching combustion courses. The author seeks qualification to direct research based on this demonstrated expertise.
This document provides the proceedings from an international workshop on biomass briquetting held in New Delhi, India in April 1995. It includes papers presented on various aspects of biomass briquetting technology and applications. The key topics covered include results from a biomass densification research project testing screw press briquetting technology, the status and potential of briquetting in India, the effects of feedstock preheating on briquetting different biomasses, perspectives on briquetting from India and other Asian countries, and recommendations to further biomass briquetting technologies and applications.
Analysis and Classification of ECG Signal using Neural NetworkZHENG YAN LAM
This report describes an analysis and classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using a neural network. The report includes:
1) An introduction to ECG signals, including acquisition and characteristics.
2) A description of neural network classification, including architectures like feedforward and feedback networks.
3) Details of experimental setup and methodology, including ECG preprocessing, feature extraction via wavelet decomposition, and a neural network classifier with a systematic data structure.
4) Results of two experiments on ECG classification, showing recognition rates of 80.89% and 93.75% respectively.
So in summary, the report presents a study using neural networks to classify ECG signals, with details
This document is a thesis submitted by Ashwani Kumar for the degree of Master of Science. It examines bringing quality to the healthcare delivery process through the use of operations research tools. The thesis will first develop strategies to understand and model healthcare data like length of stay. It will then create a simulation model to analyze patient flow in a hospital surgical suite. Finally, it will develop a heuristic scheduling scheme and use the simulation to analyze patient flow improvements. The overall aim is to demonstrate how operations research can enhance efficiency in the surgical suite.
This document discusses liquid phase heterogeneous catalysis and tools to study catalysts. It notes that catalysis is important in the chemical industry, with 85-90% of products relying on catalytic processes. Multiphase catalytic processes involve mass transfer steps as reactants move between gas, liquid and solid phases to interact with catalyst surfaces. Concentration gradients can form and impact selectivity. New catalytic structures like thin catalyst layers on monoliths aim to improve mass transfer. Transient response techniques that can rapidly detect multiple species simultaneously would provide deeper insight into adsorption and reaction mechanisms in liquid phase catalysis, but few such techniques currently exist for liquid phase studies.
Integrating IoT Sensory Inputs For Cloud Manufacturing Based ParadigmKavita Pillai
The first step in thermoplastic recycling is identifying the plastic waste categorically. This manual task is often inefficiency and costly. This study therefore analyzes the problem and presents a automatic classifier based on a WSN infrastructure. The classifier fuses data from two different sources using Kalman filter and neural network. The algorithm is run on a matlab simulator to test the results
A Framework for Understanding and Controlling Batch Cooling CrystallizationDaniel Griffin
This thesis presents Daniel Griffin's work on developing frameworks for understanding and controlling batch cooling crystallization. It introduces two frameworks - the population balance (PB) framework which describes crystallization using crystal size distributions and equations, and the mass-count (MC) framework which depicts crystallization as movement in a mass-count space. Experimental studies on darapskite and paracetamol systems were used to develop qualitative and quantitative models of dynamics in the MC space. Finally, both rule-based and model-based feedback control schemes were developed and tested to control crystal size using the MC framework.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Ryan E Toivola for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Washington in 2013. The dissertation focuses on developing mechanochromic fluorescent probe molecules that can be incorporated into aerospace polymers and composites to detect damage.
Chapter 1 characterizes the epoxy polymer system used in the study. Chapters 2 and 3 study two novel mechanochromic probes, AJNDE15 and AJNDE17, incorporated into the epoxy and investigate the mechanism of their mechanochromic behavior. Chapter 3 models the kinetics of the mechanochromic reaction and compares it to existing models of glassy polymer deformation.
The goal of the research is to improve detection of barely
This document is a bachelor's thesis submitted by Dimitar Dimitrov to the Technical University of Munich. The thesis analyzes velocity fields in cosmological simulations using the ParticleEngine visualization tool. It presents upgrades made to the ParticleEngine to address the needs of astrophysicists studying galaxy formation simulations. The upgrades include implementing multiple particle sources, a transfer function editor, fourth-component recalculation, displaying physical units, and exporting particle data. Visualization results are shown demonstrating the multi-probe configuration and direct volume rendering with fourth-component recalculation.
1. De-alcoholization and extraction of organic acids using
Liquid Emulsion Membranes
Dissertation work submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the degree of
Master of Technology in Chemical Engineering
Of
Visveswaraiah Technological University
Belgaum.
By
Chanukya B. S.
Reg No: 1SI07HCE01
Place of Investigation
Department of Food Engineering,
Central Food Technological Research Institute (C.F.T.R.I), Mysore
A constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
Under the Guidance of
Dr. P. Nirguna Babu Dr. Navin K. Rastogi
Professor and Head, Scientist,
Dept. of Chemical Engineering Dept. of Food Engineering
SIT, Tumkur-572 103 CFTRI, Mysore –570 020
Department of Chemical Engineering
Siddaganga Institute of Technology
Tumkur-572 103, KARNATAKA, INDIA
2008-2009
2. Synopsis
In the removal and the concentration of the product, the most preferred methods are
membrane separation processes. Despite the advantages, there are limitations with membrane
separations; such as loss of their activities in harsh conditions or not sufficiently effective or too
expensive or difficult to scale up. To overcome these limitations, Liquid emulsion membranes
(LEM), which has the potential advantages of having selectivity higher than those attainable by
current separation methods, saving on energy costs for final concentration of separated product,
was chosen.
Two kinds of LEM experiments are carried out here. First; deals with de-alcoholizing a
solution using liquid emulsion membranes, due to its simplicity in design and operation and
retains normal character of the feed solution. Effects of various parameters on the de-
aloholization rate were studied in detail. Extraction of alcohol from real solutions like
Anthocyanin extract solution and simulated pineapple wine has been carried out.
Second; extraction of organic acids from dilute solutions using LEM by tailoring the
emulsion composition for the purpose, the effect of various parameters on extraction has been
thoroughly studied. The extraction results have varied with different parameters.
This work traces the development of LEMs, discusses their key features, advantages and
limitations, and explains with experimentation how the LEM can be best used by optimizing its
conditions to maximize its extraction. Describes methods of modeling LEM systems and
highlights some applications with industrial potential. The optimum operating conditions for the
extraction of alcohol and organic acids are evaluated experimentally.
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………….. I
SYNOPSIS ……………………………………………………………….………. III
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………… IV
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………….......... VIII
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….... IX
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1: General introduction............................................................................................ 1
1.2: Economic importance of downstream operations................................................ 1
1.2.1: Stages in downstream processing.………………………………………... 2
1.2.2: Conventional downstream operations……………………………………. 3
1.2.3: Limitations of existing membrane separation techniques……………........ 3
1.3: Liquid Emulsion Membranes - Recent development in downstream operation... 4
1.3.1: Why Liquid Emulsion Membrane Technology?…………………………. 5
1.4: Aim of the present work…………...…………………………………................ 7
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE & THEORETICAL ASPECTS
2.1: In Food processing……………………………………………………………… 8
2.2: Other areas……………………………………………………………………… 12
2.3: National status………………………………………………………………….. 13
4. 2.4: Properties of Emulsion and its components……………………………………. 15
2.4.1: Lecithin as surfactant……………………………………………………... 15
2.4.2: Liquid light paraffin oil as membrane phase..……………………………. 16
2.4.3: Dispersed phase as Distill water ….……………………………………… 16
2.4.4: Kerosene as organic phase……………………………………………….. 16
2.4.5: Aliquat 336 as carrier…………………….………………………………. 17
2.4.6: Span 80 as surfactant…..…………………………………………………. 17
2.4.7: Sodium carbonate as stripping phase...…………………………………… 18
2.5: Principle behind Extraction of Organic acids using LEMs...…………………… 18
2.6: Factors affecting LEM performance……………………………………………. 20
2.6.1: Membrane Rupture……………………………………............................... 20
2.6.2: Membrane Swelling……………………………………………………….. 20
2.6.3: Selectivity…………………………………………………………………. 21
2.6.4: Enzyme Inactivation by the Membrane…………………………………… 21
2.7: Mathematical modeling…………………………………………………………. 22
2.8: Quality control tests for Emulsions…………………………………………. …. 25
2.8.1: Stability testing……………………………………………………………. 25
2.8.2: Determination of particle size and particle count…………………………. 26
2.8.3: Determination of viscosity………………………………………………… 26
2.8.4: Determination of phase separation………………………………………… 26
2.8.5: Determination of Electrophoretic properties………………………………. 26
2.8.6: Rheological studies………………………………………………………... 27
2.9: Preservation of Emulsions……………………………………………………….. 27
5. 2.9.1: Preservation from microorganisms………………………………………… 27
2.9.2: Preservation from oxidation……………………………………………….. 27
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
3.1: De-alcoholization. …………………………………………………………......... 28
3.1.1: Materials…………………………………………………………………… 28
3.1.2: Methods…………………………………………………………………… 28
3.1.2.1: Emulsion preparation……………………………………………………. 28
3.1.2.2: Extraction ………………………………………………………………. 29
3.1.2.3: Alcohol estimation………………………………………………………. 29
3.1.2.4: Measurement of membrane swelling…………………………………..... 31
3.2: Extraction of organic acids……………………………………………………… 31
3.2.1: Materials ………………………………………………………………….. 31
3.2.2: Methods …………………………………………………………………... 31
3.2.2.1: Preparation of Emulsion…………………………………………………. 31
3.2.2.2: Extraction……………………………………………………………….. 31
3.2.2.3: De-emulsification……………………………………………………...... 32
3.2.2.4: Estimation………………………………………………………………. 32
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1: Effect of various parameters on the De-alcoholization rate…………………..... 34
4.1.1: Effect of surfactant (lecithin) concentration and reaction time on
percentage alcohol extraction………………...…………………………… 34
4.1.2: Effect of stirring time on extraction rate.……...……………………………… 38
6. 4.1.3: Effect of stirring speed on extraction rate…………………………….….. 40
4.1.4: Effect of exterior phase (Feed) concentration ……………………………. 42
4.1.5: Effect of exterior phase (Feed) volume ………………………………….. 44
4.1.6: Effect of internal aqueous (Dispersed) phase…………………………….. 46
4.1.7: Multiple stage extraction ………………………………………………….......... 48
4.1.8: De-alcoholization of Anyhocyanin extract solution……………………… 50
4.1.9: De-alcoholization of simulated pineapple wine………………………….. 52
4.2: Effect of various parameters on the extraction of organic acids……………….. 54
4.2.1: Effect of the Surfactant concentration……………………………………… 54
4.2.2: Effect of stirring time.……………………………………………………. 56
4.2.3: Effect of stirring speed…………………………………………………… 58
4.2.4: Effect of External phase (Feed) concentration...…………………………. 60
4.2.5: Effect of External phase (Feed) volume ……...…………………………... 62
4.2.6: Effect of stripping reagent volume ……………………………………….. 64
4.2.7: Effect of stripping reagent concentration ………………………………… 66
4.2.8: De-Emulsification …………………………………………........................ 68
4.3: Extraction of other organic acids…...……………………………………….. 70
CONCLUDING REMARKS……… …………………………………………....... 75
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE WORK……………………………………………. 77
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK………………………………………………….. 78
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….. 79
LIST OF TABLES:
7. Table Title Page
1.1: cost of downstream process………………………............................................. 2
4.1.1: Efect of surfactant concentration on De-alcoholization rate………………… 36
4.1.2: Effect of stirring time on the de-alcoholization rate.…………………. …….. 38
4.1.3: Effect of stirring speed on the de-alcoholization rate…………………........... 40
4.1.4: Effect of feed concentration on the de-alcoholization rate…………………... 42
4.1.5: Effect of feed volume on the de-alcoholization rate…..……………………... 44
4.1.6: Effect of dispersed phase volume on the de-alcoholization rate……………... 46
4.1.7: Effect of multiple stage extraction on the de-alcoholization rate..…………… 48
4.1.8: De-alcoholization of Anthocyanin extract solution…………………………... 50
4.1.9: De-alcoholization of simulated pineapple wine……………………………... 52
4.2.1: Effect of surfactant concentration on rate of citric acid extraction…………. 54
4.2.2: Effect of stirring time on rate of citric acid extraction………………………. 56
4.2.3: Effect of stirring speed on rate of citric acid extraction…………...………… 58
4.2.4: Effect of Feed concentration on rate of citric acid extraction……..………… 60
4.2.5: Effect of Feed volume on rate of citric acid extraction…..………………….. 62
4.2.6: Effect of stripping volume on rate of citric acid extraction………………….. 64
4.2.7: Effect of stripping concentration on rate of citric acid extraction…………… 66
4.2.8: Effect of sonication on de-emulsification…………………….. …………….. 68
4.3.1: Percentage Acetic acid extracted and percentage feed recovered…………… 70
4.3.2: Percentage Ascorbic acid extracted and percentage feed recovered….……… 71
4.3.3: Percentage Formic acid extracted and percentage feed recovered….……….. 71
4.3.4: percentage Lactic acid extracted and percentage feed recovered..…………… 71
LIST OF FIGURES:
Figures Title Page
8. 1.1: Thin Sheet supported Liquid membrane…..……………………………………. 4
1.2: Emulsion Liquid Membrane……………………………………………………. 5
2.1: Structure of Lecithin...…………….. …..……………………………………… 15
2.2: Structure of Aliquat 336………………………………………………………... 17
2.3: Structure of Span 80………………………………………………..…………... 17
2.4: Transport mechanism in LEMs ………………..……………………………….. 19
2.5: Lumped two-phase model of a LEM globule…….…………………………….. 22
2.6: The advancing front model…….……………………………………………...... 24
2.7: The reaction zone model………………………………………….…………….. 25
3.1: Steps in the preparation of liquid emulsion……………...……………………… 28
3.2: Standard graph to find concentration of alcohol.……………………………… 30
4.1.1: Effect of surfactant concentration at different stirring speed………….……. 37
4.1.2: At varying stirring time……..………………………..………………..…….. 39
4.1.3: At varying stirring speed ………………………...………………….………. 41
4.1.4: Varying concentration of alcohol in the Exterior (Feed) phase.…………….. 43
4.1.5: Varying volumes of feed solution……………..………………………..…… 45
4.1.6: At varying ratios of oil: dispersed phase………..…………………………… 47
4.1.7: Subjecting feed to repeated extraction…………………….………………… 49
4.1.8: De-alcoholizing Anthocyanin extract solution …………………….....…....... 51
4.1.9: De-alcoholizing simulated pineapple wine………………………...………… 53
4.2.1: Effect of surfactant concentration on extraction of citric acid.………………. 55
4.2.2: Effect of stirring time on extraction of citric acid……….………………….. 57
4.2.3: Effect of stirring speed on extraction of citric acid…………………………. 59
4.2.4: Effect of feed concentration on the extraction of citric acid ……………….. 61
4.2.5: Effect of feed volume on the extraction of citric acid……………………… 63
9. 4.2.6: Effect of stripping volume on extraction of citric acid….…………….…….. 65
4.2.7: Effect of stripping concentration on extraction of citric acid……….……… 67
4.2.8: Effect of sonication time on De-Emulsification. ………….………………… 69
4.3.1: Extraction of different organic acids at varying contact periods……………. 72
4.3.2: percentage feed recovery, after extraction at different contact periods.….…. 72