Martin Delany was an important 19th century Black abolitionist and nationalist who argued for Black emigration from the United States. He lived in Pittsburgh for many years and published one of the first Black newspapers there. Though initially collaborating with Frederick Douglass, Delany came to advocate for Black communities leaving the U.S. to achieve equality and rights, traveling to explore potential emigration sites in Africa and South America. Despite their philosophical differences, Delany and Douglass remained lifelong friends and rivals who debated the issues of their time. Delany is now largely forgotten compared to Douglass, partly due to their diverging views on assimilation versus separation.
How did the 1920s fall into fascism, and how did we start walking down a similar road? How does Rowling's story of angry Grindelwald and his quest for Wizard Supremacy mirror it? Parallels between then and now.
Overview of the book and background on the author. What prompted James Baldwin to write this book were the current events of the time and his personal life.
CHAPTER28FreedomBrandLIKE MANY ACTIVISTS, W. E..docxbartholomeocoombs
CHAPTER 28
Freedom Brand
LIKE MANY ACTIVISTS, W. E. B. Du Bois reeled from the height of the Nazi
Holocaust of Jews and other non-Aryans. After the United States entered World
War II in 1942, Du Bois felt energized by Black America’s “Double V
Campaign”: victory against racism at home, and victory against fascism abroad.
The Double V Campaign kicked the civil rights movement into high gear,
especially up North, and the long-awaited comprehensive study of the Negro
financed by the Carnegie Foundation kicked it into yet another gear, especially
down South.
In 1936, Carnegie Foundation president Frederick P. Keppel had briefly
considered some White American scholars when he had decided to heed
Cleveland mayor Newton Baker’s recommendation to sponsor a study on the
“infant race.” But there was almost no consideration of Zora Neale Hurston or
the elder statesmen, W. E. B. Du Bois and Carter G. Woodson. Although White
assimilationists and philanthropists were taking over the racial discourse in the
academy, they were customarily shutting out Black scholars as being too
subjective and biased to study Black people. It was amazing that the same
scholars and philanthropists who saw no problem with White scholars studying
White people had all these biased complaints when it came to Black scholars
studying Black people. But what would racist ideas be without contradictions.1
Carnegie officials drew up a list of only foreign European scholars and White
officials stationed in European colonies who they believed could complete the
study “in a wholly objective and dispassionate way.” They ended up selecting
the Swedish Nobel-laureate economist Gunnar Myrdal, bringing him to the
United States in 1938. With $300,000 in Carnegie funds, Myrdal employed a
classroom of leading Black and White scholars, including Frazier and Herskovits
—seemingly everyone except Hurston, Du Bois, and Woodson.2
In his two-volume, nearly 1,500-page study, published in 1944, Myrdal
shined an optimistic light on what he termed, in his title, An American Dilemma.
He identified the racial problem as a “moral problem,” as assimilationists long
had since the days of William Lloyd Garrison. White Americans display an
“astonishing ignorance about the Negro,” Myrdal wrote. Whites ignorantly
viewed Negroes as “criminal,” as having “loose sexual morals,” as “religious,”
as having “a gift for dancing and singing,” and as “the happy-go-lucky children
of nature.” Myrdal convinced himself—and many of his readers—that ignorance
had produced racist ideas, and that racist ideas had produced racist policies, and
therefore that “a great majority of white people in America would be prepared to
give the Negro a substantially better deal if they knew the facts.” W. E. B. Du
Bois probably shook his head when he read this pas.
Essay On W. E. B Dubois
W.E.B. Du Bois Essay
W. E. B Dubois Essay
W. E. B. Dubois Research Paper
Who Is W. E. B. Dubois?
The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Dubois Essay
W. E. B. Dubois Essay
W. E. B. DuBois
Essay about W.e.b Du Bois
W.E.B. Dubois: His Vision For Freedom Essay
W. E. B Dubois Essay
W. E. B Dubois Summary
W.E.B Dubois Thoughts on Education Essay
W. E. B. Dubois Opinion Essay
Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Dubois Essay
W. E. B. Dubois
The Life and Writings of W.E.B. DuBois Essay
W.E.B. Dubois Essay
W.E.B. DuBoiss Thoughts on Education Essay
Chapter 12 ReflectionCharles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic .docxcravennichole326
Chapter 12 Reflection
Charles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s.
Frederick Douglass – the greatest African American of all – and one of the most electrifying orators of his time, black or white – was Frederick Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to Massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader of anti-slavery sentiment. On his return to the United States in 1847, Douglass purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star, in Rochester, New York. Douglass demanded for African Americans not only freedom but full social and economic social equality as well.
Henry David Thoreau – leading Concord transcendentalist. Thoreau went even further in repudiating the repressive forces of society. He produced the ideas that individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society’s expectations and responding instead to their instincts. Thoreau’s own efforts to free himself – immortalized in is most famous book, Walden – led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could.
Horace Mann – the greatest of educational reformers was Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. To Mann, education was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor.” He reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year (to six months, doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers.
Joseph Smith - Mormonism began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man, who had spent most oh his twenty-four years moving restlessly through New England and the Northeast. In 1830, he published the Book of Mormon that told a story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus.
Shakers – made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society and even embraced the idea of a God who was not clearly male or female.
Transcendentalism - idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity.
Walt Whitman - the self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, was the son of a Lon Island carpenter and lived for many years roaming from place to place, doing odd jobs, while writing poetry. In his large body of poems, Whitman not only helped liberate verse from traditional, restrictive conventions but also helped express the soaring spirit of individualisms that characterized his age.
Ralph Waldo Emerson – a Unitarian minister in his youth, Emerson left the church i ...
How did the 1920s fall into fascism, and how did we start walking down a similar road? How does Rowling's story of angry Grindelwald and his quest for Wizard Supremacy mirror it? Parallels between then and now.
Overview of the book and background on the author. What prompted James Baldwin to write this book were the current events of the time and his personal life.
CHAPTER28FreedomBrandLIKE MANY ACTIVISTS, W. E..docxbartholomeocoombs
CHAPTER 28
Freedom Brand
LIKE MANY ACTIVISTS, W. E. B. Du Bois reeled from the height of the Nazi
Holocaust of Jews and other non-Aryans. After the United States entered World
War II in 1942, Du Bois felt energized by Black America’s “Double V
Campaign”: victory against racism at home, and victory against fascism abroad.
The Double V Campaign kicked the civil rights movement into high gear,
especially up North, and the long-awaited comprehensive study of the Negro
financed by the Carnegie Foundation kicked it into yet another gear, especially
down South.
In 1936, Carnegie Foundation president Frederick P. Keppel had briefly
considered some White American scholars when he had decided to heed
Cleveland mayor Newton Baker’s recommendation to sponsor a study on the
“infant race.” But there was almost no consideration of Zora Neale Hurston or
the elder statesmen, W. E. B. Du Bois and Carter G. Woodson. Although White
assimilationists and philanthropists were taking over the racial discourse in the
academy, they were customarily shutting out Black scholars as being too
subjective and biased to study Black people. It was amazing that the same
scholars and philanthropists who saw no problem with White scholars studying
White people had all these biased complaints when it came to Black scholars
studying Black people. But what would racist ideas be without contradictions.1
Carnegie officials drew up a list of only foreign European scholars and White
officials stationed in European colonies who they believed could complete the
study “in a wholly objective and dispassionate way.” They ended up selecting
the Swedish Nobel-laureate economist Gunnar Myrdal, bringing him to the
United States in 1938. With $300,000 in Carnegie funds, Myrdal employed a
classroom of leading Black and White scholars, including Frazier and Herskovits
—seemingly everyone except Hurston, Du Bois, and Woodson.2
In his two-volume, nearly 1,500-page study, published in 1944, Myrdal
shined an optimistic light on what he termed, in his title, An American Dilemma.
He identified the racial problem as a “moral problem,” as assimilationists long
had since the days of William Lloyd Garrison. White Americans display an
“astonishing ignorance about the Negro,” Myrdal wrote. Whites ignorantly
viewed Negroes as “criminal,” as having “loose sexual morals,” as “religious,”
as having “a gift for dancing and singing,” and as “the happy-go-lucky children
of nature.” Myrdal convinced himself—and many of his readers—that ignorance
had produced racist ideas, and that racist ideas had produced racist policies, and
therefore that “a great majority of white people in America would be prepared to
give the Negro a substantially better deal if they knew the facts.” W. E. B. Du
Bois probably shook his head when he read this pas.
Essay On W. E. B Dubois
W.E.B. Du Bois Essay
W. E. B Dubois Essay
W. E. B. Dubois Research Paper
Who Is W. E. B. Dubois?
The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Dubois Essay
W. E. B. Dubois Essay
W. E. B. DuBois
Essay about W.e.b Du Bois
W.E.B. Dubois: His Vision For Freedom Essay
W. E. B Dubois Essay
W. E. B Dubois Summary
W.E.B Dubois Thoughts on Education Essay
W. E. B. Dubois Opinion Essay
Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Dubois Essay
W. E. B. Dubois
The Life and Writings of W.E.B. DuBois Essay
W.E.B. Dubois Essay
W.E.B. DuBoiss Thoughts on Education Essay
Chapter 12 ReflectionCharles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic .docxcravennichole326
Chapter 12 Reflection
Charles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s.
Frederick Douglass – the greatest African American of all – and one of the most electrifying orators of his time, black or white – was Frederick Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to Massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader of anti-slavery sentiment. On his return to the United States in 1847, Douglass purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star, in Rochester, New York. Douglass demanded for African Americans not only freedom but full social and economic social equality as well.
Henry David Thoreau – leading Concord transcendentalist. Thoreau went even further in repudiating the repressive forces of society. He produced the ideas that individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society’s expectations and responding instead to their instincts. Thoreau’s own efforts to free himself – immortalized in is most famous book, Walden – led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could.
Horace Mann – the greatest of educational reformers was Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. To Mann, education was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor.” He reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year (to six months, doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers.
Joseph Smith - Mormonism began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man, who had spent most oh his twenty-four years moving restlessly through New England and the Northeast. In 1830, he published the Book of Mormon that told a story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus.
Shakers – made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society and even embraced the idea of a God who was not clearly male or female.
Transcendentalism - idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity.
Walt Whitman - the self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, was the son of a Lon Island carpenter and lived for many years roaming from place to place, doing odd jobs, while writing poetry. In his large body of poems, Whitman not only helped liberate verse from traditional, restrictive conventions but also helped express the soaring spirit of individualisms that characterized his age.
Ralph Waldo Emerson – a Unitarian minister in his youth, Emerson left the church i ...
From: Chairman Omali Yeshitela , Ch. 3. The Theory of African Internationalism. In: An Uneasy Equilibrium - Commemorative Edition: The African Revolution Versus Parasitic Capitalism, Burning Spear Uhuru Publications, 2014.
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968
Stokely Carmichael.Toward Black Liberation The Massachusetts Review Autumn 1966 Excerpt*
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism and "Friend and Rival of Frederick Douglass"
1. Page 1 of 6
Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism”
Friend and rival of Frederick Douglass argued that African-Americans should emigrate to
Central or South America, later to Africa
Originally Posted February 06, 2011
By Mark Roth, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
Source: http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/11037/1123210-51.stm
Editor’s Insert: “…And national oppression, which in our efforts to combat, has created a national
heritage rich in resistance based on the two ideals of integration and separation. These experiences which
have left us stripped of our Afrikanist perspective, and despite miscegenation and cultural imperialism,
culminated into an Afrikan national heritage in the Diaspora, creating the New Afrikan Independence
Movement…”
From:
RBG Frolinan-Suitable for Print & Distribution Version
RBG Communiversity National Strategy of the Front for the Liberation of the New Afrikan Nation
Martin Delany, who lived in Pittsburgh most of his life, was
one of the most important black abolitionists in the Civil War
period, but most people cannot remember his name today.
First of a weekly series on history makers in Pittsburgh for
Black History Month
In 1846, the famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass came to
Pittsburgh.
His purpose? He wanted to persuade a fellow African-
American, Martin Delany, to become co-editor of his new
newspaper, The North Star.
The editorial alliance of the two young men lasted only 18 months. But from the time of that
meeting, Douglass and Delany would remain lifelong friends -- and often bitter rivals.
Today, Frederick Douglass remains well-known to many Americans. Every year, schoolchildren
are assigned to read his autobiography, and his face, framed by a shock of white hair, is a
familiar visage.
Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism” Mark Roth ( Feb., 2010)
2. Page 2 of 6
Except to history buffs, though, Martin Delany has largely disappeared from view. Even most
Pittsburghers who work Downtown have undoubtedly walked right past the historical plaque
dedicated to him next to PPG Plaza.
Yet Delany played an important role in the anti-slavery movement from before the Civil War
until afterward, and is known as the "Father of Black Nationalism."
Why isn't he more visible?
Historians who study the anti-slavery movement say a lot of it has to do with the two men's
"story lines."
Douglass is known as an assimilationist -- a champion of blacks being freed from slavery and
then being given full rights and opportunities in America.
Delany, for much of his life, championed emigration of blacks as a way of achieving equality,
first to Central or South America, and later to Africa.
"Delany argued that blacks should leave because in order to achieve their rights, they had to form
a majority in society," said Richard Blackett, the Andrew Jackson professor of history at
Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn.
That's not a message that resonates with most white Americans or even many black Americans,
said Laurence Glasco, a professor of black history at the University of Pittsburgh.
"There is a dominant theme of Americans, whether black or white," he said. "That theme is that
America is a great land and the story of your life is how you fit into that great story.
"And anybody like Martin Delany, one of whose dominant themes is 'To hell with this place, I
want out; it's not heaven, it's hell,' doesn't fit that paradigm and people don't like to hear it. It
makes the person sound like a crank -- somebody who's not that serious."
Yet Delany was serious -- and brilliant, contradictory and hard to pin down, Dr. Glasco and other
historians said.
He lived in Pittsburgh for nearly 25 years, later emigrating to Canada, traveling to Africa,
moving to South Carolina after the Civil War and ending up near Wilberforce University in
southwestern Ohio, where his gravesite is.
And throughout all those years, he and Douglass stayed in touch, debated the issues of the day,
and remained linked by their ambition and competition.
Where Douglass was born a slave and escaped to freedom as a young man, Delany was born as a
free black male in 1812 in Charles Town, W.Va. (which was then Virginia).
Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism” Mark Roth ( Feb., 2010)
3. Page 3 of 6
But that freedom had severe limits. When his mother, Pati, taught him and his siblings to read
and write, they were cited for violating state laws against literacy instruction for black children.
Mrs. Delany quickly moved the family to Chambersburg, Pa., 130 miles east of Pittsburgh near
the Maryland border, where young Martin could continue his studies without interference.
In 1831, at age 19, he headed for Pittsburgh, walking the entire way.
When he arrived here, he became a student at a school operated by the Rev. Lewis Woodson of
the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. Woodson, who would go on to help establish
Wilberforce University, was a strong advocate of black economic independence and was active
in the Underground Railroad, which helped slaves escape to freedom in Canada.
Delany was soon involved in the Underground Railroad himself, and later established an
abolitionist newspaper, The Mystery. It was published for four years in Pittsburgh, and as one of
the only papers to survive a devastating fire in 1845 that destroyed a third of the city, it is still
cited by historians of the period.
He also was trained in medicine by two of the leading white physicians of the city, and by 1837,
ran this ad in the Pittsburgh Business Directory: "Delany, Martin R., Cupping, Leeching and
bleeding."
It was a year after the great fire that Douglass came to the city from his base in Rochester, N.Y.,
to recruit Delany as co-editor of The North Star.
They never worked in an office together. Instead, Delany went on a "western tour" to Ohio and
Michigan to recruit subscribers, and sent a series of travelogue-style letters that were printed in
The North Star.
In one of them, he recounted how he and a companion were chased by a white mob in
Marseilles, Ohio, northwest of Columbus. Retreating to their hotel, they watched as the mob
started a bonfire and threatened their lives.
"Then came the most horrible howling and yelling, cursing and blasphemy, every disparaging,
reproachful, degrading, vile and vulgar epithet that could be conceived by the most vitiated
imaginations," Delany wrote, "which bedlam of shocking disregard was kept up from nine until
one o'clock at night ..."
With the hotel's proprietor refusing to let the mob in, Delany was able to wait the crisis out and
slip away the next day.
By the end of his tour, it was already clear that Delany and Douglass were about to part ways on
The North Star. Robert Levine, a University of Maryland English professor who wrote a book
Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism” Mark Roth ( Feb., 2010)
4. Page 4 of 6
about the two men, said that by the late 1840s, Delany was accustomed to being a leader, but "as
co-editor of The North Star, he was suddenly cast in Douglass' shadow."
The decisive break came when Delany began to advocate black emigration at a time when
Douglass was still preaching the need for free blacks to continue the anti-slavery battle in
America.
Pitt's Dr. Glasco thinks a personal crisis that struck Delany in 1850 played a big part in his anger
toward the country of his birth.
That year, he was accepted into Harvard Medical School to complete his physician's training. He
was one of three black students at the time, and the faculty embraced them.
Most of the white students, however, did not. They approved a motion that read: "Resolved: That
we have no objection to the education and evaluation of blacks but do decidedly remonstrate
against their presence in college with us." Even though he had invited the African-American
students to the school, dean Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. caved in to the pressure and expelled
Delany and the other black students.
In the same year, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which allowed slave owners to pursue
and capture escaped slaves in any part of the country and set up fines for any law enforcement
officer who refused to make such arrests.
Because slave owners needed only an affidavit to accuse someone of being a runaway slave,
many free blacks were conscripted into slavery by the law, which outraged Delany and
contributed to his support for emigration.
In his book, "The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of
the Colored People of the United States," written during his
Pittsburgh years, Delany said:
"Let no visionary nonsense about habeas corpus, or a fair trial,
deceive us; there are no such rights granted in this bill, and except
where the commissioner is too ignorant to understand, when
reading it, or too stupid to enforce it when he does understand,
THE RBG BLAKADEMICS there is no earthly chance, no hope under heaven for the colored
MARTIN ROBISON DELANY person who is brought before one of these officers of the law.
TUTORIAL
"We are slaves in the midst of freedom, waiting patiently and
Including: Martin Delany-The unconcernedly, indifferently, and stupidly, for masters to come and
Condition, Elevation, Emigration, lay claim to us, trusting to their generosity, whether or not they will
and Destiny of the Colored People own us and carry us into endless bondage."
Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism” Mark Roth ( Feb., 2010)
5. Page 5 of 6
Over the next 15 years, Delany argued strongly for emigration, first
to Central or South America, later to Africa.
Despite two trips to Africa to negotiate for possible land for settlements, though, none of his
plans for blacks to leave the United States came to fruition.
He did take such action in his own life, though. In 1856, he moved to Canada, where he would
stay until after the Civil War began.
By that time, Douglass had solidified his position as the leading black spokesman for abolition.
He had already rewritten his popular autobiography once, and had renamed his newspaper for
himself, calling it Frederick Douglass' Paper.
Douglass' careful self-marketing is another big reason his reputation has lasted, said the
University of Maryland's Dr. Levine. "He took a lot of care in presenting himself to the world."
Delany was not able to do that as successfully because he did not have his own newspaper and
never published an autobiography, said John Stauffer, a history professor and anti-slavery expert
at Harvard University. "Delany hasn't persisted in public view primarily because he was not
nearly as elegant a writer or eloquent a speaker," he said.
Despite those handicaps, "I believe Delany is second only to Frederick Douglass in significance
and impact as a black leader" during the Civil War period, Dr. Stauffer said, and because of that,
his name is still known among many African-Americans.
There is one other very personal arena where Douglass and Delany battled -- their appearance.
As a mulatto, Douglass was much lighter-skinned and Caucasian looking than Delany, who said
he was a "full-blooded African" descended from royalty in two different tribes.
"It may be apocryphal," Vanderbilt's Dr. Blackett said, "but Frederick Douglass is quoted as
saying, 'I wake up each morning and say, thank God I am a man, whereas Delany wakes up and
says thank God I am a black man."
Delany even "attempted to use [his black heritage] rhetorically to say to black people that 'I
would be a better leader because people can't say about me that my intelligence has anything to
do with my white blood,' " Dr. Levine added.
After the Civil War began, Delany once again confounded people's expectations by returning to
the United States and recruiting blacks to join the Union Army.
And toward the end of the war, he scored a coup by persuading President Abraham Lincoln to
make him the first black major in the Union Army, a post Douglass had lobbied for.
Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism” Mark Roth ( Feb., 2010)
6. Page 6 of 6
After the fighting ended, Delany continued on his idiosyncratic path by joining the Freedman's
Bureau in South Carolina, where he helped emancipated slaves get jobs and encouraged some of
them to emigrate to Liberia in Africa.
He then abruptly switched to the Democratic Party, which was the party of the Confederacy, and
worked to help poor white farmers in the region.
"This was inconceivable to someone like Douglass," Dr. Glasco said, "but Delany felt at that
point that the issue was not race but class, and that these poor white farmers had legitimate
grievances and he was going to help them."
Near the end of their lives, Douglass and Delany had one more meeting, and at that event, they
reverted to their central messages.
On New Year's Day in 1883, about 40 black leaders gathered at a restaurant in Washington D.C.
to mark the 20th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation and honor Douglass, Dr. Levine
wrote.
In a speech, Douglass thanked his colleagues, and said "nothing has occurred in these 20 years
which has dimmed my hopes or caused me to doubt that the emancipated people of this country
will avail themselves of their opportunities, and by enterprise, industry, invention, discovery and
manly character, vindicate the confidence of their friends and put to shame the gloomy
predictions of all their enemies."
Most of the men then offered toasts to the future of blacks in America.
Martin Delany stood, raised his glass and said: "The Republic of Liberia."
For further RBG Blakademics study and downloads see:
Delany Martin Robinson Official Report of the Niger Valley Martin R. Delany- The Origin of Races and Color
Exploring Party
Introduction Martin Delany wrote this 95 page
Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party Delany, treatise ... The Origin of Races and Color With an
Martin Robinson... archeological compendium of Ethiopian and Egyptian
Civilization …
Martin Delany, “Father of Black Nationalism” Mark Roth ( Feb., 2010)