Margareth lota

•Switch Case and
•Looping Statement
By: Margareth Lota

http://eglobiotraining.com/

- A switch, case, select or inspect statement is a type of selection control
mechanism that exists in most imperative programming languages such
as Pascal, Ada, C/C++, C#, Java, and so on. It is also included in several
other types of languages. Its purpose is to allow the value of a variable or
expression to control the flow of program execution via a multiway
branch (or "goto", one of several labels).

The Main Reason using switch case :
- To improve clarity, by reducing otherwise repetitive coding, and (if the
heuristics permit) also offering the potential for faster execution through
easier compiler optimization in many cases.


Switch case statements are a substitute
for long if statements that compare a variable
to several "integral" values ("integral" values
are simply values that can be expressed as an
integer, such as the value of a char).


1. The If – else Statement

-The if statement allows the programmer to make
decisions within a program.
- The general format of an if statement is:
If (expression)
statement
-Where expression represents a relational, equality, or
logical expression ( conditional expression) .


If statement (two alternatives)
Form:
If (condition) Note: if condition evaluates to true, then statement is
statement; executed and statement is skipped; otherwise, statement is
else skipped and statement is executed
statement;

If statement (One-Alternatives)
Form:
If (condition) Note: if condition evaluates to true, then statement is
statement; executed and statement is skipped

Format of the if statement
- All if statement examples in this text indent statements. The word else
Is typed without indention on a separate line. The format of the if statement
makes its meaning apparent and is used solely to improve program readability;
The format makes no difference to the computer


 If we know how to write a C expression that is equivalent
of a question such as “Is resting the value of expression
to select a course of action. In C, the statement is the
primary selection control structure

 Me: it’s hard to write c expression. So, I just copy and
paste it into internet.

 A programming language is an artificial language
designed to communicate instructions to
a machine, particularly a computer. Programming
languages can be used to create programs that control
the behavior of a machine and/or to
express algorithms precisely.


We first define the word “programming”, it is a
computer language programmers use to develop
applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for a
computer to execute.

programming is instructing a computer to do
something for you with the help of a programming
language. The role of a programming language can be
described in two ways:
 Technical: It is a means for instructing a Computer to
perform Tasks
 Conceptual: It is a framework within which we organize
our ideas about things and processes.

As an individual, I have learned that
programming is a very broad because it composes
many scripts, applications and can be used to run a
program that has been part of the programming
language.

A programming language should both provide
means to describe primitive data and procedures and
means to combine and abstract those into more
complex ones.


The distinction between data and procedures
is not that clear cut. In many programming
languages, procedures can be passed as data (to
be applied to ``real'' data) and sometimes
processed like ``ordinary'' data. Conversely
``ordinary'' data can be turned into procedures by
an evaluation mechanism.


At first, programming is confusing because
you have so much to understand about codes that
will enable to run a program. Programming has
applications and program development, the best
example for this is the Internet bowser…

Programming is a creative process done by
programmers to instruct a computer on how to do
a task. Programming languages let you use them
in different ways, e.g adding numbers, etc… or
storing data on disk for later retrieval.

You have to consider languages to run or write your
own program, most demanded language in programming is
the DEV C++ (a full-featured Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)).

C++ is one of the most used programming
languages in the world. Also known as "C with Classes".

New to programming or thinking about it? It might surprise
you to know that there are many programmers who
program just for fun and it can lead to a job.


 1. Open Dev C++
 2. Click File and choose New
 3. Post your Statements
 4. after you post your statement
 5. Save it .choose file and save or
 6. click f9 or you can see it shaped like a
square


Link: http://gd.tuwien.ac.at/languages/c/programming-
bbrown/c_028.htm

The above program uses a switch statement to validate and select upon
the users input choice, simulating a simple menu of choices.


When it compiles and run, this will be it look .
The C expression that was type it on Dev C++
The words are “enter in two number  24”


Link: http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cp
p_switch_case/index.php

Example of Switch
Case Statement , you
Will see the statement
on the link that you see
in this slide.


After I compile it and run it, the statement is now like this. As you
Can see after you answer the 1st question the next question appear
And after you finish all the question the box will disappear. It means finish.


Link:
http://www.morrowland.com/apron/t
utorials/cpp/cpp_if_else/index.php

Function and target of
Programming language :
A computer programming
language is a language. used to
write computer programs, which
involve a computer performing
some kind of
computation or algorithm and
possibly control external devices
such as printers , disk drives
, robots, and so on.


When the statement was done this will it be look like.
I got this from the URL . The URL was posted on the previous
slide


http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/66k51h7a(v=vs.80).aspx

Did You Know?
The first programming
languages predate the
modern computer. The
19th century saw the
invention of
"programmable" looms and
player piano scrolls, both
of which implemented
examples ofdomain-
specific languages.


Did You Know ?
All programming languages have some primitive building blocks for the
description of data and the processes or transformations applied to
them(like the addition of two numbers or the selection of an item from a
collection). These primitives are defined by syntactic and semantic rules
which describe their structure and meaning respectively.


Link: http://www.cfanatic.com/topic4267/

Looping Statements
- Loops execute a block of code a specified number of
times, or while a specified condition is true.
- in PHP, the following looping statements are used:

*The while Loop
* The Do… While Loop
* The For Loop
*The Foreach Loop
*Break and continue statement

http://www.slideshare.net/ilakkiya/looping-statement

Loops are used to repeat a block of code.
Being able to have your program repeatedly
execute a block of code is one of the most
basic but useful tasks in programming -- many
programs or websites that produce extremely
complex output (such as a message board) are
really only executing a single task many times.


 (They may be executing a small
number of tasks, but in principle, to produce a
list of messages only requires repeating the
operation of reading in some data and
displaying it.) Now, think about what this
means: a loop lets you write a very simple
statement to produce a significantly greater
result simply by repetition.


While structure is another type of loop statements,
where the condition is checked at first, the iteration
will not stop even if the value changes while executing
statements.

Form:
While(condition)
{
code to be executed;
}



 Notice that the condition is tested at
the end of the block instead of the
beginning, so the block will be executed at
least once. If the condition is true, we jump
back to the beginning of the block and execute
it again. A do..while loop is basically a
reversed while loop. A while loop says "Loop
while the condition is true, and execute this
block of code", a do..while loop says "Execute
this block of code, and loop while the
condition is true".


 I noticed that sometimes if the program does not run, it
is because some braces are not included and I
accidentally put braces on the same line and it causes
the program not to read its contents. Programming is
sensitive, when there is missing variable or braces or
some words it does not run.

 So much codes that should be entered that even the
spaces are needed programming is very specific that
whatever you have entered in to it you should specify
because when the statement is false it wouldn’t let you
run the program, I have experienced it before I arrived
at this result.

 Because of so many experiences I had before this program
run, I found programming is also interesting for the more
you are practicing to make a program run, the more
questions that came up in my mind and try something that
will fit to this or entering new codes to make matrix etc…
that I know is possible.


Break is a keyword that breaks out of the
code block, usually surrounded by
braces, which it is in. In this case, break
prevents the program from falling through and
executing the code in all the other case
statements.


 Do while statement is same as the while
statement , the only difference is that it
evaluates the expression at the end.
Form:
do
{
code to be executed;
}
while (condition):



 The for loop is used when you know in advance how many
times the script should run.
 Be for statement takes three expressions inside its
parentheses seperated by semi-colons. When the for loop
executes, the following occurs:
 The initializing expression is executed. This expression
usually initializes oneor more loop counter, but the syntax
allow expression any degree of complexity.
 The condition expression is evaluated. Of the value of
condition is true, the loop statements execute. If the value
of condition is false, the for loop terminates.

 http://www.slideshare.net/ilakkiya/looping-statement


Form:

for {initialization; condition:
increment )
{
code to be executed
}



 For Each structure is a loop structure used for
arrays

Form:
foreach(array as value)
{
code to be executed
}

Foreach (array as key => value)
{
code to be executed
} http://www.slideshare.net/ilakkiya/looping-statement


 Break ends the execution of the for, for
each, while, do-while or switch statement.

Form:
* Break ( optional numeric argument)



 “Continue” is used to skip the current loop iteration
and continue with the next iteration of the loop. But
“Break” is to exit from the whole loop.

Form:
* Break ( optional numeric argument)



 When I learned that programming is very
sensitive and at the same time very detailed when
it comes to entering codes, I make sure that it is
clear means that I put everything important codes
in it so that the program would run.

http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cpp_for_loop/index.php

The for loop


http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cpp_for_loop/index.php


http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cpp_do_while_loop/inde
x.php

Do while loop


http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/c-plus-plus/looping-in-c.html

While loop


http://cprogramminglanguage.net/c-break-continue-statements.aspx

Break and continue


http://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_for.asp

Foreach loop


Maggybells


Margareth lota

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