Why was screening implemented?
What is overdiagnosis?
The evidence for overdiagnosis
Available data
Facts from recent studies
Risks of screening
The illusion of early detection
Harms due to overdiagnosis
Benefit-risk balance
So, what to do?
About mammograms: https://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/mammograms/
About overdiagnosis: https://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/overdiagnosis/
About screening: https://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/screening/
Mammography is an x-ray examination of the breasts to detect abnormalities. The procedure involves positioning each breast on a compression paddle that applies pressure to flatten the breast for imaging. Patients should schedule mammograms when their breasts are least tender, usually after their period, and prepare by avoiding caffeine for several days before and not wearing any lotions or powders the morning of the test. The test involves separately compressing each breast with the x-ray machine and may cause some discomfort during the 15 minute procedure.
Mammography involves x-ray imaging of the breasts to detect cancer. Digital mammography was introduced in 2001. Mammogram results are categorized from 0 to 5 based on likelihood of malignancy, with Category 5 being highly suggestive of cancer. Mammograms have a specificity of 50-70% and sensitivity of 80-90% but can miss 10-15% of cancers. Ultrasound found multiple cysts and nodules in both breasts of a patient, categorized as probably benign (BI-RADS 3) with less than 2% chance of cancer. Follow-up in 6 months was recommended.
Mammography is a type of medical imaging that uses low-dose x-rays to detect breast cancer. Key components of mammography equipment include an x-ray tube, compression plate, and breast support plate. The document discusses the materials used in mammography x-ray tubes, how compression helps improve image quality, and advances in digital mammography and tomosynthesis. Screening mammograms are used to detect cancer in women without symptoms, while diagnostic mammograms are used to diagnose abnormalities detected during screening.
Digital mammography has largely replaced film mammography. Digital mammography provides higher resolution images and allows radiologists to adjust brightness and magnification. Standard views include craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views of each breast. Digital mammography is more accurate than film for premenopausal women under 50 with dense breasts but film may be slightly better for women over 65 with fatty breasts.
Mammography is the cornerstone of breast imaging and offers the necessary reliability to diagnose curable breast cancers. It involves using low-dose x-rays of the breast to detect tumors that are too small to feel. Digital mammography offers superior contrast resolution in dense breasts compared to conventional mammography but has lower spatial resolution, potentially missing some lesions. Mammography equipment includes an x-ray tube, compression device, and digital detectors to capture and process images, allowing diagnosis according to the BI-RADS assessment categories.
Baştan çıkarıcı lezzetlerden mahrum kalmadan kilo vermeye ne dersiniz? Kilo yapacağını düşünüp uzak durduğunuz pek çok lezzeti ölçülü ve bilinçli tükettiğinizde sizi fazla kilolardan uzak tutacağını biliyor muydunuz?
Why was screening implemented?
What is overdiagnosis?
The evidence for overdiagnosis
Available data
Facts from recent studies
Risks of screening
The illusion of early detection
Harms due to overdiagnosis
Benefit-risk balance
So, what to do?
About mammograms: https://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/mammograms/
About overdiagnosis: https://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/overdiagnosis/
About screening: https://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/screening/
Mammography is an x-ray examination of the breasts to detect abnormalities. The procedure involves positioning each breast on a compression paddle that applies pressure to flatten the breast for imaging. Patients should schedule mammograms when their breasts are least tender, usually after their period, and prepare by avoiding caffeine for several days before and not wearing any lotions or powders the morning of the test. The test involves separately compressing each breast with the x-ray machine and may cause some discomfort during the 15 minute procedure.
Mammography involves x-ray imaging of the breasts to detect cancer. Digital mammography was introduced in 2001. Mammogram results are categorized from 0 to 5 based on likelihood of malignancy, with Category 5 being highly suggestive of cancer. Mammograms have a specificity of 50-70% and sensitivity of 80-90% but can miss 10-15% of cancers. Ultrasound found multiple cysts and nodules in both breasts of a patient, categorized as probably benign (BI-RADS 3) with less than 2% chance of cancer. Follow-up in 6 months was recommended.
Mammography is a type of medical imaging that uses low-dose x-rays to detect breast cancer. Key components of mammography equipment include an x-ray tube, compression plate, and breast support plate. The document discusses the materials used in mammography x-ray tubes, how compression helps improve image quality, and advances in digital mammography and tomosynthesis. Screening mammograms are used to detect cancer in women without symptoms, while diagnostic mammograms are used to diagnose abnormalities detected during screening.
Digital mammography has largely replaced film mammography. Digital mammography provides higher resolution images and allows radiologists to adjust brightness and magnification. Standard views include craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views of each breast. Digital mammography is more accurate than film for premenopausal women under 50 with dense breasts but film may be slightly better for women over 65 with fatty breasts.
Mammography is the cornerstone of breast imaging and offers the necessary reliability to diagnose curable breast cancers. It involves using low-dose x-rays of the breast to detect tumors that are too small to feel. Digital mammography offers superior contrast resolution in dense breasts compared to conventional mammography but has lower spatial resolution, potentially missing some lesions. Mammography equipment includes an x-ray tube, compression device, and digital detectors to capture and process images, allowing diagnosis according to the BI-RADS assessment categories.
Baştan çıkarıcı lezzetlerden mahrum kalmadan kilo vermeye ne dersiniz? Kilo yapacağını düşünüp uzak durduğunuz pek çok lezzeti ölçülü ve bilinçli tükettiğinizde sizi fazla kilolardan uzak tutacağını biliyor muydunuz?
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document discusses a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey called Hisar Hospital. It has received World Hospital Standards approval and JCI Accreditation certification, allowing it to be considered a "Healthbase of the world." The document encourages patient admission and lists the hospital's address and contact information in Istanbul.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document discusses a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey called Hisar Hospital. It has received World Hospital Standards approval and JCI Accreditation certification, allowing it to be considered a "Healthbase of the world." The document encourages patient admission and lists the hospital's address and contact information in Istanbul.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.