The document provides information about different levels and forms of local government in the United States. It discusses counties, cities, towns, townships, and special districts. It explains that counties are established by state governments, while the structure of cities, towns, and other local governments is determined by state constitutions. It describes different forms of city government including mayor-council, commission, and council-manager models. It also defines key terms like charter, ordinance, and home rule.
PUA 6304, Local Government 1 Course Learning Outcomes.docxaryan532920
PUA 6304, Local Government 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify the concept of local government service.
2. Examine the functions of local government.
Reading Assignment
State and Local Government:
Chapter 10:
Local Government: Types and Functions
Unit Lesson
Local governments have a long history in this country. As settlements began to develop there were common
or public needs that were identified. These local needs included the provision of potable water sources,
managing waste water, building roads and bridges and protective services like fire and police. Clearly, the
adoption of the services were aimed at providing local services. To identify and respond to these local needs
the US adopted a model that was far different than the central government model that was prevalent in
Europe. In particular, the US model of governance is based on two tiers in the Constitution (federal and state).
Local governments (which are not specifically identified in the Constitution) are under the jurisdiction of the
states and the state legislature.
As communities developed in the US the model included the use of regular, public gatherings of citizens to
consider the types of services and functions that the community was prepared to initiate. These "town hall"
meetings became a hallmark of American democracy in action. Over time, the increasing complexities in
development patterns required more formal structures and organizations to manage communities properly.
For a more detailed discussion of some of the current challenges and solutions related to local government,
see the National League of Cities (NLC) web site at http://www.nlc.org/. The NLC represents more than
19,000 towns and cities across the US.
Local Councils
On a practical basis, most communities have a physical Town Hall which serves as the operational center for
a local government. As we see in the readings, the role of the local government is to provide local services
that serve the best interest of a community from the perspective of both property related services and
services of benefit to the residents. Of course, this part of the system using locally elected officials is very
similar to that used in state legislatures and the federal system. The main difference is that local officials live
in the communities that they govern full time. Hence, they are more readily available to their friends,
neighbors, and citizens. In many cases, local officials are elected on a district or ward basis allowing them to
represent a specific sub-area of the community. Alternatively, we do see some communities where officials
may be elected at-large, representing the entire city.
Practically, decisions are made by locally-elected officials operating as boards or councils. The spokesperson
for local governments usually takes the role of mayor. Again, this is an elected positi ...
PUA 6304, Local Government 1 Course Learning Outcomes.docxaryan532920
PUA 6304, Local Government 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify the concept of local government service.
2. Examine the functions of local government.
Reading Assignment
State and Local Government:
Chapter 10:
Local Government: Types and Functions
Unit Lesson
Local governments have a long history in this country. As settlements began to develop there were common
or public needs that were identified. These local needs included the provision of potable water sources,
managing waste water, building roads and bridges and protective services like fire and police. Clearly, the
adoption of the services were aimed at providing local services. To identify and respond to these local needs
the US adopted a model that was far different than the central government model that was prevalent in
Europe. In particular, the US model of governance is based on two tiers in the Constitution (federal and state).
Local governments (which are not specifically identified in the Constitution) are under the jurisdiction of the
states and the state legislature.
As communities developed in the US the model included the use of regular, public gatherings of citizens to
consider the types of services and functions that the community was prepared to initiate. These "town hall"
meetings became a hallmark of American democracy in action. Over time, the increasing complexities in
development patterns required more formal structures and organizations to manage communities properly.
For a more detailed discussion of some of the current challenges and solutions related to local government,
see the National League of Cities (NLC) web site at http://www.nlc.org/. The NLC represents more than
19,000 towns and cities across the US.
Local Councils
On a practical basis, most communities have a physical Town Hall which serves as the operational center for
a local government. As we see in the readings, the role of the local government is to provide local services
that serve the best interest of a community from the perspective of both property related services and
services of benefit to the residents. Of course, this part of the system using locally elected officials is very
similar to that used in state legislatures and the federal system. The main difference is that local officials live
in the communities that they govern full time. Hence, they are more readily available to their friends,
neighbors, and citizens. In many cases, local officials are elected on a district or ward basis allowing them to
represent a specific sub-area of the community. Alternatively, we do see some communities where officials
may be elected at-large, representing the entire city.
Practically, decisions are made by locally-elected officials operating as boards or councils. The spokesperson
for local governments usually takes the role of mayor. Again, this is an elected positi ...
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Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
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Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
1. Do Now, Week 10, Day 2
How can the government of a city understand
better the needs of the city in comparison to the
government of the nation?
2. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
US Citizens are most affected by the government in their cities and towns. In the
United States, the states have the right to establish local governments. The local
governments' structure is determined by the states Constitution. Each local
government is made up of a municipality, a unit of local government under the state
government but with a large degree of self-government.
3. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
Using various forms of city government, municipalities provide a wide range of services
to their residents, while also planning for growth and development. Some of the
services included are education, welfare, roads and their maintenance, water supply,
electricity, sewage and garbage treatment, and public safety.
4. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
The highest level of local
government is the county. A County
is a division of a state
government formed to carry out
state laws, collect taxes and
supervise elections. In some states
the word county is substituted by a
synonym, such as parish, or borough.
Countys have their own legislative,
executive and judicial branch.
5. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
The county's legislative branch are
elected by the voters.
The county's executive branch normally are
not one sole individual, instead several county
officials have separate responsibilities. Some
examples of county officials are the county
manager, the county executive
6. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
A special type of county executive is the
sheriff.
The sheriff usually commands several deputies and an office
state. The sheriff and his deputies arrest lawbreakers and carry
out the orders of the county court. In many states the sheriff is
responsible for the law enforcement only in the areas of the
county outside of the urban area.
7. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
The duties of the local government
officials are outlined in a state-approved
charter. A charter is a basic plan of the
local government that defines its powers,
responsibilities and organization. Of
course, it must abide state and federal law.
Local governments are responsible for making their
own rules and regulations, they can pass
ordinances. Thus, an ordinance is a regulation for a
community. Ordinances can't also conflict state or
federal laws. Local governments also assist in
voting procedures.
8. Unit 3. Local Government
CLASSWORK
Draw conclusions: Explain in at least 5 full sentences,
why can local governments provide some services
more efficiently than state governments?
Research: Summarize who the following officials
are and what they do, and in what branch do they
work:
• County board
• Sheriff
• County clerk
• County treasurer
• County auditor
• District attorney
9. Do Now, Week 10, Day 2
What does a county clerk do?
What does a county treasurer do?
What is a district of attorney?
10. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
A town is a unit of local government
larger than a village, but smaller than a
city. Towns developed in the colonies
with the homes, the church and the
surrounding farmlands that fed the
town.
11. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
The early colonists created a simple, yet powerful, form of local government, the town
meeting. In a town meeting all citizens discuss the town issues, after the citizens have
expressed their opinions, they would all vote on the issues. All citizens had a direct
voice in the government, this is a form of direct democracy.
Town meetings were also held to elect
officials to manage the town affairs
between town meetings.
This form of government can work very
well but only in small populations, where
all voters can gather easily in one area.
12. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
In some states, land is often divided into other
smaller units. Two common divisions are
township and special districts.
Township
When the US expanded to the west, the Americans started to settle in wild, unsettled
areas. The Congress, at the time, divided the land into perfect squares of 6miles by 6
miles. As people settled into these areas, they set up their own government in them,
forming townships with their own elected officials for legislative, executive and
judicial branch.
Nowadays townships are rare since cities have taken most of the government
responsibilities.
13. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
Special District
A special district is a unit of government formed to meet different, specific,
specialized needs and services. They work separately from local governments. Some of
these needs are based on health, security... such as fire protection, roads, medical
care, libraries, public and national parks... A hospital can extend its district to several
towns, or even counties to supply aide.
Each areas pay taxes for the services received.
14. Do Now, Week 10, Day 2
What is a charter?
What is an ordinance?
15. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
A city is the largest kind of municipality. The size of a city can be very different.
Traditionally, cities receive their authority from the state legislature. However, some
states have granted cities what is called Home Rule. This means that cities can amend
their own charters, which needs to be approved by the voters.
16. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
A city's government can be organized in one of four ways: a mayor-council government,
a strong-mayor government, a commission government, or a council-manager
government.
17. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
The most common form of city government is the Mayor-Council government. In a
mayor-council government the City Council, elected by the members of the
municipality, oversees the legislative branch. The Mayor is the individual elected by
the members as chief executive of the city.
There are 2 types of Mayor-Council Governments: Strong and Weak.
18. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
Mayor-Council government: Weak-Mayor Plan
The weak-mayor plan was made to limit the power of the mayor, and most of the power
is given to the City Council. The mayor holds no formal authority and mostly holds a
ceremonial role. He cannot veto (or it may be limited), he cannot appoint or remove
officials, and most of his work is monitored by the city council. The executive power
of the mayor is mostly awarded to the council, and it's limited on the mayor.
19. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
Mayor-Council government: Strong-Mayor Plan
The most common form of mayor-council government is the Strong Mayor plan or
form. Under this form the Mayor holds the major role in running the city. In this case
the Mayor acts in the same role as the President does for the Federal-National level,
and the Governor does in the State level. He can veto ordinances, he can appoint
officers, he drafts budgets. He is the chief executive power.
20. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
The Commission form of government is a type of local government in which the voters
select a group of individuals to form a committee in charge of governing the city both
as executive and legislative powers. In many cases the departments of the city are
divided amongst the members of the commission.
21. Unit 3. Local Government
Local Government
The Council-Management form of government is a type of commission government
with a city manager added. The council works as the legislative branch, and the city
manager assigned by the council works as the chief executive. As a chief executive he
can appoint officers, he can remove officers.
22. Do Now, Week 10, Day 2
Who decides the government of cities?
