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Ibe Unit I
The document discusses the Indian business environment and various factors that affect businesses. It defines business and business environment. The macro environment consists of social, technological, economic, political, legal, ecological and other factors that indirectly impact businesses. It provides examples of how changes in these factors, such as new technology or legislation, can influence companies. Environmental scanning is important for businesses to identify opportunities and threats and adapt their strategies accordingly.
Ibe Unit V
The document discusses consumerism and consumer protection in India. It outlines several key points:
1) Consumerism aims to augment consumer rights and protect consumers from exploitation by businesses through unfair or unethical practices like adulteration or misleading advertising.
2) Several laws have been passed in India to safeguard consumer rights, such as the Consumer Protection Act of 1986, but consumers remain vulnerable due to factors like illiteracy and slow legal processes.
3) The Consumer Protection Act established consumer dispute redressal forums at the district, state, and national levels to hear complaints regarding defective goods or deficient services. It aims to promote fair trade practices and protect consumer interests in India.
Inroduction Of Or
Operations research is the discipline of applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It involves identifying problems, collecting and analyzing data to construct mathematical models, solving the models, testing and implementing solutions. Some key applications of OR include determining optimal resource allocation, scheduling, logistics and production planning to minimize costs and maximize profits. While OR provides scientific solutions, the models sometimes rely on simplifying assumptions and may not represent realistic problems.
Software testing primer nick jenkins
This document provides an introduction and overview of software testing. It discusses the need for testing due to the unpredictable nature of software and bugs. It covers different models of software development and places testing within the software development life cycle. The document then explores concepts of testing including the testing mindset, types of testing like unit vs integration testing, and verification vs validation. It also covers topics like test planning, preparation, execution, reporting and metrics. The goal is to argue that testing is important and should be a fundamental part of the software development process.
Testing terms & definitions
Testing Terms & Definitions document defines over 50 types of software testing terms concisely. It includes definitions for acceptance testing, which validates a software meets acceptance criteria, accessibility testing for disabilities, and automated testing using tools without manual intervention. It also defines integration testing of modules, localization testing for different cultures, load/performance testing under normal and heavy usage, and negative/black box testing without knowledge of internal workings. The document provides brief yet informative definitions for a wide range of standard testing techniques.
Recommended
Ibe Unit I
The document discusses the Indian business environment and various factors that affect businesses. It defines business and business environment. The macro environment consists of social, technological, economic, political, legal, ecological and other factors that indirectly impact businesses. It provides examples of how changes in these factors, such as new technology or legislation, can influence companies. Environmental scanning is important for businesses to identify opportunities and threats and adapt their strategies accordingly.
Ibe Unit V
The document discusses consumerism and consumer protection in India. It outlines several key points:
1) Consumerism aims to augment consumer rights and protect consumers from exploitation by businesses through unfair or unethical practices like adulteration or misleading advertising.
2) Several laws have been passed in India to safeguard consumer rights, such as the Consumer Protection Act of 1986, but consumers remain vulnerable due to factors like illiteracy and slow legal processes.
3) The Consumer Protection Act established consumer dispute redressal forums at the district, state, and national levels to hear complaints regarding defective goods or deficient services. It aims to promote fair trade practices and protect consumer interests in India.
Inroduction Of Or
Operations research is the discipline of applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It involves identifying problems, collecting and analyzing data to construct mathematical models, solving the models, testing and implementing solutions. Some key applications of OR include determining optimal resource allocation, scheduling, logistics and production planning to minimize costs and maximize profits. While OR provides scientific solutions, the models sometimes rely on simplifying assumptions and may not represent realistic problems.
Software testing primer nick jenkins
This document provides an introduction and overview of software testing. It discusses the need for testing due to the unpredictable nature of software and bugs. It covers different models of software development and places testing within the software development life cycle. The document then explores concepts of testing including the testing mindset, types of testing like unit vs integration testing, and verification vs validation. It also covers topics like test planning, preparation, execution, reporting and metrics. The goal is to argue that testing is important and should be a fundamental part of the software development process.
Testing terms & definitions
Testing Terms & Definitions document defines over 50 types of software testing terms concisely. It includes definitions for acceptance testing, which validates a software meets acceptance criteria, accessibility testing for disabilities, and automated testing using tools without manual intervention. It also defines integration testing of modules, localization testing for different cultures, load/performance testing under normal and heavy usage, and negative/black box testing without knowledge of internal workings. The document provides brief yet informative definitions for a wide range of standard testing techniques.
St & internationalization
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
Software testing techniques
This document provides a retrospective on 50 years of research in software testing techniques. It examines how testing techniques have matured from ad hoc methods to a more systematic discipline. The document outlines the evolution of testing concepts over time and how this has guided research. It then summarizes several major theoretical and methodological contributions that have advanced the field, such as research establishing test data adequacy criteria and coverage-based models. The document uses frameworks to analyze how testing techniques have progressed from early formulation to broader adoption according to models of technology maturation and software engineering research paradigms.
Rapid software testing
This document discusses an introduction to a class on rapid software testing. It states that the class aims to make students stronger, smarter and more confident testers by challenging them to think for themselves rather than simply listening to what the instructors say. The class can be beneficial for testers of all experience levels who want to improve at their work. Heuristics are discussed as techniques that can help substitute for complete analysis and involve guidewords, triggers, reframing ideas, and procedures to help solve problems.
Model based software testing
This document discusses model-based software testing. It defines a model as a depiction of software behavior. Model-based testing uses models to guide testing tasks like test selection and evaluation. Common models include finite state machines, statecharts, UML diagrams, and Markov chains. The document provides an overview of these models and discusses how they are applied to software testing. It also gives examples to illustrate finite state machines and model-based testing terminology.
Testing quotes neww
This document contains several quotes related to software testing, testers, quality, codes, bugs, and software in general. Some key quotes include:
- "Software testing proves the existing of bugs not their absence" - highlighting that testing finds bugs, not guarantees their absence.
- "You must be a constructive schizophrenic" as both a programmer and tester with different mindsets.
- "The only certainties in life are death, taxes and bugs in code" emphasizing that bugs will always exist in software.
- "Software testers succeed where others fail" capturing the role of testers to improve software quality.
Email marketing ver 1.001 [autosaved]
Email marketing is a form of direct marketing that uses electronic mail to reach potential and current customers. It allows marketers to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customer needs profitably using the 4Ps of marketing. Email marketing is an effective medium that provides measurable results and helps build relationships, but marketers must address challenges like spam and increasing deliverability rates.
Mis
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS) concepts and design. It discusses that information is critical but often not what is wanted or needed. It then defines MIS as a computer-based system that provides tools for managers to organize, evaluate, and efficiently run their departments. The document outlines the historical development of MIS from a focus on data processing in the 1950s-1960s to a focus on information analysis in the 1970s. It also discusses the components of an MIS including technology, databases, users, and procedures. Finally, it covers topics like information security, quality assurance, and the system development life cycle.
Database Management Systems Tutorial
This document provides an overview of database management systems and conceptual modeling. It defines key terms like DBMS, database schema, instance, physical schema, logical schema, and data model. It also describes data abstraction levels, the entity-relationship model, relational model components like tuples and relations, and relational algebra and calculus operations. The document consists of questions and answers on database concepts and topics like data modeling, the storage manager, and the entity-relationship diagram.
Html Tutor
The document provides an introduction to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It discusses what HTML is, the history and evolution of HTML standards from versions 1.0 to 4.0, and some key concepts in HTML like tags, elements, and attributes. It also covers what is needed to start designing basic web pages, including a text editor, browser, and naming HTML files with the .htm or .html extension.
Sql Commands
This document provides an overview of SQL and relational databases. It discusses basic SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, and JOINs. It also covers more advanced topics like aggregate functions, views, creating/altering tables, and subqueries. The document uses sample tables to demonstrate how to write queries to retrieve, update, and analyze data stored in relational database tables.
Grievance Process
The document provides an overview of managing the grievance process. It discusses the purpose of grievance procedures, how to prevent grievances, grievance timelines, benefits of early settlement, and the typical steps in the grievance process including oral grievances, written grievances, grievances advanced to employee relations, preparation for meetings, and potential arbitration.
Graphical Method
The document describes the graphical method for solving linear programming problems with two decision variables. It provides the step-by-step procedure which involves plotting the constraints on a graph to identify the feasible region, determining the corner points of this region which represent the feasible solutions, substituting these points into the objective function to find the optimal value, and identifying the optimal solution. It then provides examples demonstrating this process and different types of solutions that can arise such as unbounded, infeasible, and optimal.
Formulation Lpp
The document discusses linear programming problems and how to formulate them. It provides definitions of key terms like linear, programming, objective function, decision variables, and constraints. It then explains the steps to formulate a linear programming problem, including defining the objective, decision variables, mathematical objective function, and constraints. Several examples of formulated linear programming problems are provided to maximize profit or minimize costs subject to various constraints.
Factors Influencing Employee Remuneration
There are several factors that influence employee remuneration both external and internal to an organization. External factors include the labor market, cost of living, labor unions, government legislation, the economy, and society. Internal factors are an organization's strategy, job evaluation, performance appraisal, and characteristics of employees. Remuneration is determined by balancing these various factors to attract, retain, and motivate skilled labor within legal and social norms.
Compensation
Compensation and remuneration are important factors for both employees and employers, as they impact motivation, loyalty, and standard of living. Components of remuneration typically include wages, salaries, incentives, fringe benefits, perquisites, and non-monetary benefits. However, compensation practices must be carefully managed to avoid issues like pay envy, high turnover, and damage to morale when disparities exist or the market changes rapidly.
Unit I Organisational Behaviour
The document defines an organization as a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose. It discusses the functions of management including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It also discusses the nature of managerial work, the management process, and various managerial roles and skills needed at different levels including technical, human, and conceptual skills.
Modul 2.1.a.4 Refleksi Eksplorasi Konsep.pdf.pptxModul 2.1.a.4 Refleksi Ekspl...
Modul 2.1.a.4 Refleksi Eksplorasi Konsep.pdf.pptxModul 2.1.a.4 Refleksi Eksplorasi Konsep.pdf.pptxModul 2.1.a.4 Refleksi Eksplorasi Konsep.pdf.pptx
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More from Sachin MK
St & internationalization
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
Software testing techniques
This document provides a retrospective on 50 years of research in software testing techniques. It examines how testing techniques have matured from ad hoc methods to a more systematic discipline. The document outlines the evolution of testing concepts over time and how this has guided research. It then summarizes several major theoretical and methodological contributions that have advanced the field, such as research establishing test data adequacy criteria and coverage-based models. The document uses frameworks to analyze how testing techniques have progressed from early formulation to broader adoption according to models of technology maturation and software engineering research paradigms.
Rapid software testing
This document discusses an introduction to a class on rapid software testing. It states that the class aims to make students stronger, smarter and more confident testers by challenging them to think for themselves rather than simply listening to what the instructors say. The class can be beneficial for testers of all experience levels who want to improve at their work. Heuristics are discussed as techniques that can help substitute for complete analysis and involve guidewords, triggers, reframing ideas, and procedures to help solve problems.
Model based software testing
This document discusses model-based software testing. It defines a model as a depiction of software behavior. Model-based testing uses models to guide testing tasks like test selection and evaluation. Common models include finite state machines, statecharts, UML diagrams, and Markov chains. The document provides an overview of these models and discusses how they are applied to software testing. It also gives examples to illustrate finite state machines and model-based testing terminology.
Testing quotes neww
This document contains several quotes related to software testing, testers, quality, codes, bugs, and software in general. Some key quotes include:
- "Software testing proves the existing of bugs not their absence" - highlighting that testing finds bugs, not guarantees their absence.
- "You must be a constructive schizophrenic" as both a programmer and tester with different mindsets.
- "The only certainties in life are death, taxes and bugs in code" emphasizing that bugs will always exist in software.
- "Software testers succeed where others fail" capturing the role of testers to improve software quality.
Email marketing ver 1.001 [autosaved]
Email marketing is a form of direct marketing that uses electronic mail to reach potential and current customers. It allows marketers to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customer needs profitably using the 4Ps of marketing. Email marketing is an effective medium that provides measurable results and helps build relationships, but marketers must address challenges like spam and increasing deliverability rates.
Mis
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS) concepts and design. It discusses that information is critical but often not what is wanted or needed. It then defines MIS as a computer-based system that provides tools for managers to organize, evaluate, and efficiently run their departments. The document outlines the historical development of MIS from a focus on data processing in the 1950s-1960s to a focus on information analysis in the 1970s. It also discusses the components of an MIS including technology, databases, users, and procedures. Finally, it covers topics like information security, quality assurance, and the system development life cycle.
Database Management Systems Tutorial
This document provides an overview of database management systems and conceptual modeling. It defines key terms like DBMS, database schema, instance, physical schema, logical schema, and data model. It also describes data abstraction levels, the entity-relationship model, relational model components like tuples and relations, and relational algebra and calculus operations. The document consists of questions and answers on database concepts and topics like data modeling, the storage manager, and the entity-relationship diagram.
Html Tutor
The document provides an introduction to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It discusses what HTML is, the history and evolution of HTML standards from versions 1.0 to 4.0, and some key concepts in HTML like tags, elements, and attributes. It also covers what is needed to start designing basic web pages, including a text editor, browser, and naming HTML files with the .htm or .html extension.
Sql Commands
This document provides an overview of SQL and relational databases. It discusses basic SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, and JOINs. It also covers more advanced topics like aggregate functions, views, creating/altering tables, and subqueries. The document uses sample tables to demonstrate how to write queries to retrieve, update, and analyze data stored in relational database tables.
Grievance Process
The document provides an overview of managing the grievance process. It discusses the purpose of grievance procedures, how to prevent grievances, grievance timelines, benefits of early settlement, and the typical steps in the grievance process including oral grievances, written grievances, grievances advanced to employee relations, preparation for meetings, and potential arbitration.
Graphical Method
The document describes the graphical method for solving linear programming problems with two decision variables. It provides the step-by-step procedure which involves plotting the constraints on a graph to identify the feasible region, determining the corner points of this region which represent the feasible solutions, substituting these points into the objective function to find the optimal value, and identifying the optimal solution. It then provides examples demonstrating this process and different types of solutions that can arise such as unbounded, infeasible, and optimal.
Formulation Lpp
The document discusses linear programming problems and how to formulate them. It provides definitions of key terms like linear, programming, objective function, decision variables, and constraints. It then explains the steps to formulate a linear programming problem, including defining the objective, decision variables, mathematical objective function, and constraints. Several examples of formulated linear programming problems are provided to maximize profit or minimize costs subject to various constraints.
Factors Influencing Employee Remuneration
There are several factors that influence employee remuneration both external and internal to an organization. External factors include the labor market, cost of living, labor unions, government legislation, the economy, and society. Internal factors are an organization's strategy, job evaluation, performance appraisal, and characteristics of employees. Remuneration is determined by balancing these various factors to attract, retain, and motivate skilled labor within legal and social norms.
Compensation
Compensation and remuneration are important factors for both employees and employers, as they impact motivation, loyalty, and standard of living. Components of remuneration typically include wages, salaries, incentives, fringe benefits, perquisites, and non-monetary benefits. However, compensation practices must be carefully managed to avoid issues like pay envy, high turnover, and damage to morale when disparities exist or the market changes rapidly.
Unit I Organisational Behaviour
The document defines an organization as a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose. It discusses the functions of management including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It also discusses the nature of managerial work, the management process, and various managerial roles and skills needed at different levels including technical, human, and conceptual skills.
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BUKU ADMINISTRASI GURU KELAS SD 2024 /2025
Buku administrasi guru kelas SD adalah serangkaian dokumen dan catatan yang digunakan oleh guru untuk mengelola kegiatan pembelajaran dan administrasi kelas secara efektif. Buku-buku ini membantu guru dalam merencanakan, melaksanakan, dan mengevaluasi proses pembelajaran serta memastikan kelancaran operasional kelas. Berikut adalah beberapa jenis buku administrasi yang umumnya digunakan oleh guru kelas SD:
Buku Induk Siswa: Berisi data pribadi siswa, seperti nama, tanggal lahir, alamat, nomor induk siswa, dan informasi penting lainnya.
Buku Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP): Dokumen perencanaan yang berisi rencana kegiatan pembelajaran yang akan dilaksanakan oleh guru setiap hari atau setiap minggu.
Buku Program Tahunan (Prota): Dokumen yang berisi rencana kegiatan pembelajaran yang akan dilaksanakan selama satu tahun ajaran.
Buku Program Semester (Promes): Dokumen yang berisi rencana kegiatan pembelajaran yang akan dilaksanakan selama satu semester.
Buku Agenda Harian: Catatan harian tentang kegiatan pembelajaran yang dilakukan setiap hari, termasuk materi yang diajarkan dan kegiatan siswa.
Buku Absensi Siswa: Catatan kehadiran siswa setiap hari, termasuk alasan ketidakhadiran jika ada.
Buku Nilai: Catatan penilaian hasil belajar siswa, termasuk nilai ulangan harian, tugas, ujian tengah semester, dan ujian akhir semester.
Buku Catatan Prestasi dan Pelanggaran Siswa: Berisi catatan tentang prestasi yang diraih siswa serta pelanggaran yang dilakukan dan tindakan yang diambil.
Buku Inventaris Kelas: Catatan inventaris barang-barang yang ada di kelas, seperti peralatan belajar, alat peraga, dan buku-buku.
Buku Kas Kelas: Catatan tentang keuangan kelas, termasuk pemasukan dan pengeluaran dana kelas.
Buku Laporan Harian dan Bulanan: Laporan tentang kegiatan dan perkembangan siswa serta kondisi kelas yang dibuat setiap hari atau setiap bulan.
Buku Piket Guru: Catatan tentang tugas piket harian guru untuk mengawasi kegiatan di sekolah dan kelas.
Buku administrasi ini membantu guru dalam menjalankan tugas dan tanggung jawabnya dengan lebih terorganisir dan efisien, serta memudahkan dalam pelaporan dan evaluasi kegiatan pembelajaran.
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