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![ECHO ( 1) User Commands ECHO(1)
echo — display a line of text
SYNOPSIS
echo [OPTION]... [STRING]...
DESCRIPTION
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of
echo which will supercede the version described
here. Please refer to your shellas
documentation for details about the options it
supports.
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
do not output the trailing
newline
Help!](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/linuxcommandsppt-240909110404-df80bd67/75/LINUX_COMMANDS_FOR_BEGINNERS_POWERPOINTPRESENTATION-pptx-7-2048.jpg)
![Command: [head (option..) (file..)]
• The head command, as the name
implies, print the top N number
of data of the given input.
• By default, it prints the first 10
lines of the specified files. If more
than one file name is provided
then data from each file is
preceded by its file name.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/linuxcommandsppt-240909110404-df80bd67/75/LINUX_COMMANDS_FOR_BEGINNERS_POWERPOINTPRESENTATION-pptx-24-2048.jpg)
![Command: [tail (option..)(filename)]
Same as head, but shows the last
lines](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/linuxcommandsppt-240909110404-df80bd67/75/LINUX_COMMANDS_FOR_BEGINNERS_POWERPOINTPRESENTATION-pptx-26-2048.jpg)
![Command: chmod
•If you own the file, you can change it's permissions with
“chmod”
•Syntax: chmod [user/group/others/alI]+[permission] [file(s)]
Below we grant execute permission to all:
—rw—rw—r—— 1 wiehe
wiehe chmo
d
world.pl
12 22 hello
world.pl hello
world.pl
zhome:-/linux tutorials
—rwxrwxr—x wiehe wiehe 42 Aug 30
12:
zhome:-/linux tutorial$](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/linuxcommandsppt-240909110404-df80bd67/75/LINUX_COMMANDS_FOR_BEGINNERS_POWERPOINTPRESENTATION-pptx-38-2048.jpg)
LINUX_COMMANDS_FOR_BEGINNERS_POWERPOINTPRESENTATION.pptx
- 2. Connecting to aUnix/Linux system Open up a terminal: zhome:-/linux tutorials
- 3. Connecting to aUnix/Linux system Open up a terminal: zhome:-/linux tutorials The host The “prompt” The current directory (“path”)
- 4. What exactly isa “shell”? After logging in, Linux/Unixstarts another program called the shell The shell interprets commands the user types and manages their execution The shell communicates with the internal part of the operating system called the kernel The most popular shells are: tcsh, csh, korn, and bash The differences are most times subtle For this tutorial, we are using bash Shell commands are C A S E SENSITIVE!
- 5. Help ! Whenever you needhelp with a command type “man” and the command name
- 6. Help! zhome:-/linux tutorials man iWhatmanual page do you want? zhome:-/linux tutorials man echo zhome:-/linux tutorials
- 7. ECHO ( 1)User Commands ECHO(1) echo — display a line of text SYNOPSIS echo [OPTION]... [STRING]... DESCRIPTION NOTE: your shell may have its own version of echo which will supercede the version described here. Please refer to your shellas documentation for details about the options it supports. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. do not output the trailing newline Help!
- 8. Help! zhome:•/linux tutorials man Whatmanual page do you want? zhome:-/linux tutorials man echo hello world zhome:-/linux tutorials hello world zhome:-/linux tutorial$
- 9. nix/Linux File System bi n NOTE:Unix file names are CASE SENSITIVE! /home/ mary/ /home/john/ portfolio/ The Path
- 10. Command: pwd To findyour current path use “pwd” pwd /fs/zhome05/mete/linux tutorial tutorials
- 11. Command: cd + Tochange to a specific directory use “cd” zhome:-$ pwd /fs/zhome05/wiehe zhome:-3 cd /fs/zhome05/wiehe/linux tutorial/ zhome:-/linux tutorial pwd /fs/zhome05/wiehe/linux tutorial zhome:-/linux tutorials
- 12. Command: cd -” isthe location ofour home directo zhoue:-/linux tutorials pwd /fs/zhome05/wiehe/linux tutorial zhome: /linux tutorials cd - zhome: $ pwd /fs/zhome05/wiehe zhome:•
- 13. irectory below d: c “. ”is the location of the current one zhome:-/linux tutorials pwd /fs/zhome05/wiehe/linux tutorial zhome:-/linux tutorials cd .. zhome:-$ pwd /fs/zhome05/wiehe zhome:-$
- 14. Command: Is To listthe files in the current directory use “Is” zhome:-/linux aa sequence.pl ACTG.pl zho data.dat hello world.pl tutorial$
- 15. Command: Is Is hasmany options -I long list (displays lots of info) -t sort by modification time -S sort by size -h list file sizes in human readable format -r reverse the order “man Is” for more options Options can be combined: “Is - Itr”
- 16. Command: Is List filesby time in reverse order with long listing 1 wiehe wiehe 92 Aug 30 11:54 ACTG.pl wiehe wiehe 169 Aug 30 12:20 aa sequence.pl 1 wiehe wiehe 42 Aug 30 12:22 hello world.pl wiche wiehe 24 g 30 12 23 tp l wiehe wiehe 21 Aug 30 12:=3 data.dat zhome:-/linux tutorials —rw—rw—r—— -rw-rw—r-- -rw-rw-r-- zhome:-/linux tutorials
- 17. General Syntax: * *”can be used as a wildcard in unix/linuxtutorials aa sequence.pl ACTG.p1 zhome: /linux tutorials .pl hello world.p1
- 18. Command: mkdir *› Tocreate a new directory use “mkdir” zhome:-/linux tutorial aa sequence.pl data.dat hello world.pl ACTG.pl zhome:-/linux tutorials mkdir new directory zhome:-/linux tucorial$ 1s aa sequence.pl data.dat hello world.pl new directory pu ACTG.pl zhome:-/linux tutorial
- 19. Command: rmdir To removeand empty directory use “rmdir” zhome:-/linux tutorials aa sequence.pl data.dat new directory ACIG.pl hello world.pl ut zhome:-/linux tutorials rmdir new directory/ zhome:-/linux tutorials aa sequence.pl data.dat hello world.pl ACIG.pl zhome:-/ linux tutoria l
- 20. Displaying a file Variousways to display a file in Unix cat less hea d tail
- 21. Command: cat Dumps anentire file to standard output Good for displaying short, simple files
- 22. Command: less • Lesscommand is a Linux utility that can be used to read the contents of a text file one page (one screen) at a time. It has faster access because if a file is large, it doesn’t access the complete file, but accesses it page by page. • use “/” to search for a string • Press to quit
- 24. Command: [head (option..)(file..)] • The head command, as the name implies, print the top N number of data of the given input. • By default, it prints the first 10 lines of the specified files. If more than one file name is provided then data from each file is preceded by its file name.
- 25. Command: head Here's anexample of using “head”:
- 26. Command: [tail (option..)(filename)] Sameas head, but shows the last lines
- 27. File mands Copying afile: cp Move or rename a file: mv Remove a file: rm
- 28. d: c To copya file use “cp” zhcme: /linux tutorials aa sequence.pl data.dat lines.tx t tpu ACTG.pl hello world.pl zhcme:-/linux tutorials cp data.rat data?.dat zhome:-/linux tutorials aa sequence.pl data2.dat hello world.pl lines.txt ACTS.pl zhome:-/ linux data.dat tutorials
- 29. Command: mv To movea file to a difierent location use “mv” zhome:-/linux tutorial aa sequence.pl data2.dat ACTG.pl data.dat zhome:-/linux tutorial$ hello world.pl lines.txt new directory zhome:-/linux tutorials aa sequence.pl data2.dat hello world.pl new directory data.dat lines.txt tp xt tutorials data2.dat ./new directory/ tutorials cd new directory/ tutorial/new dliectory$ ACTG.pl zhome:-/linux zhome:-/linux zhome:-/linux data2.dat zhome:-/linu x tutorial/new diiectory$
- 30. Command: mv + mvcan also be used to rename a file zhome: /linux tutorials aa sequence.pl data.dat ACTS pl hello world.pl zhome:-/linux tutorial$ lines.txt new directory pu zhome:-/linux tutorial7 1s aa sequence.pi data.dat ACTG.pi hello world.pl lines.tx t zhome:-/linux tutorial$ new directory
- 31. Command: rm To removea file use “rm” zhome:-/linux tutorials cd new directory/ zhome:-/linux tutorial/new directory$ is data2.dat zhome:-/linux tutorial/new directory$ rm data2.dat zhome:-/linuxtutorial/new directory¢ zhome:-/linuxtutorial/new directorys @
- 32. Command: rm To removea file “recursively”: rm r Used to remove all files and directories Be very careful, deletions are permanent in Unix/Linux
- 33. File permissions Each filein Unix/Linux has an associated permission level This allows the user to prevent others from reading/writing/executing their files or directories Use “Is -I filename” to find the permission level of that file
- 34. Permission levels “r” means“read only” permission “w” means “write” permission “x” means “execute” permission In case of directory, “x” grants permission to list directory contents
- 35. File Permissions zhome: /linux total 28 rrw—r—— -rw-r-- —rw—r—— —rw—r—— -rw-r-- —rv rw—r —— wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe dew rwxr—xwiehe wiehe e:-/linux tutorials User (you) 169 Aug 30 12:20 aa sequence.pl 92 Aug 30 11:54 ACTG.pl 21 Aug 30 12:23 data.dat ug hello world.pl 24 Aug 30 12:23 input.txt 50 Aug 30 13:13 lines.txt 4096 Aug 30 13:19 new directory
- 36. File Permissions wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe wiehe tutorial s 169Aug 30 12:20 aa sequence.pl 92 Aug 30 11:54 ACTG.pl 21 Aug 30 12:23 data.dat ug hello world.pl wiehe wiehe 24 Aug 30 12:23 input.txt —rv— w—r—— wiehe wiehe 50 Aug 30 13:13 lines.txt drwK war—x wiehe wiehe 4096 Aug 30 13:19 new directory
- 37. File Permissions zhome: /linux total 28 tutoridl9 ls -l —rv-rw- 1 wiehewiehe 169 Aug 30 12:20 aa sequence.pl -rv-rw-r wiehe wiehe 92 Aug 30 11:54 ACTG.pl —rv—rw—r wiehe wiehe 21 Aug 30 12:23 data.dat —rv—rw— wiehe wiehe 42 Aug 30 12:22 hello world.pl -rv-rw- wiehe wiehe 24 Aug 30 12:23 input.txt —rv-rw- wiehe wiehe 50 Aug 30 13:13 lines.txt drwKrw wiehe wiehe 4096 Aug 30 13:19 new directory zhome: tutorials “The World”
- 38. Command: chmod •If youown the file, you can change it's permissions with “chmod” •Syntax: chmod [user/group/others/alI]+[permission] [file(s)] Below we grant execute permission to all: —rw—rw—r—— 1 wiehe wiehe chmo d world.pl 12 22 hello world.pl hello world.pl zhome:-/linux tutorials —rwxrwxr—x wiehe wiehe 42 Aug 30 12: zhome:-/linux tutorial$
- 39. Command: ps To viewthe processes that you're running: zhome: /linux tutorials ps —u wiehe TIME CMD PID TTY 1194 ? 1196 pts/2 1255 pts/2 1270 pts/2 zhcme:-/ linux 00:00:00 sshd 00:00:00 bash 00:00:01 ACTG.pl 00:00:00 ps tutorials
- 40. Command: top To viewthe CPU usage of all processes: top - 13:4o:33 up 50 days, 4:26, 2 users, load avera Tasks: total, sleeping, stoppe Mem: Swap: total, total, ued, used, D S 0.? 0.0 324 29? S 0.0 0.0 RT 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 RT 0 . 0 0 . 0 fOOt 34 19 0 0 S 0 . 0 0 . 0 RT 0.0 0.0 19 0.0 0.0
- 41. Command: kill To terminatea process use “kill” zhome: /linux tutorial -u wiehe PID TTY TIME CMD 1196 pts/2 1255 pts/2 00:00:00 sshd 00:00:00 bash 00:00:01 ACTG.pl 1287 pts/2 00:00:00 ps zhome: /linux tutorial kill -9 1255 Killed ./ACTG.pl zhome:-/linuxtutorial$ wiehe PID TTY TIME CMD 1194 7 00:00:00 ssñd 1196 pts/2 00:00:00 bash 1289 pts/2 00:00:00 ps zhome:-/linuxtutorial$
- 42. InpuVoutput Redirection (“piping”) Programscan output to other programs Called “piping” “program a | program b” program a's output becomes program b's input “program a > file.txt” program a's output is written to a file called “file.txt” “program a < input.txt” program a gets its input from a file called “input.txt”
- 43. few examples ofpiping zhome: /linux tutorials ./aa sequence.pl less
- 44. few examples of zhome:-/linuxtutorials aa sequence.pl hello world.pl new directory ACTG.pl xt data.dat lines.txt zhome:-/linux tutorials ./aa sequence.pl > sequence.txt zhome:-/linux tutorials aa sequence.pl hello world.pl ACTG.pl new directory sequence.txt lines.tx t data.dat zhome:-/ linux tutorials less sequence.txt
- 45. Command: we •To countthe characters, words, and lines •in a file use “we” •The first column in the output is lines, the •second is words, and the last is characters
- 46. few examples of zhome:-/linuxtutorials ./aa sequence.pl wc 251 zhome: Zlinux tutorial
- 47. d: grep To searchfiles in a directory for a specific string use "grep" zhome:-/linux tutorials new_dire:tory sequence.txt data.dat lines.txt zhome:-/linux tutorials grep "hello world" *.pl hello world.pl:print "hello world.n"; zhome:-/linux tutorials
- 48. Command: diff To compareto files for differences use “diff” Try: diff /dev/null hello.txt /dev/null is a special address it is always empty, and anything moved there is deleted