I suppose this Manual would be helpful for the Judges, Lawyers and litigants. All efforts are made to see that all points are covered. I have tried my level best to cover latest ratios laid down by the Hon'ble Apex Court and Hon'ble High Courts. If you find any mistake, please let me know on the mail id given in this Manual.
How to decide quantum of compensation in Motor Accident Cliam PetitionLegal
This document provides guidelines for determining compensation amounts in motor accident claims cases in India. It discusses how to calculate compensation in cases of fatal injuries and non-fatal injuries. For fatal injuries, it outlines the factors to consider such as age-based multipliers, future prospects additions, deductions for personal expenses, and other heads of damages. For non-fatal injuries, it discusses the different elements of compensation including medical expenses, loss of earnings, future medical costs, pain and suffering damages. It cites various court cases and principles from those cases to guide the determination of compensation quantum in motor accident claims petitions in India.
While deciding a claim petition, preferred under the Motor Vehicles Act,
1988, more often then not, Ld. Judges of
the Tribunals are vexed with such questions that it becomes difficult for
them to come to a certain conclusion, main reasons for such vexation are:
a)Non availability of judgments on certain points,
b)If judgments are available on some points, they run in
different directions,
c) Lack of reference book to decide, as to whether the
insurance policy is 'Act Policy' (Statutory Policy) or
'Comprehensive Policy' (Package Policy).
1. The document discusses various judgements related to the Motor Vehicles Act 1988. It covers topics like tort liability, Section 140 on no fault liability, the Civil Procedure Code, Section 163A regarding compensation, jurisdiction of claims tribunals, limitation periods, negligence, calculation of compensation, driving licenses, and more.
2. It provides summaries of important judgements on each topic, outlining key rulings and positions taken by courts. The judgements help clarify legal positions and interpret various provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act and rules.
3. The document is a compilation of important judgements on the Motor Vehicles Act to serve as a reference guide for legal practitioners.
Motor Accident Claim Petition Reference Manual - March 2016Legal
The Motor Accident Claim Petition (MACP) Reference Maunal is updated upto March, 2016. This Reference Manual is based on the judgments delivered by the Supreme Court and High Courts and will be helpful to judges, lawyers, claimants, injured victims, insurance companies, drivers and owners involved in and connected with the motor accident claim petitiion (MACP). Topicwise narration of almost all points/issues involved in the MAC Petition.
The following presentation tends to explain the concept of Summary proceedings under the Civil Procedure Code in India.It elaborates on the suits to which this order applies and the procedure to be followed therein.
State of Maharashtra Vs. Manesh madhusudan kotiyan Anubhuti Shreya
This memorial addresses three issues in a special leave petition filed before the Supreme Court of India regarding a criminal case. The first issue is whether the special leave petition is maintainable, arguing that there was no grave injustice or ignorance of substantial questions of law by the High Court. The second issue is whether consent was given voluntarily, arguing that consent was given freely without force or misconception. The third issue is whether the respondent is punishable for rape, arguing that the essential elements of rape were not met. The memorial provides arguments for each issue and submits that the petition should be dismissed.
The document outlines the stages of a criminal trial in a summons case, including the substance of the accusation being stated to the accused, examination of the accused where they can plead guilty, prosecution presenting evidence followed by the accused presenting evidence, and the order of conviction or acquittal being passed by the court, with acquittal also possible due to withdrawal of complaint, non-appearance of accused, or death of accused.
How to decide quantum of compensation in Motor Accident Cliam PetitionLegal
This document provides guidelines for determining compensation amounts in motor accident claims cases in India. It discusses how to calculate compensation in cases of fatal injuries and non-fatal injuries. For fatal injuries, it outlines the factors to consider such as age-based multipliers, future prospects additions, deductions for personal expenses, and other heads of damages. For non-fatal injuries, it discusses the different elements of compensation including medical expenses, loss of earnings, future medical costs, pain and suffering damages. It cites various court cases and principles from those cases to guide the determination of compensation quantum in motor accident claims petitions in India.
While deciding a claim petition, preferred under the Motor Vehicles Act,
1988, more often then not, Ld. Judges of
the Tribunals are vexed with such questions that it becomes difficult for
them to come to a certain conclusion, main reasons for such vexation are:
a)Non availability of judgments on certain points,
b)If judgments are available on some points, they run in
different directions,
c) Lack of reference book to decide, as to whether the
insurance policy is 'Act Policy' (Statutory Policy) or
'Comprehensive Policy' (Package Policy).
1. The document discusses various judgements related to the Motor Vehicles Act 1988. It covers topics like tort liability, Section 140 on no fault liability, the Civil Procedure Code, Section 163A regarding compensation, jurisdiction of claims tribunals, limitation periods, negligence, calculation of compensation, driving licenses, and more.
2. It provides summaries of important judgements on each topic, outlining key rulings and positions taken by courts. The judgements help clarify legal positions and interpret various provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act and rules.
3. The document is a compilation of important judgements on the Motor Vehicles Act to serve as a reference guide for legal practitioners.
Motor Accident Claim Petition Reference Manual - March 2016Legal
The Motor Accident Claim Petition (MACP) Reference Maunal is updated upto March, 2016. This Reference Manual is based on the judgments delivered by the Supreme Court and High Courts and will be helpful to judges, lawyers, claimants, injured victims, insurance companies, drivers and owners involved in and connected with the motor accident claim petitiion (MACP). Topicwise narration of almost all points/issues involved in the MAC Petition.
The following presentation tends to explain the concept of Summary proceedings under the Civil Procedure Code in India.It elaborates on the suits to which this order applies and the procedure to be followed therein.
State of Maharashtra Vs. Manesh madhusudan kotiyan Anubhuti Shreya
This memorial addresses three issues in a special leave petition filed before the Supreme Court of India regarding a criminal case. The first issue is whether the special leave petition is maintainable, arguing that there was no grave injustice or ignorance of substantial questions of law by the High Court. The second issue is whether consent was given voluntarily, arguing that consent was given freely without force or misconception. The third issue is whether the respondent is punishable for rape, arguing that the essential elements of rape were not met. The memorial provides arguments for each issue and submits that the petition should be dismissed.
The document outlines the stages of a criminal trial in a summons case, including the substance of the accusation being stated to the accused, examination of the accused where they can plead guilty, prosecution presenting evidence followed by the accused presenting evidence, and the order of conviction or acquittal being passed by the court, with acquittal also possible due to withdrawal of complaint, non-appearance of accused, or death of accused.
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses parties to a suit under Order I of the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines plaintiffs and defendants as the two parties to a suit. There can be multiple plaintiffs or defendants, requiring questions around the joinder of parties. A party may be a necessary party, without whom no order can be made, or a proper party whose presence is not mandatory but allows for complete resolution of the case. The rules around joinder of plaintiffs under Order I Rule 1 and defendants under Order I Rule 3 are described, including when multiple parties can be joined in a suit. The differences between necessary and proper parties are also outlined.
The document discusses provisions related to staying the execution of a decree or order under Order 21 Rule 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It provides that an appellate court may order a stay of proceedings under a decree or execution of the decree. It also outlines the conditions that must be satisfied for a stay to be granted, including that there was no unreasonable delay in applying, substantial loss would result without a stay, and the applicant has provided security for performing the decree. The document also discusses related provisions around staying execution by appellate courts and executing courts.
The document discusses pleadings in a legal case. Pleadings include the plaint filed by the plaintiff outlining their cause of action, and the written statement filed by the defendant responding to the plaintiff's claims and presenting any defenses. Pleadings must state only material facts, not law or evidence. Courts may allow parties to amend pleadings under certain terms and conditions. A plaint can be rejected if it does not disclose a cause of action, the relief claimed is below the court's value, if it is insufficiently stamped, or if the suit is barred by limitation. Summons are issued by the court calling a person to appear, and must contain their full name, case details, court address, and office seal
State of Maharashtra Vs Manesh Madhusudan KotiyanAnubhuti Shreya
This special leave petition challenges the High Court's decision to acquit the respondent of rape charges. The petitioner argues that the special leave petition is maintainable before the Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Constitution. Article 136 grants the Supreme Court the power to grant special leave and hear appeals from any court or tribunal in India. Courts have interpreted this as providing the Supreme Court with broad supervisory jurisdiction over lower courts. The petitioner argues this special leave petition falls within the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to correct errors and prevent injustice.
fundamental rule of pleading, order -6 of cpcgagan deep
This document summarizes the fundamental rules of pleading under Indian civil procedure law. It discusses the four main fundamental rules - pleadings must state material facts, not law or evidence, and facts must be stated concisely. It also outlines other important rules regarding particulars, implied contracts, amendment and failure to amend pleadings. The document provides case law examples to illustrate the pleading principles and concludes that pleadings are the foundation of a case and define the issues and scope of the legal proceedings.
This document outlines the rules for interpleader suits under Order XXXV of the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines an interpleader suit as a suit filed by a person in custody of a debt, money or property that is claimed by two or more parties. The person filing the suit claims no interest other than recovery of costs. The rules provide that the disputed property may be deposited with the court. A claimant already suing the plaintiff will have their case stayed. At the first hearing, the filing person can be discharged and dismissed while the court adjudicates the claims between the defendants. Issues can be framed and trials conducted if needed to determine rightful claimant. Agents and tenants cannot file such suits against their principals or
The document summarizes the key aspects of summary procedure under Order XXXVII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 in India. It explains that (1) summary procedure allows for expedited adjudication of money disputes, (2) it applies to courts designated by the High Court and certain classes of suits related to bills, notes, contracts and guarantees, and (3) it provides a streamlined process where the plaintiff can obtain a quick decree if the defendant does not respond in time or is not granted leave to defend by the court.
The Specific Relief of Act 1877
The Law of Limitation Act, 1908
ARNAB KUMAR DAS
Port City International University,
Chittagong, Bangladesh.
SID: LLB 00305037
This document discusses hostile witnesses under Indian law. It defines a hostile witness as one who is not desirous of telling the truth to the party that called them or who has an animus against that party. The term originated in common law to protect against witnesses who willfully provide hostile evidence against the party that called them. A hostile witness can be someone who is biased, unwilling to testify, or aligned with the adverse party. While a hostile witness's testimony is still admissible, it requires close scrutiny and corroboration rather than being totally rejected. The document analyzes several landmark cases involving hostile witnesses in India.
The document discusses the examination of witnesses under Indian law. It explains that witnesses are first examined by the party that called them, known as examination-in-chief. The opposing party can then cross-examine. Witnesses must answer relevant questions but are protected from aggressive questioning. The examination must follow the order and rules laid out in the Indian Evidence Act to ensure fair and accurate collection of evidence.
This document provides an overview of criminal trial procedures in Pakistan. It begins by defining what is meant by a "trial" and discusses the relevant legal provisions. It then outlines the key pre-trial steps that must be taken, including determining jurisdiction and place of trial, issues of juvenile status, and cognizance of offenses. The document also discusses processes for procuring accused attendance, supplying document copies, right to counsel, and procedures for joint complaint and police cases. Overall, the document serves as a reference guide to the stages and considerations involved in criminal trials under Pakistani law.
The stages of a criminal trial in a warrant case typically include:
1) The accused appears before a magistrate who frames the charges against them and explains the charges. The accused is given the option to plead guilty.
2) If the accused does not plead guilty, a trial occurs where the prosecution and accused present evidence and arguments.
3) After hearing both sides, the magistrate will pass an order of conviction or acquittal based on the evidence presented.
Lawyers Strike for Professional Ethics Classankitapiyush
1. The document discusses the issue of lawyers' strikes in India based on opinions from various jurists and judicial precedents.
2. It outlines 10 principles arising from the lawyer-client relationship regarding lawyers' obligations to clients and restrictions on strikes.
3. The Supreme Court of India has ruled unambiguously that lawyers have no right to strike and that strikes are illegal, though it allows token protests outside of court premises. Courts are obligated to proceed with cases even if lawyers are striking.
This include some important formats applicable in Indian courts and is very essential for Law Students.
These formats may even be translated to the local (scheduled) indian languages and may be used in the respective courts.
Compilation of Judgments wherein it is held that "Suit is not maintainable"Legal
Compilation of Judgments of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India and High Courts, wherein it is held that "Suit not is maintainable". This document will be helpful for those who are looking for a complilation of judgments whrein it is held that "Suit not is maintainable" on the one ground or the other.
Motor Accident Claim Petitions - MACP - Reference Manual updated upto April, ...Legal
This document is updated upto April, 2015. Few new judgments, details of rates of minimum wages applicable in State of Gujarat, topics concerning 'No fault Liability' u/s 140, registration certificate etc are added.
This document mainly concerning the cases where Insurance Company can be held liable and under which circumstances Insurance Company can be exonerated.
If you find any mistake in Motor Accident Claim Petition Reference Manual (MACP Reference Manual) kinndly let me knoe, I will be glade to correct it.
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses parties to a suit under Order I of the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines plaintiffs and defendants as the two parties to a suit. There can be multiple plaintiffs or defendants, requiring questions around the joinder of parties. A party may be a necessary party, without whom no order can be made, or a proper party whose presence is not mandatory but allows for complete resolution of the case. The rules around joinder of plaintiffs under Order I Rule 1 and defendants under Order I Rule 3 are described, including when multiple parties can be joined in a suit. The differences between necessary and proper parties are also outlined.
The document discusses provisions related to staying the execution of a decree or order under Order 21 Rule 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It provides that an appellate court may order a stay of proceedings under a decree or execution of the decree. It also outlines the conditions that must be satisfied for a stay to be granted, including that there was no unreasonable delay in applying, substantial loss would result without a stay, and the applicant has provided security for performing the decree. The document also discusses related provisions around staying execution by appellate courts and executing courts.
The document discusses pleadings in a legal case. Pleadings include the plaint filed by the plaintiff outlining their cause of action, and the written statement filed by the defendant responding to the plaintiff's claims and presenting any defenses. Pleadings must state only material facts, not law or evidence. Courts may allow parties to amend pleadings under certain terms and conditions. A plaint can be rejected if it does not disclose a cause of action, the relief claimed is below the court's value, if it is insufficiently stamped, or if the suit is barred by limitation. Summons are issued by the court calling a person to appear, and must contain their full name, case details, court address, and office seal
State of Maharashtra Vs Manesh Madhusudan KotiyanAnubhuti Shreya
This special leave petition challenges the High Court's decision to acquit the respondent of rape charges. The petitioner argues that the special leave petition is maintainable before the Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Constitution. Article 136 grants the Supreme Court the power to grant special leave and hear appeals from any court or tribunal in India. Courts have interpreted this as providing the Supreme Court with broad supervisory jurisdiction over lower courts. The petitioner argues this special leave petition falls within the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to correct errors and prevent injustice.
fundamental rule of pleading, order -6 of cpcgagan deep
This document summarizes the fundamental rules of pleading under Indian civil procedure law. It discusses the four main fundamental rules - pleadings must state material facts, not law or evidence, and facts must be stated concisely. It also outlines other important rules regarding particulars, implied contracts, amendment and failure to amend pleadings. The document provides case law examples to illustrate the pleading principles and concludes that pleadings are the foundation of a case and define the issues and scope of the legal proceedings.
This document outlines the rules for interpleader suits under Order XXXV of the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines an interpleader suit as a suit filed by a person in custody of a debt, money or property that is claimed by two or more parties. The person filing the suit claims no interest other than recovery of costs. The rules provide that the disputed property may be deposited with the court. A claimant already suing the plaintiff will have their case stayed. At the first hearing, the filing person can be discharged and dismissed while the court adjudicates the claims between the defendants. Issues can be framed and trials conducted if needed to determine rightful claimant. Agents and tenants cannot file such suits against their principals or
The document summarizes the key aspects of summary procedure under Order XXXVII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 in India. It explains that (1) summary procedure allows for expedited adjudication of money disputes, (2) it applies to courts designated by the High Court and certain classes of suits related to bills, notes, contracts and guarantees, and (3) it provides a streamlined process where the plaintiff can obtain a quick decree if the defendant does not respond in time or is not granted leave to defend by the court.
The Specific Relief of Act 1877
The Law of Limitation Act, 1908
ARNAB KUMAR DAS
Port City International University,
Chittagong, Bangladesh.
SID: LLB 00305037
This document discusses hostile witnesses under Indian law. It defines a hostile witness as one who is not desirous of telling the truth to the party that called them or who has an animus against that party. The term originated in common law to protect against witnesses who willfully provide hostile evidence against the party that called them. A hostile witness can be someone who is biased, unwilling to testify, or aligned with the adverse party. While a hostile witness's testimony is still admissible, it requires close scrutiny and corroboration rather than being totally rejected. The document analyzes several landmark cases involving hostile witnesses in India.
The document discusses the examination of witnesses under Indian law. It explains that witnesses are first examined by the party that called them, known as examination-in-chief. The opposing party can then cross-examine. Witnesses must answer relevant questions but are protected from aggressive questioning. The examination must follow the order and rules laid out in the Indian Evidence Act to ensure fair and accurate collection of evidence.
This document provides an overview of criminal trial procedures in Pakistan. It begins by defining what is meant by a "trial" and discusses the relevant legal provisions. It then outlines the key pre-trial steps that must be taken, including determining jurisdiction and place of trial, issues of juvenile status, and cognizance of offenses. The document also discusses processes for procuring accused attendance, supplying document copies, right to counsel, and procedures for joint complaint and police cases. Overall, the document serves as a reference guide to the stages and considerations involved in criminal trials under Pakistani law.
The stages of a criminal trial in a warrant case typically include:
1) The accused appears before a magistrate who frames the charges against them and explains the charges. The accused is given the option to plead guilty.
2) If the accused does not plead guilty, a trial occurs where the prosecution and accused present evidence and arguments.
3) After hearing both sides, the magistrate will pass an order of conviction or acquittal based on the evidence presented.
Lawyers Strike for Professional Ethics Classankitapiyush
1. The document discusses the issue of lawyers' strikes in India based on opinions from various jurists and judicial precedents.
2. It outlines 10 principles arising from the lawyer-client relationship regarding lawyers' obligations to clients and restrictions on strikes.
3. The Supreme Court of India has ruled unambiguously that lawyers have no right to strike and that strikes are illegal, though it allows token protests outside of court premises. Courts are obligated to proceed with cases even if lawyers are striking.
This include some important formats applicable in Indian courts and is very essential for Law Students.
These formats may even be translated to the local (scheduled) indian languages and may be used in the respective courts.
Compilation of Judgments wherein it is held that "Suit is not maintainable"Legal
Compilation of Judgments of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India and High Courts, wherein it is held that "Suit not is maintainable". This document will be helpful for those who are looking for a complilation of judgments whrein it is held that "Suit not is maintainable" on the one ground or the other.
Motor Accident Claim Petitions - MACP - Reference Manual updated upto April, ...Legal
This document is updated upto April, 2015. Few new judgments, details of rates of minimum wages applicable in State of Gujarat, topics concerning 'No fault Liability' u/s 140, registration certificate etc are added.
This document mainly concerning the cases where Insurance Company can be held liable and under which circumstances Insurance Company can be exonerated.
If you find any mistake in Motor Accident Claim Petition Reference Manual (MACP Reference Manual) kinndly let me knoe, I will be glade to correct it.
Booomark Version of MACP Reference Manual Updated upto March 2016 with bookmarkLegal
This document is prepared on the basis of the judgments delivered by Supreme Court and High Courts. Even support have been taken from the guidelines published by authority to assess the quantum of disability etc. This document would be helpful to one and all who want to know more about Motor Accident Claim Petition and Motor Vehicles Act.
Judgments on section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996Legal
1. The power of courts under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 to grant interim relief in arbitration matters is subject to limitations. Courts can only grant interim relief to the same extent as in normal court proceedings and in a manner that does not interfere with the powers of arbitral tribunals.
2. Parties can apply for interim relief under Section 9 even before arbitral proceedings have formally commenced. However, courts must exercise caution in granting such relief so as not to frustrate the arbitration process.
3. Where parties have agreed on the place of arbitration in their contract, only courts in that jurisdiction have authority to entertain applications related to the arbitration agreement, including requests for interim
Points to be kept in mind while deciding sessions trialLegal
This document might provide some help to those who are dealing with Sessions Trial in Indian Courts. All care is taken to cover all points but if you find some mistake or some addition or deletion is required to me made, please inform me by e-mail:- hanifkaiz@yahoo.in
The document summarizes key aspects of criminal charges under the Indian Code of Criminal Procedure. It defines what a charge is and discusses the purpose, contents, and errors related to criminal charges. Specifically, it notes that a charge gives the accused precise notice of the accusations against them to prepare their defense. It must state the offense, law violated, and essential facts like time, place, and details of the alleged crime. Precisely framing the charge is important to ensure a fair trial and due process.
This document is a project paper submitted by Baby Ramya Muppirisetty to the Symbiosis Law School, NOIDA for their Law of Crimes II course. It provides an introduction and overview of the practice and procedure of framing criminal charges under the Code of Criminal Procedure of India.
The paper discusses the meaning and purpose of framing charges. It outlines the requirements for a valid criminal charge and compares the difference between the charge and the trial process. It also examines the scope of inquiry during charge framing, effects of errors in charges, rules regarding alteration and joinder of multiple charges. The document provides legal definitions and references court cases to support its analysis of the topic.
This document summarizes criminal and civil court procedures in India. It outlines the different types of criminal and civil courts, their jurisdictions, and powers. It also describes the key aspects of criminal procedure like FIR, investigation, arrest, and appeal. For civil procedures, it discusses topics like parties in a civil suit, notices, injunctions, judgments, appeals, and writ petitions that can be filed in high courts and the supreme court. It also provides an overview of government advocates and their roles in conducting government cases.
Judgments on Bombay Public Trust Act (relvant for state of Gujarat)Legal
This document discusses several cases related to provisions of the Bombay Public Trusts Act of 1950.
1) It discusses whether the Charity Commissioner has the power to dismiss appeals for default, and finds that the Civil Procedure Code does not fully apply to Charity Commissioner proceedings and the Commissioner does not have inherent power to dismiss for default.
2) It discusses the final character of Charity Commissioner findings but allows for changes based on new information. It also finds inquiries under the Act to be judicial rather than administrative.
3) It discusses limitations periods for applications under Section 72 of the Act and finds they are subject to provisions allowing for extensions.
4) It discusses the nature of applications under Section 72 and
This document summarizes 4 judgments of the Supreme Court of India related to the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947.
1) A previous court decision that found a decree to be null and void due to lack of jurisdiction did not operate as res judicata after a new law validated such decrees.
2) Premises belonging to the government or a local authority are exempt from the Act, including in the relationship between a lessee of such premises and their sub-tenant.
3) A building erected on land held by a person from a local authority (port trust) under a lease agreement belonged to the local authority and thus outside the scope of the Act
charge under Criminal procedure code, 1908Amudha Mony
The document discusses the contents of a charge and the alteration of a charge in a criminal case. It defines a charge as a formal accusation by a court based on evidence against the accused. A charge informs the accused of what they are accused of to allow them to defend themselves. The document notes that a charge can contain multiple heads or accusations. It also states that the purpose of framing a charge is to give the accused clear and unambiguous notice of the accusations they must address at trial. The document outlines when charges are framed in sessions cases and warrant cases. It also discusses that a court can alter or add to a charge before judgment, and must explain any changes to the accused. The court may continue the trial or order a new
This document contains the Civil Procedure Code of 1908 which establishes the rules and procedures for civil litigation in India. Some key points:
- The Code applies to the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, and certain tribal areas. State governments can extend its provisions to excluded areas.
- It establishes the hierarchy of civil courts with District Courts subordinate to High Courts.
- Various terms are defined including "decree", "judgment", and "pleader".
- The Code establishes the jurisdiction and powers of civil courts to try all civil suits, subject to certain express or implied exceptions. Courts have jurisdiction to try suits involving rights to property or office.
A law practitioner should know the following matter; What is law? Where is law? How to find out the law? Where you should go to find out the better remedy? How to read the law? Law should be read repeatedly. How to apply the law? And in order to practice the civil matter, a law practitioner should go through the following laws:
1. The Code of Civil Procedure.
2. Civil Rules and Orders.
3. Civil Suits Instruction Manual.
4. The Civil Court Act.
5. The Court Fees Act.
6. The Suit Valuation Act.
Judgments on section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996Legal
This is the compilation of judgments delivered by the Hon'ble Supreme Court and Hon'ble High Courts on Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
General principles of inheritance under Muslim law - Rules relating to Islami...Legal
The document discusses the general principles of succession and inheritance under Muslim law. It provides details on:
1. The nature of heritable property under Muslim law, which does not distinguish between different types of property like movable/immovable. All property owned by the deceased can be inherited.
2. Muslim law does not recognize the concept of joint family property or right by birth, and inheritance rights only arise after death.
3. The doctrine of representation allowing a deceased's child to inherit in their place is not recognized under Muslim law. The nearer heir excludes the remoter heir.
4. Succession can be distributed per capita (equally divided heads) or per strips (available to the branch of
This document provides an overview of civil procedure in India according to the Code of Civil Procedure 1908. It outlines the different types of civil courts and their jurisdiction based on claim amounts. It also describes the different types of processes issued by courts, such as summons, warrants, and notices. It discusses injunctions, stay orders, and writs that can be issued. It notes requirements for filing suits against the government and allows for second appeals in cases with substantial legal questions. Key terms like judgment and decree are also defined. Caveats filed in anticipation of orders are also summarized.
The document summarizes important judgments and orders from the Delhi High Court regarding motor vehicle accident claims and their implementation. Key points:
1. The Court directed Delhi Police to file Accident Information Reports with Claims Tribunals within 30 days of accidents along with documents like FIR, medical reports. This expedites insurance payouts and victim compensation.
2. For pending cases from 1994-2009, Police must file Reports for listed cases and ensure witnesses/drivers attend hearings.
3. Insurance companies must investigate claims within timelines, determine payouts, and deposit admitted amounts with Tribunals to ensure timely victim compensation.
4. A special 120-day claims settlement scheme was established for accidents from
This document outlines new amendments to the Central Motor Vehicles Rules regarding procedures for investigating road accidents in India. Key points include:
- Procedures for police investigation, notifying relevant parties, collecting forms from drivers/owners/victims, verifying information, and submitting reports to Claims Tribunals within specified timeframes.
- New forms have been added regarding accident details, rights of victims, driver/owner information, victim information, and investigation reports.
- Duties of police, registering authorities, hospitals, insurance companies, and Claims Tribunals are defined to streamline the process from accident to compensation.
- The Detailed Accident Report filed by police will be treated
1. The Bench comprising of Three Hon'ble Lordships of Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of Jai Prakash v/s National Insurance Com. Ltd, reported in 2010 (2) GLR 1787 (SC) has given directions to Police and Tribunals regarding motor accident claim petitions.
2. The Police are required to forward to the Claims Tribunal an "Accident Information Report" within 30 days of registering an FIR for a motor accident. They must collect additional details about the victim/claimant and provide documents like the FIR, site sketch, driving license, insurance policy, and post-mortem report (if applicable).
3. The Claims Tribunals must register the
This presentation highlights the motor vehicles act, offences and penalties, procedure for filing claims, appeals against the decisions, assessment of claims and case laws
The document summarizes key aspects of road accident compensation claims under the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988 in India. It outlines that the Act covers all aspects of road transport and ensures public welfare after accidents. It establishes Motor Accident Claim Tribunals to ensure speedy justice in accident cases. Claimants can file for compensation for death, injury, or property loss resulting from a motor vehicle accident. The procedure allows claims to be filed where the claimant, vehicle owner resides, or where the accident occurred.
This document summarizes public procurement laws and processes in Vietnam. It discusses the key laws and regulations governing public procurement, including the bidding process. It outlines the steps involved in bidding for a public tender, including how to access tender documents and opportunities, requirements for bid submission, and processes after contract award. It also provides an overview of Vietnam's regulatory framework and procedures for filing complaints related to the public procurement process. Reforms to improve transparency and compliance with international standards are recommended.
The document discusses various aspects of claims management for insurance companies. It provides information on the different types of claims like life insurance claims, marine insurance claims, fire insurance claims, motor insurance claims, theft claims, third party claims, and miscellaneous claims. It also discusses factors affecting claims management, stages in claims management, importance of time element in claims payment, and guidelines for claims settlement by IRDA. The overall purpose is to explain the process of managing and settling different types of insurance claims according to the terms of insurance policies and regulations.
This document provides an overview of bodily injury claims procedures for an insurance company. It discusses establishing new bodily injury claims, contacting involved parties including the insured and third party, obtaining necessary authorizations, setting initial reserves, and submitting initial reports. The document also outlines principles for determining liability and contributory negligence, and calculating damages for different types of bodily injury claims under various acts and programs.
This document discusses different types of road accident claims and compensation in India. There are three main types of claims: no-fault liability, hit and run cases, and structured formula basis. It also discusses the concept of just compensation, own damage insurance claims for vehicle owners, and third party insurance claims for injured or killed third parties. The claiming process for third parties depends on whether there was property damage, injury, disability or death. Compensation amounts are specified in the Motor Vehicles Act.
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2. CONTENTS
Sr.
No.
Particulars Page
No.
1 Re Requirement for the police to forward to the Claims Tribunal
“Accident Information Report” (AIR) which the Tribunal has to treat
as an application for compensation.
6
2 How to decide a claim petition wherein Fatal Injuries were sustained
by the deceased
12
3 How to decide a claim petition wherein claimant has sustained
Injuries
21
4 How to determine monthly income of the deceased or injured when
no document in support thereof is produced
45
5 How to determine income of the deceased or injured claimant when
there is documentary evidence on record to show that the deceased
or injured claimant was earning in foreign currency and not in
Indian Rupee
47
6 How to decide a claim petition where defence of Invalid, Learners
Licence & Fake Driving Licence and Defense of Qualification/Badge
is taken
49
7 In which circumstances Insurer is liable to pay compensation when
injured claimant or deceased was travelling in the goods vehicle
58
8 Liability of insurer to compensation in the cases where injured
claimant or deceased was travelling in the private car as occupants
or travelling on two wheeler as pillion rider
62
9 How to decide a claim petition preferred under section 163A of the
Act
63
2 MACP Reference Manual
3. 10 What if the cheque given for payment of premium of insurance
policy is dishonoured
68
11 What is the meaning of “Arising out of use of Motor Vehicle” 69
12 Whether Finance Company, which has advanced loan for the purpose
of purchase of vehicle under the 'Hire Purchase Agreement' can be
said to be the owner of the Vehicle
71
13 When driver of the unknown vehicle sped away after the accident,
whether in such situation claim petition is maintainable in view of
the provisions contained under Sections 161 & 163 of the Act
72
14 Whether all the joint tortfeasors are required to be joined as party
opponents in the claim petition
74
15 Whether the point of negligence and liability of insurer, decided by
the coordinate Tribunal is binding on the other coordinate Tribunal,
if the claim petition has arisen from the same accident
77
16W Whether a claim petition preferred by the a claimant (also the owner
of the offending vehicle, without involving another vehicle) alleging
therein that accident occurred because of the rash and negligent
driving of the vehicle owned by him, is maintainable
78
17 What is the meaning of “Public Place”, as defined u/s 2(34) of the
Act
80
18 What if, the vehicle which met with an accident is sold of by its
owner before the date of accident and name of the transferee owner
(purchaser) is not entered into the R.C. Book
83
19 Whether a claim petition can be dismissed for want of prosecution or
nonappearance of the claimant and/or his Advocate
87
20 Whether a claim petition can be dismissed for non production of
documents mentioned under Rule 211 of the Gujarat Motor Vehicles
89
3 MACP Reference Manual
6. 3. Requirement for the police to forward to the Claims Tribunal “Accident
Information Report” (AIR) which the Tribunal has to treat as an application
for compensation:
3.1 The Bench comprising of Three Hon'ble Lordships of Hon'ble Apex
Court in the case of Jai Prakash v/s National Insurance Com. Ltd,
reported in 2010 (2) GLR 1787 (SC) has given following directions to
Police and Tribunals.
A) Directions to the Police Authorities :
• The Director General of Police of each State is directed to instruct
all police stations in his State to comply with the provisions of Sec.
158(6) of the Act. For this purpose, the following steps will have
to be taken by the Station House Officers of the jurisdictional
police stations :
(i) Accident Information Report ('AIR', for short) in Form No.
54 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 shall be
submitted by the police (Station House Officer) to the
jurisdictional Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, within 30 days
of the registration of the F.I.R. In addition to the particulars
required to be furnished in Form No.54, the police should also
collect and furnish the following additional particulars in the
AIR to the Tribunal :
(i) The age of the victims at the time of accident;
(ii) The income of the victim;
(iii) The names and ages of the dependent family members.
(ii) The AIR shall be accompanied by the attested copies of the
6 MACP Reference Manual
7. F.I.R., site sketch/mahazar/photographs of the place of
occurrence, driving licence of the driver, insurance policy (and
if necessary, fitness certificate) of the vehicle and post mortem
report (in case of death) or the injured or dependent family
members of the deceased should also be furnished to the
Tribunal.
(iii) Simultaneously, a copy of the AIR with annexures thereto
shall be furnished to the Insurance Company concerned to
enable the insurer to process the claim.
(iv) The police shall notify the first date of hearing fixed by
the Tribunal to the victim (injured) or the family of the victim
(in case of death) and the driver, owner and insurer. If so
directed by the Tribunal, the police may secure their presence
on the first date of hearing.
B) Directions to the Claims Tribunals :
The Registrar General of each High Court is directed to
instruct all Claims Tribunals in his State to register the reports
of accidents received under Sec. 158(6) of the Act as
applications for compensation under Sec. 166(4) of the Act
and deal with them without waiting for the filing of claim
applications by the injured or by the family of the deceased.
The Registrar General shall ensure that necessary registers,
forms and other support is extended to the Tribunal to give
effect to Sec. 166(4) of the Act.
7 MACP Reference Manual
8. • For complying with Sec. 166(4) of the Act, the jurisdictional
Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals shall initiate the following
steps :
(a) The Tribunal shall maintain an institution register for
recording the AIRs. which are received from the Station House
Officers of the police stations and register them as miscellaneous
petitions. If any private claim petitions are directly filed with
reference to an AIR, they should also be recorded in the register.
(b) The Tribunal shall list the AIRs. as miscellaneous petitions. It
shall fix a date for preliminary hearing so as to enable the police
to notify such date to the victim (family of the victim in the event
of death) and the owner, driver and insurer of the vehicle involved
in the accident. Once, the claimant(s) appear, the miscellaneous
application shall be converted to claim petition. Where a
claimant(s) file the claim petition even before the receipt of the
AIR by the Tribunal, the AIR may be tagged to the claim petition.
(c) The Tribunal shall enquire and satisfy itself that the AIR
relates to a real accident and is not the result of any collusion and
fabrication of an accident (by any "police officerAdvocatedoctor"
nexus, which has come to light in several cases).
(d) The Tribunal shall by a summary enquiry ascertain the
dependent family members/legal heirs. The jurisdictional police
shall also enquire and submit the names of the dependent legal
heirs.
(e) The Tribunal shall categorise the claim cases registered, into
those where the insurer disputes liability and those where the
8 MACP Reference Manual
10. the families of the deceased victim special schemes may be
considered by the Insurance Companies in consultation with Life
Insurance Corporation of India, State Bank of India or any other
Nationalised Banks. One proposal is for formulation of a scheme in
consultation with the Nationalised Banks under which the
compensation is kept in a fixed deposit for an appropriate period
and interest is paid by the Bank monthly to the claimants without
any need for the claimants having to approach either the Court or
their Counsel or the Bank for that purpose. The scheme should
ensure that the amount of compensation is utilised only for the
benefit of the injured claimants or in case of death, for the benefit of
the dependent family”.
29. We extract below the particulars of a special scheme offered by a
Nationalised Bank at the instance of the Delhi High Court :
(i) The fixed deposit shall be automatically renewed till the period
prescribed by the Court.
(ii) The interest on the fixed deposit shall be paid monthly.
(iii) The monthly interest shall be credited automatically in the savings
account of the claimant.
(iv) Original fixed deposit receipt shall be retained by the Bank in safe
custody. However, the original passbook shall be given to the
claimant along with the photocopy of the F.D.R.
(v) The original fixed deposit receipt shall be handed over to the
claimant at the end of the fixed deposit period.
(vi) Photo identity card shall be issued to the claimant and the
10 MACP Reference Manual
13. b) What should be the multiplier in the case of Fatal injury case,
where deceased was unmarried son/daughter:
There are difference of opinion as to what should be the multiplier in
the case of fatal injury case, where deceased was unmarried
son/daughter. In Shyam Singh, reported in 2011 (7) SCC 65 = 2011
ACJ 1990 (SC), it has been held that Multiplier in the case of death of
unmarried son/daughter, proper multiplier should be arrived at by
assessing average age of parents of the deceased. But different views
are taken by Hon'ble Apex Court in the cases of P. S. Somnathan v/s
Dist. Insurance Officer, reported in 2011 ACJ 737 (SC), Amrit Bhanu
Shali v/s NI Com., reported in 2012 ACJ 2002 (SC), Saktidevi v/s NI
Com, reported in 2010 (14) SCC 575 and Reshma Kumari v/s Madan
Mohan, reported in 2013 ACJ 1253 (SC). In the above referred cases it
has been held that in the case of death of unmarried son/daughter,
multiplier should be a applied on the basis of age of the deceased and
not on the basis of average age of the parents of the deceased.
c) Future Prospect of Deceased:
In para No.11 of the Srala Verama's (supra) judgment it is held as
under:
“In view of imponderables and uncertainties, we are in favour of
adopting as a rule of thumb, an addition of 50% of actual salary to
the actual salary income of the deceased towards future prospects.
where the deceased had a permanent job and was below 40 years.
[Where the annual income is in the taxable range, the words 'actual
13 MACP Reference Manual
14. salary' should be read as 'actual salary less tax']. The addition
should be only 30% if the age of the deceased was 40 to 50 years.
There should be no addition, where the age of deceased is more than
50 years. Though the evidence may indicate a different percentage of
increase, it is necessary to standardize the addition to avoid different
yardsticks being applied or different methods of calculations being
adopted. Where the deceased was selfemployed or was on a fixed
salary (without provision for annual increments etc.), the courts will
usually take only the actual income at the time of death. A departure
therefrom should be made only in rare and exceptional cases
involving special circumstances”.
4.2 In the case of Sanjay Verma v/s Haryana Roadways, reported in
2014 (3) SCC 210, a threejudges Bench of Hon'ble Apex court, after
considering the ratio laid down in the case of Reshma Kumari(supra)
has held in para No.15 as under:
15: Answering the above reference a three Judge Bench of this Court
in Reshma Kumari v/s Madan Mohan (2013) 9 SCC 65 (para 36)
reiterated the view taken in Sarla Verma (supra) to the effect that in
respect of a person who was on a fixed salary without provision for
annual increments or who was selfemployed the actual income at
the time of death should be taken into account for determining the
loss of income unless there are extraordinary and exceptional
circumstances. Though the expression “exceptional and
extraordinary circumstances” is not capable of any precise definition,
in Shakti Devi v/s New India Insurance Company Limited (2010) 14
14 MACP Reference Manual
16. above 50 years, there shall be no addition. Having regard to the fact
that in the case of those selfemployed or on fixed wages, where there
is normally no age of superannuation, we are of the view that it will
only be just and equitable to provide an addition of 15% in the case
where the victim is between the age group of 50 to 60 years so as to
make the compensation just, equitable, fair and reasonable. There
shall normally be no addition thereafter.”
4.4 From the above referred observations, it becomes clear that
where the deceased had a permanent job and in other cases, where it is
proved that there was scope for the increase in the income of the
deceased, addition, varying from 50% to 15% may be made, depending
on the age of the deceased. Addition should be 50% and if the age of
the deceased was between 40 to 50 years, addition should be only 30%
and an addition of 15% in the case where the deceased was between
the age group of 50 to 60 years.
4.5 It is also required to be born in mind that House Rent
Allowance, Medical Allowance, Dearness Allowance, Dearness Pay,
Employees Provident Fund, Government Insurance Scheme, General
Provident Fund, C.C.A. etc should be treated as part and parcel of the
income of the deceased, while calculating income of the deceased for
the purpose of computing compensation. Reference may be made to
ratio laid down by Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of Sunil Sharma v/s
Bachitar Singh, reported in 2011 ACJ 1441 (SC) also see Vimal Kanwar
v/s Kishore Dan, reported in 2013 ACJ 1441.
16 MACP Reference Manual
18. normally, 50% is deducted as personal and living expenses, because it
is assumed that a bachelor would tend to spend more on himself. Even
otherwise, there is also the possibility of his getting married in a short
time, in which event the contribution to the parents and siblings is
likely to be cut drastically”.
4.7 Meaning thereby, the deduction towards personal and living expenses
of the deceased, should be onethird (1/3rd
) where the number of
dependant family members is less than 3, onefourth (1/4th
) where the
number of dependant family members is 4 to 6, and onefifth (1/5th
)
where the number of dependant family members exceed six. And in the
cases where deceased was unmarried son/daughter, the deduction
towards personal and living expenses of the deceased, should be onehalf.
4.7.1. It has been further held in Para No.15 of Sarla Verma's case (supra)
that:
“Further, subject to evidence to the contrary, the father is likely to have
his own income and will not be considered as a dependant and the
mother alone will be considered as a dependent. In the absence of
evidence to the contrary, brothers and sisters will not be considered as
dependents, because they will either be independent and earning, or
married, or be dependant on the father. Thus even if the deceased is
survived by parents and siblings, only the mother would be considered
to be a dependant, and 50% would be treated as the personal and
living expenses of the bachelor and 50% as the contribution to the
family. However, where family of the bachelor is large and dependant
18 MACP Reference Manual
19. on the income of the deceased, as in a case where he has a widowed
mother and large number of younger nonearning sisters or brothers,
his personal and living expenses may be restricted to onethird and
contribution to the family will be taken as twothird”.
4.8 Plain reading of above referred observations, makes it clear that,
unless, it is proved that father of the deceased was not having
independent income, father of the deceased cannot be treated as
dependant. Same analogy applies in the cases of where claim petition is
preferred by the sibling/s of deceased who was/were unmarried
brother/sister of such deceased. But if, it is proved that father of the
deceased was not having independent income, father of the deceased can
be treated as dependant. In the cases where claim petition is preferred by
the mother, sibling/s who were solely dependant on the income of the of
deceased, in such cases, onethird (1/3rd
) may be deducted towards
personal and living expenses of deceased.
4.9 In Srala Veram (supra) it has been held in par 26 that:
“In addition, the claimants will be entitled to a sum of Rs. 5,000/
under the head of 'loss of estate' and Rs. 5,000/ towards funeral
expenses. The widow will be entitled to Rs. 10,000/ as loss of
consortium'.
4.10 But a bench of Three Hon'ble Judges of the Hon'ble Apex Court in
the case of Rajesh v/s Rajbir Singh , reported in 2013 ACJ 1403 has held
that claimants will be entitled to a sum of Rs. 1,00,000/ under the head of
loss of care and guidance for minor children, Rs. 25,000/ towards funeral
19 MACP Reference Manual
24. para 20.
5.2.5 From the above referred ratios of Hon'ble Apex Court and
Hon'ble Gujarat High Court, it becomes clear that Tribunal can grant
compensation to those injured persons who have not suffered any
financial loss or whose salary income have actually increased after the
date of accident and such compensation should not be under the head
of 'loss of Future Earnings' but under the head of 'Loss off Amenities'
Such claimants are entitled for such amount of compensation,
calculated on the basis of 1/4th
of the net salary income, which they
were getting at the time of accident.
5.3A What should be reasonable amount of compensation in the cases
where minor has sustained serious injuries in vehicular accident:
Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of Mallikarjun v/s Divisional Manager,
reported in 2013 ACJ 2445. Wherein in para No.12 it is held has under:-
“12. Though it is difficult to have an accurate assessment of the
compensation in the case of children suffering disability on account
of a motor vehicle accident, having regard to the relevant factors,
precedents and the approach of various High Courts, we are of the
view that the appropriate compensation on all other heads in
addition to the actual expenditure for treatment, attendant, etc.,
should be, if the disability is above 10% and upto 30% to the whole
body, Rs.3 lakhs; upto 60%, Rs.4 lakhs; upto 90%, Rs.5 lakhs and
above 90%, it should be Rs.6 lakhs. For permanent disability upto
24 MACP Reference Manual
25. 10%, it should be Re.1 lakh, unless there are exceptional
circumstances to take different yardstick. In the instant case, the
disability is to the tune of 18%. Appellant had a longer period of
hospitalization for about two months causing also inconvenience and
loss of earning to the parents.”
5.3 Determination of permanent Partial Disablement of the claimant:
5.3.1. In the cases where injured had sustained more that one fracture
injuries, it may appear to Tribunal that disability certificate issued by
the Doctor depicts the higher value of disability than the injured
claimant has actually sustained. In such situation, Ld. Judge of the
Tribunal finds it difficult to arrive at the exact amount of disability
sustained by the injured claimant. Normally, Doctors issue disability
certificate on the basis of formula invented by Dr. Henry H. Kessler in
his book titled as 'Disability – Determination & Evaluation'. For
determination of disability in such cases, Doctors apply formula evolved
by Dr. Henry H. Kessler. Said Formula reads as under:
A+{ [B (100A)] / 100}
5.3.2. In the said formula, 'A' stands for higher value of partial
disablement, whereas 'B' stands for lower value of partial disablement.
Doctors normally, take disadvantage of the comments given on page
No.49 of the above referred book. Careful reading of the said
comments, leads to the conclusion that when injured victim/claimant
has sustained injuries, which resulted into two or more fractures on two
25 MACP Reference Manual
26. different limbs of the body, then in such situation disablement in
relation to whole body may be assessed as per the above referred
formula. But above referred formula does not apply in the cases where
claimant has sustained two or more fractures on the same limb i.e one
fracture on right hand and second on left hand or one fracture on right
lag and second on the left leg. It is also mentioned in the said book that
lower part of the body i.e. legs or upper part of body i.e. two hands are
considered as one limb of the body (lower limb or upper limb) and
when victim/claimant has sustained fractures on the one particular
limb then in such case, disablement in relation to whole may be
assessed as one half of the permanent partial disablement assessed by
the doctor. Say for an example, claimant has sustained one fracture
injury on right leg and doctor has assessed disability in relation to right
lower limb as 27% and second fracture injury on left leg and doctor has
assessed disability in relation to left lower limb as 7% and if, we apply
simple principle in the facts of the above referred example, the
disablement in relation to whole body, comes to 17%. (27% in relation
to right lower limb plus permanent partial impairment of 7% in relation
to left lower limb, divided by two [27% + 7% ] / 2 ). But, if we apply
the above referred formula, disablement in relation to whole body
comes to 32.11%. { 27 + [7 (100 – 27) / 100] }. From the above
referred discussion, it becomes clear that when victim/claimant has
sustained more than one fractures on one limb and when
victim/claimant has sustained more than one fractures on two limbs,
assessment of disablement in relation to whole body is required to be
assessed by applying different formulas. Book written by Dr. Henry H.
26 MACP Reference Manual
27. Kessler, namely, 'Disability – Determination & Evaluation' is considered
to be the authority as far as calculation of permanent partial
disablement is concerned. However, it is to be noted that Dr. Henry H.
Kessler has also mentioned in his book that there is always variation of
plus/minus 5%, in the permanent partial disablement assessed by the
doctor. Therefore, while deciding permanent partial impairment of the
injured claimant, above referred facts are required to be remembered.
5.3.3 Reference may also be made to 'Manual For Doctors To
Evaluate Permanent Physical Impairment', which is based on expert
group meeting on disability evaluation and national seminar on
disability evaluation and dissemination, G.G.H.S. W.H.O. A.I.I.M.S.,
New Delhi 1981. Reference may also be made to 'Disability
Guidelines issued by Office of Chief Commissioner for Persons with
Disabilities, dated 1 st
June 2001 . Guidelines issued in the above
referred reports are as under:
5.3.3.1. Guidelines for Evaluation of Permanent Physical Impairment in
Upper Limbs:
1. The estimation of permanent impairment depends upon the
measurement of functional impairment, and is not expression of a
personal opinion.
2. The estimation and measurement must be made when the clinical
condition is fixed and unchangeable.
3. The upper extremity is divided into two component parts the arm
component and the hand component.
27 MACP Reference Manual
28. 4. Measurement of the loss of function of arm component consists in
measuring the loss of motion, muscle strength an coordinated
activities.
5. Measurement of the loss of function of hand component consists in
determining the Prehension, Sensation & Strength. For estimation of
Prehension : Opposition, lateral pinch, Cylindrical grasp, spherical
grasp and hook grasp have to be assessed as shown in the column of
“prehension” component in the proforma.
6. The impairment of the entire extremity depends on the combination
of the functional impairment of both components.
ARM COMPONENT:
Total value of arm component is 90%.
Principles of Evaluation of range of motion of joints
1. The value for maximum R.O.M. in the arm component is 90%.
2. Each of the three joints of the arm is weighted equally (30%).
Example
A. fracture of the right shoulder joint may affect range of motion so that
active adduction is 90degree. The left shoulder exhibits a range of
active abduction of 180degree. Hence there is loss of 50% of abduction
movement of the right shoulder. The percentage loss of arm component
in the shoulder is 50 x 0.03 or 15% loss of motion for the arm
component.
If more than one joint is involved, same method is applied, and the
losses in each of the affected joints are added.
Say for example:
28 MACP Reference Manual
32. Values of impairment of arm component and impairment of hand
component are combined by using the combining formula.
Example
Impairment of the arm = 27% 64 +27(9064)/90=71.8%
Impairment of the hand = 64%
5.3.3.2. Guidelines for Evaluation of Permanent Physical Impairment in
Lower Limbs:
The lower extremity is divided into two components: Mobility
component and Stability component.
MOBILITY COMPONENT:
Total value of mobility component is 90%. It includes range of
movement and muscle strength.
Principles of Evaluation of Range of Movement:
1. The value of maximum range of movement in the mobility
component is 90%.
2.Each of the three joints i.e. hip, knee, footankle component, is
weighted equally – 0.30.
Example
A Fracture of the right hip joint may affect range of motion so that
active abduction is 27degree. The lift hip exhibits a range of active
abduction of 54degree. Hence, there is loss of 50% of abduction
movement of the right hip. The percentage loss of mobility component
in the hip is 50, 0.30 or 15% loss of motion for the mobility component.
32 MACP Reference Manual
35. Percent Whole body Permanent Physical Impairment and Loss of
Physical Function to Whole Body.
A. Vertebral compression 25%, one or two vertebral adjacent bodies, no
fragmentation, no involvement of posterior elements, no nerve root
involvement, moderate neck rigidity and persistent soreness.
B. Posterior elements with Xray evidence of moderate partial
dislocation.
(a) No nerve root involvement, healed 15
(b) With persistent pain, with mild motor and sensory Manifestations
25
(c) With fusion, healed no permanent motor or sensory changes 25
C. Severe dislocation, fair to good reduction with surgical fusion
(a) No residual motor or sensory changes 25
(b) Poor reduction with fusion, persistent radicular pain, motor
involvement, only slight weakness and numbness 35
(c) Same as (b) with partial paralysis, determine additional rating for
loss of use of extremities and sphincters.
Cervical Intervertebral Disc:
1. Operative, successful removal of disc, with relief of acute pain, no
fusion, no neurological residual 10
2. Same as (1) with neurological manifestations, persistent pain,
numbness, weakness in fingers 20
Thoracic and Dorsolumbar Spine Fracture:
Percent Whole body Permanent Physical Impairment and Loss of
35 MACP Reference Manual
38. Particulars Cervical
Spine
Thoracic spine Lumber Spine
30degree
(Mild)
2.00% 5.00% 6.00%
30-60degree
(Moderate)
3.00% 15.00% 12.00%
Above
60degree
(Severe)
5.00% 25.00% 33.00%
In the curves ranging above 60 0, cardiopulmonary complications are
to be graded separately. The junctional curves are to be given that
rating depending upon level of apex of curve. For example, if apex of
dorsolumbar curve falls in the dorsal spine the curve can be taken as a
dorsal curve. When the scoliosis is adequately compensated, 5%
reduction is to be given from final rating (for all assessment primary
curves are considered for rating).
Kyphosis
The same total rating (100%) as that suggested for scoliosis is to be
given for kyphosis. Regionwise percentages of physical impairment are:
Dorsal Spine – 50%
Cervical Spine – 30%
Lumbar Spine – 20%
For dorsal spine the following further gradings are :
Less than 20degree – 10%
21degree – 40degree – 15%
41degree – 60degree – 20%
38 MACP Reference Manual
40. In Kyphoscoliosis, both curves to be assessed separately and then
percentage of disability to be summed.
5.3.3.5. Guidelines for Evaluation of Permanent Physical Impairment in
Amputees:
Basic Guidelines:
1. In case of multiple amputees, if the total sum of percentage
permanent physical impairment is above 100%, it should be taken as
100%.
2. Amputation at any level with uncorrectable inability to wear and use
prosthesis, should be given 100% permanent physical impairment.
3. In case of amputation in more than one limb percentage of each limb
is counted and another 10% will be added, but when only toes or
fingers are involved only another 5% will be added.
4. Any complication in form of stiffness, neuroma, infection etc. has to
be given a total of 10% additional weightage.
5. Dominant upper limb has been given 4% extra percentage.
Upper Limb Amputation:
Sr. No Particulars of Amputation Permanent Partial
Impairment, in %
1 Fore-quarter 100
2 Shoulder Disarticulation 90
3 Above Elbow upto upper 1/3 of
arm
85
4 Above Elbow upto lower 1/3 of
arm
80
40 MACP Reference Manual
41. 5 Elbow Disarticulation 75
6 Below Elbow upto upper 1/3 of
forearm
70
7 Below Elbow upto lower 1/3 of
forearm
65
8 Wrist Disarticulation 60
9 Hand through carpal bones 55
10 Thumb through C.M. or through
1st
M.C. Joint
30
11 Thumb Disarticulation through
metacarpophalangeal joint or
through proximal phalanx
25
12 Thumb Disarticulation through
inter phalangeal joint or through
distal phalanx
15
Amputation of Finger:
Particulars IIndex
Finger
Middle
Finger
Ring
Finger
Little
Finger
Amputation through
proximal phalanx or
disarticulation through MP
joint
115.00% 5.00% 3.00% 2.00%
Amputation through
middle phalanx or
disarticulation through PIP
joint
110.00% 4.00% 2.00% 1.00%
Amputation through distal
phalanx or disarticulation
through DIP joint
55.00% 2.00% 1.00% 1.00%
Lower Limb Amputations:
1. Hind quarter 100%
2. Hip disarticulation 90%
3. Above knee upto upper 1/3 of thigh 85%
4. Above knee upto lower 1/3 of thigh 80%
5. Through keen 75%
41 MACP Reference Manual
42. 6. B.K. upto 8 cm 70%
7. B.K. upto lower 1/3 of leg 60%
8. Through ankle 55%
9. Syme's 50%
10. Upto midfoot 40%
11. Upto forefoot 30%
12. All toes 20%
13. Loss of first toe 10%
14. Loss of second toe 5%
15. Loss of third toe 4%
16. Loss of fourth toe 3%
17. Loss of fifth toe 2%
5.4 What should be the amount of compassion in the cases where injured
lost one of the limbs (amputation):
5.4.1. Hon'ble Apex Court in the cases of Govind Yadav v/s National
Insurance Com. Ltd., reported in 2012 (1) TAC 1 (SC) = 2012 ACJ 28
(SC), M.D. Jacob v/s United India Insurance Com. Ltd. 2014 ACJ 648
(SC) (FB) and Sanjay Kumar v/s Ashok Kumar 2014 ACJ 653 (SC) has
held that as the cost of living and cost of artificial limb (prosthetic) has
substantially increased and, therefore, Rs.2,00,000/ to be awarded
under the said head. Rs.1,50,000/each to be awarded under the heads
of pain, shock & sufferings and special diet, attendance &
transportation and loss of amenities and enjoyment of life, respectively.
And if injured is unmarried and his/her prospects for marriage have
considerably reduced, Rs.1,00,000/ may be awarded.
5.5 Whether Dependants of the injured claimant who died his natural death
42 MACP Reference Manual
43. during the pendency of the claim petition are entitled to get any amount of
compensation:
5.5.1. Maxim “Actio Personalis MoriturcumPersona” is applicable in
such cases. Even provisions of Section 306 (along with Illustrations) of
Indian Succession Act, 1925 would apply. In the cases of Pravabati
Ghosh & Anr. Vs. Gautam Das & Ors., reported in 2006 (Suppl) 1 GLT
15, relying on the ratio laid down by the Hon'ble Apex Court in the case
of Melepurath Sankunni Ezuthassan v/s Thekittil Geopalankutty Nair,
reported in 1986 (1) SCC 118, and the case of M. Veerappa v/s Evelyn
Sequeria & Ors., reported in 1988 (1) SCC 556, has held in paragraph 8
of the judgment thus:
“the right to sue will not survive in favour of his representatives, for,
in such an appeal, what the legal representatives of such a claimant
would be doing is to ask for compensation and the right to ask for
compensation to be awarded does not survive if the claimant dies
before the claim for compensation is awarded or decreed in his
favour, the cause of death not being the injuries sustained by the
deceased claimant”.
5.5.2. From the above referred ratio it becomes clear that if the
claimant dies before the claim for compensation is awarded or decreed
in his favour is passed, claim petition at the behest of the legal
representative of the such injured claimant is not maintainable.
5.5.3. However, Hon'ble Gujarat High Court in the case of Jenabai
wd/o Abdulkarim Musa v/s GSRTC, reported in 1991 GLR 352 and in
the case of Surpalsing Gohil, reported in 2009(2) GLH 217 has taken a
43 MACP Reference Manual
45. 6.How to determine monthly income of the deceased or injured when no
document in support thereof is not produced:
6.1 In the case of Govind Yadav (supra), para No.17 it has been held that
when there is no proof of income, income of the deceased or injured
claimant shall be decided by taking into consideration prevalence
minimum wages.
6.2 Several State Government have issued notifications of the relating to
Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (hereinafter referred as '1948 Act'). Details
of such notifications are under:
6.2.1. Governments of National Territory of Delhi has revised
minimum rates of wages applicable to all Scheduled Employees
covered under the 1948 Act, vide Notification dated 12.09.2008,
effective from 01.08.2008.
Categories Rates in
Rupees
Dearness
Allowance
Rates per
month
Rates per
Day
Un-Skilled 3633 50 3683 142
Semi Skilled 3799 50 3849 148
Skilled 4057 50 4107 158
6.2.2. Rates applicable to Clerical and NonTechnical Supervisory
Staff:
Categories Rates in
Rupees
Dearness
Allowance
Rates per
month
Rates per
Day
Non-
matriculates
3826 50 3876 149
Matriculates
but not
graduates
4081 50 4131 159
Graduates and
above
4393 50 4443 171
45 MACP Reference Manual
46. 6.2.3. Government of National Territory of Delhi has revised
minimum rates of wages applicable to all Scheduled Employees
covered under the 1948 Act, vide Notification dated 26.07.2011,
effective from 01.04.2011.
Occupation Wages
per
month
in
Rupees
Wages
per day
in
Rupees
Un-Skilled:- Peon, Watchman, Sweeper, Waterman, Cleaner
etc.
6422 247
Semi-Skilled:- Bus conductor, Asst. Electrician, Asst. Plumber,
Asst. Carpenter etc.
7098 273
Skilled:- Liberian, Lab Assistant, Driver, Physical Instructor,
Electrician, Plumber, Carpenter etc.
7826 301
Non-matriculates 7098 273
Matriculates but not graduates 7826 301
Graduates and above 8502 327
6.2.4.Government of Gujarat has fixed the following rates (in Rupees)
as minimum Wages, w.e.f. 01.04.2013.
Workers/Employees Category of Workers Basis Rates per
Day
D.A. per
day
Total per
day
Agriculture - 100 No
Provision
100
Other Schedule
Employees
Un-Skilled 130-135 70 200-205
Other Schedule
Employees
Semi-Skilled 135-140 70 205-210
Other Schedule
Employees
Skilled 140-150 70 210-220
6.2.5. Data prior to 2008 is not available but it may be obtained from
the office of Labour Commissioner.
46 MACP Reference Manual
49. 8. How to decide a claim petition where defence of Invalid, Learners
Licence & Fake Driving Licence and Defense of Qualification/Badge is
taken:
8.1 Reference is required to be made to ratio laid down by Hon'ble Apex
Court in the case of National Insurance Com. Ltd. V/s Swaran Singh,
reported in AIR 2004 SC 1531, in Para No.105 it has been held as
under:
105: The summary of our findings to the various issues as raised in
these petitions are as follows :
(i) Chapter XI of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 providing compulsory
insurance of vehicles against third party risks is a social welfare
legislation to extend relief by compensation to victims of accidents
caused by use of motor vehicles. The provisions of compulsory
insurance coverage of all vehicles are with this paramount object and
the provisions of the Act have to be so interpreted as to effectuate the
said object.
(ii) Insurer is entitled to raise a defence in a claim petition filed under
Section 163A or Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 inter
alia in terms of Section 149(2)(a)(ii) of the said Act.
(iii) The breach of policy condition e.g. disqualification of driver or
invalid driving licence of the driver, as contained in subsection (2)(a)
(ii) of Section 149, have to be proved to have been committed by the
insured for avoiding liability by the insurer. Mere absence, fake or
invalid driving licence or disqualification of the driver for driving at
the relevant time, are not in themselves defences available to the
49 MACP Reference Manual
50. insurer against either the insured or the third parties. To avoid its
liability towards insured, the insurer has to prove that the insured
was guilty of negligence and failed to exercise reasonable care in the
matter of fulfilling the condition of the policy regarding use of vehicles
by duly licensed driver or one who was not disqualified to drive at the
relevant time.
(iv) The insurance companies are, however, with a view to avoid their
liability must not only establish the available defence(s) raised in the
said proceedings but must also establish 'breach' on the part of the
owner of the vehicle; the burden of proof wherefore would be on them.
(v) The court cannot lay down any criteria as to how said burden
would be discharged, inasmuch as the same would depend upon the
facts and circumstances of each case.
(vi) Even where the insurer is able to prove breach on the part of the
insured concerning the policy condition regarding holding of a valid
licence by the driver or his qualification to drive during the relevant
period, the insurer would not be allowed to avoid its liability towards
insured unless the said breach or breaches on the condition of driving
licence is/are so fundamental as are found to have contributed to the
cause of the accident. The Tribunals in interpreting the policy
conditions would apply "the rule of main purpose" and the concept of
"fundamental breach" to allow defences available to the insured under
Section 149(2) of the Act.
(vii) The question as to whether the owner has taken reasonable care
to find out as to whether the driving licence produced by the driver, (a
50 MACP Reference Manual
51. fake one or otherwise), does not fulfil the requirements of law or not
will have to be determined in each case.
(viii) If a vehicle at the time of accident was driven by a person
having a learner's licence, the insurance companies would be liable to
satisfy the decree.
(ix) The claims tribunal constituted under Section 165 read with
Section 168 is empowered to adjudicate all claims in respect of the
accidents involving death or of bodily injury or damage to property of
third party arising in use of motor vehicle. The said power of the
tribunal is not restricted to decide the claims inter se between
claimant or claimants on one side and insured, insurer and driver on
the other. In the course of adjudicating the claim for compensation
and to decide the availability of defence or defences to the insurer, the
Tribunal has necessarily the power and jurisdiction to decide disputes
inter se between insurer and the insured. The decision rendered on the
claims and disputes inter se between the insurer and insured in the
course of adjudication of claim for compensation by the claimants
and the award made thereon is enforceable and executable in the
same manner as provided in Section 174 of the Act for enforcement
and execution of the award in favour of the claimants.
(x) Where on adjudication of the claim under the Act the tribunal
arrives at a conclusion that the insurer has satisfactorily proved its
defence in accordance with the provisions of Sections 149(2) read
with subsection (7), as interpreted by this Court above, the Tribunal
can direct that the insurer is liable to be reimbursed by the insured for
51 MACP Reference Manual
52. the compensation and other amounts which it has been compelled to
pay to the third party under the award of the tribunal. Such
determination of claim by the Tribunal will be enforceable and the
money found due to the insurer from the insured will be recoverable
on a certificate issued by the tribunal to the Collector in the same
manner under Section 174 of the Act as arrears as land revenue. The
certificate will be issued for the recovery as arrears of land revenue
only if, as required by subsection (3) of Section 168 of the Act the
insured fails to deposit the amount awarded in favour of the insurer
within thirty days from the date of announcement of the award by
the tribunal.
(xi) The provisions contained in subsection (4) with proviso
thereunder and subsection (5) which are intended to cover specified
contingencies mentioned therein to enable the insurer to recover
amount paid under the contract of insurance on behalf of the insured
can be taken recourse of by the Tribunal and be extended to claims
and defences of insurer against insured by relegating them to the
remedy before regular court in cases where on given facts and
circumstances adjudication of their claims inter se might delay the
adjudication of the claims of the victims”.
8.2 Bare reading of above referred observations makes it clear
that mere absence, fake or invalid driving licence or disqualification
of the driver for driving at the relevant time, are not in themselves
defences available to the insurer against either the insured or the
52 MACP Reference Manual
53. third parties. To avoid its liability towards insured, the insurer has
to prove that the insured was guilty of negligence and failed to
exercise reasonable care in the matter of fulfilling the condition of
the policy regarding use of vehicles by duly licensed driver or one
who was not disqualified to drive at the relevant time. The
insurance companies are, however, with a view to avoid their
liability must not only establish the available defence(s) raised in
the said proceedings but must also establish 'breach' on the part of
the owner of the vehicle; the burden of proof wherefore would be
on them. Even where the insurer is able to prove breach on the part
of the insured concerning the policy condition regarding holding of
a valid licence by the driver or his qualification to drive during the
relevant period, the insurer would not be allowed to avoid its
liability towards insured unless the said breach or breaches on the
condition of driving licence is/are so fundamental as are found to
have contributed to the cause of the accident. The Tribunals in
interpreting the policy conditions would apply "the rule of main
purpose" and the concept of "fundamental breach" to allow
defences available to the insured under Section 149(2) of the Act.
If a vehicle at the time of accident was driven by a person having a
learner's licence, the insurance companies would be liable to satisfy
the decree.
8.3 It is also held in Para 105 (ix) and (x) that Tribunal is
empowered to pass and order to “Pay and Recover” against the
insurer.
53 MACP Reference Manual
54. 8.4 As far as, defence of insurer qua the qualification/badge of the
licence is concern, same can be decided by relying upon para
Nos.42, 43 & 84 of the Swaran Singh's case. Paras 42, 43 & 84
reads as under:
“42. If a person has been given a licence for a particular type of
vehicle as specified therein, he cannot be said to have no licence for
driving another type of vehicle which is of the same category but of
different type. As for example when a person is granted a licence
for driving a light motor vehicle he can drive either a car or a jeep
and it is not necessary that he must have driving licence both for
car and jeep separately.
43. Furthermore, the insurance company with a view to avoid its
liabilities is not only required to show that the conditions laid
down under Section 149(2)(a) or (b) are satisfied but is further
required to establish that there has been a breach on the part of
the insured. By reason of the provisions contained in the 1988 Act,
a more extensive remedy has been conferred upon those who have
obtained judgment against the user of a vehicle and after a
certificate of insurance is delivered in terms of Section 147(3) a
third party has obtained a judgment against any person insured by
the policy in respect of a liability required to be covered by Section
145, the same must be satisfied by the insurer, notwithstanding
that the insurer may be entitled to avoid or to cancel the policy or
may in fact have done so. The same obligation applies in respect of
a judgment against a person not insured by the policy in respect of
54 MACP Reference Manual
55. such a liability, but who would have been covered if the policy had
covered the liability of all persons, except that in respect of liability
for death or bodily injury.
84. Section 3 of the Act casts an obligation on a driver to hold
an effective driving licence for the type of vehicle which he intends
to drive. Section 10 of the Act enables Central Government to
prescribe forms of driving licences for various categories of vehicles
mentioned in subsection (2) of said section. The various types of
vehicles described for which a driver may obtain a licence for one
or more of them are: (a) Motorcycle without gear, (b) motorcycle
with gear, (c) invalid carriage, (d) light motor vehicle, (e)
transport vehicle, (f) road roller, and (g) motor vehicle of other
specified description. The definition clause in Section 2 of the Act
defines various categories of vehicles which are covered in broad
types mentioned in subsection (2) of Section 10. They are 'goods
carriage', 'heavygoods vehicle', 'heavy passenger motorvehicle',
'invalid carriage', 'light motorvehicle', 'maxicab', 'medium goods
vehicle', 'medium passenger motorvehicle', 'motorcab',
'motorcycle', 'omnibus', 'private service vehicle', 'semitrailer',
'tourist vehicle', 'tractor', 'trailer', and 'transport vehicle'. In claims
for compensation for accidents, various kinds of breaches with
regard to the conditions of driving licences arise for consideration
before the Tribunal. A person possessing a driving licence for
'motorcycle without gear', for which he has no licence. Cases may
also arise where a holder of driving licence for 'light motor vehicle'
55 MACP Reference Manual
56. is found to be driving a 'maxicab', 'motorcab' or 'omnibus' for
which he has no licence.In each case on evidence led before the
Tribunal, a decision has to be taken whether the fact of the driver
possessing licence for one type of vehicle but found driving another
type of vehicle, was the main or contributory cause of accident. If
on facts, it is found that accident was caused solely because of some
other unforeseen or intervening causes like mechanical failures and
similar other causes having no nexus with driver not possessing
requisite type of licence, the insurer will not be allowed to avoid its
liability merely for technical breach of conditions concerning
driving licence”.
8.4 Meaning thereby, even if driver of offending vehicle was not
qualified to ply the offending vehicle or was not having the required
badge to ply such vehicle then also insurer is liable to pay amount of
compensation. Before passing any order, Tribunal has to decide whether
the fact of the driver possessing licence for one type of vehicle but found
driving another type of vehicle, was the main or contributory cause of
accident. If on facts, it is found that accident was caused solely because
of some other unforeseen or intervening causes like mechanical failures
and similar other causes having no nexus with driver not possessing
requisite type of licence, the insurer will not be allowed to avoid its
liability merely for technical breach of conditions concerning driving
licence.
8.5 Reference is also required to be made to the recent decision of
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57. Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of S. Iyyapan v/s United India Insurance
Com. Ltd., dated 01.07.2013. Wherein, after referring several ratios of
Hon'ble Apex Court, it has been held in Para No.19 that:
“In the instant case, admittedly the driver was holding
a valid driving licence to drive light motor vehicle. There is no
dispute that the motor vehicle in question, by which accident took
place, was Mahindra Maxi Cab. Merely because the driver did not get
any endorsement in the driving licence to drive Mahindra Maxi Cab,
which is a light motor vehicle, the High Court has committed grave
error of law in holding that the insurer is not liable to pay
compensation because the driver was not holding the licence to drive
the commercial vehicle. The impugned judgment is, therefore, liable
to be set aside”.
8.6 Even in the case of New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Roshanben
Rahemansha Fakir, reported in AIR 2008 SC 2266, it has been held that
when driver of offending vehicle was holder of licence of three wheeler
i.e. auto rickshaw delivery van and his licence was not meant for driving
'transport vehicle' but for goods carrying public carrier, in such case
Insurer is not liable but directed the insurer to first pay entire amount of
compensation with a further direction to recover the same from the
insured (these directions were issued under Article 142 of Constitution
of India).
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59. 9.2.2 Whether the insurer is liable in a case where the injured claimant or
deceased was travelling in the goods vehicle as the labourer of the owner or
the hirer:
9.2.2.1. If it is proved that injured claimant or deceased was
travelling in the goods vehicle as the labourer of the owner of the
goods then insurer is liable to pay amount of compensation,
provided additional premium of labourer/collie is paid by the
owner but insurer is not liable in the such cases where injured
claimant or deceased was travelling in the goods vehicle as the
labourer of the hirer. Reference be made to the ratio laid down in
the case of Sanjeev Kumar Samrat v/s National Insurance Co. Ltd,
reported in AIR 2013 SCW 301, wherein it is held that:
“the Act policy does not cover all kinds of employees. Thus, on a
contextual reading of the provision, schematic analysis of the Act
and the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923 it is quite limpid that
the statutory policy only covers the employees of the insured, either
employed or engaged by him in a goods carriage. It does not cover
any other kind of employee and therefore, someone who travels not
being an authorized agent in place of the owner of goods, and claims
to be an employee of the owner of goods, cannot be covered by the
statutory policy”.
9.3 Whether insurer is liable in the case where injured claimant or
deceased was travelling in the goods vehicle as the owner or representative
of the goods:
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60. 9.3.1. If it is proved that the injured claimant or deceased was
travelling in the goods vehicle as the owner or representative of the
goods, insurer is liable to pay amount of compensation otherwise not.
Reference be made to ratio laid own in the case of New India Insurance
Company v/s Darshana Devi, reported in AIR 2008 (Supp) SC 1639.
9.4 Whether injured claimant or deceased was travelling in Tractor/trolley
is entitled to get amount of compensation:
9.4.1 Normally, Tractortrailer/trolley is used for agricultural purpose
and if it found that same was used for agricultural purpose and same is
covered by the 'Farmer Comprehensive Policy' or the 'Farmer Package
Policy', in such situation, insurer is liable to pay compensation. If the
above referred two conditions are not fulfilled, insurer can not be held
responsible to pay amount of compensation.
9.4.2 It is also to be noted that in the Annexure of Indian Motor
Tariff, list of Miscellaneous and Special types of vehicles is given. As per
the said list tractors can be used for Agricultural and if Trolley is
attached to such Tractor, same may be used for carrying goods. As per
the said list there is one another kind of Tractor, which is 'Traction
Engine Tractor'. If is found that tractor is not used for the purpose of
agricultural work and if it used for carrying goods, such tractortrolley
must be insured for such purpose and if is not insured as such, insurer is
not liable to pay any amount of compensation.
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62. 10. Liability of insurer to pay compensation in the cases where injured
claimant or deceased was travelling in the private car as occupants or
travelling on two wheeler as pillion rider:
10.1. In the recent decision, Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of National
Insurance Company Ltd. v. Balakrishnan, reported in AIR 2013 SC 473
has held in para No.21 that:
“comprehensive/package policy" would cover the liability of the
insurer for payment of compensation for the occupant in a car. There
is no cavil that an "Act Policy" stands on a different footing from a
"Comprehensive/Package Policy". As the circulars have made the
position very clear and the IRDA, which is presently the statutory
authority, has commanded the insurance companies stating that a
"Comprehensive/Package Policy" covers the liability, there cannot be
any dispute in that regard. We may hasten to clarify that the earlier
pronouncements were rendered in respect of the "Act Policy" which
admittedly cannot cover a third party risk of an occupant in a car.
But, if the policy is a "Comprehensive/Package Policy", the liability
would be covered”.
10.1.1. In view of the observations made by Hon'ble Apex Court in
the case of Balakrishnan (supra), occupant of private car or the
pillion rider of two wheeler is entitled to recover amount of
compensation from insurer, provided the offending vehicle is covered
with the 'Comprehensive/ Package Policy'. Reference may also be
made to ratio laid down in the case of Oriental Insurance Company
Ltd. v. Surendra Nath Loomba, reported in AIR 2013 SC 483.
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63. 11. How to decide a claim petition preferred under section 163A of the
Act:
11.1. As per the ratio laid down in the case of Deepal Girishbhai Soni and
Ors. v. United India Insurance Co. Ltd., Baroda (2004) 5 SCC 385 =
AIR 2004 SC 2107, Hon'ble Full Bench of Apex Court has held that
claim petition preferred u/s 163A is under 'No Fault Liability'.
Whereas, in the case of National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Sinitha,
reported in AIR 2012 SC 797, Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that
claim petition preferred u/s 163A is under 'Fault Liability'.
11.2. It does not become clear from the facts of the of Deepal Girishbhai
Soni's (supra) case as to whether, more than one vehicles were involved
in the said accident or not but from the reading of the Sinitha's (supra)
case, it becomes clear that there was only one vehicle involved and
question which was required to be decided by Hon'ble Apex Court as to
whether, insurer has succeeded in proving that claimant himself was
negligent in causing the accident or not.
11.3. From the reading of both the above referred ratios, it appears that
there are conflicting views and, therefore, each claim petition may be
decided on the basis of it's facts. That is to say, if only one vehicle is
involved, point of negligence must be decided.
11.4. It is to be noted that in a claim petition, preferred u/s 163A of the
Act, income of the injured claimant or the deceased should not be more
that Rs.40,000/ per annum. If, the income of the injured claimant or
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64. the deceased is more that Rs.40,000/ per annum, in such cases,
claimant/s may be given an option to convert the same under Section
166 of the Act. If claim petition is not converted, even after the
order/direction, same be dismissed. In this regards reference many be
made to ratio laid down in the case of Deepal Girishbhai Soni (supra).
11.5. It also required to be noted that in the Fatal injury cases, multiplier
cannot be applied as same is applied only in the cases where claim
petition is preferred by the injured. Reference be made to ratio laid
down in the case of National Company Ltd. Versus Gurumallamma,
reported in AIR 2009 SCW 7434, para No.8. Similar kind of
observations are made by Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of Sarla Verma
(supra), at Para No.17 (page No.3112 in AIR), which reads under:
“... Therefore, where the application is under section 163A of the Act,
it is possible to calculate the compensation on the structured
formula basis, even where compensation is not specified with
reference to the annual income of the deceased, or is more than Rs.
40,000/ by applying the formula : (2/3 x A1 x M), that is two
thirds of the annual income multiplied by the multiplier applicable
to the age of the deceased would be the compensation”.
11.6. From the above referred ratios, laid down by Hon'ble Apex Court, it
becomes amply clear that Tribunal is not required to make calculation of
compensation on the basis of application of multiplier. But Tribunal is
only required to grant compensation as per ScheduleII of the Motor
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65. Vehicle Act, taking into considering the age and income of the deceased
and figure shown against the age and income of the deceased. For an
example, if, monthly income of the deceased who was aged about 48
years at the time of accident, is assessed as Rs.2,500/ per month
(Rs.30,000/ per annum), how the compensation should be calculated.
Since Rs.30,000/ per annum is not shown anywhere in column of
“ANNUAL INCOME” of the Second Schedule of the Act, now, the
question, is how the amount of compensation to be calculated. In such
cases, average of figures in the income group of Rs.24,000/ per annum
and Rs.36,000/ per annum i.e Rs.2,86,000/ and Rs.4,32,000,
respectively are required to be taken into consideration. Average of
Rs.2,86,000/ and Rs.4,32,000, comes to Rs.3,59,000. Out of the said
amount of 3,59,000, 1/3 is required to be deducted in consideration of
expenses incurred by deceased towards maintaining himself and,
therefore, net amount of future income loss comes to approximately
Rs.2,40,000/. [Reference: National Insurance Com. Ltd. v/s P.C.
Chacko, reported in 2012 ACJ 1065 (Devision Bench of Hon'ble Kerala
High Court, Ernakulan Bench)]
11.7. It is to be remembered that in every claim petition preferred u/s 163
A of the Act, whether the deceased is married or not, unlike as claim
petition preferred u/s 166 of the Act, onethird (1/3rd
) amount from the
actual income of the deceased should be deducted towards personal and
living expenditures of the deceased.
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