The document explains the concept of variables in social research, categorizing them into nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio types, along with their applications. It also distinguishes between independent, dependent, intervening, control, and confounding variables, providing examples related to phenomena such as climate change and crime. Additionally, it suggests quantitative research problems for investigation, emphasizing the need for surveys or experiments to gather data.

1. KINDS OF VARIABLES
AND THEIR USES
LESSON 3

2. What is a Variable?
> It refers to a characteristics or attribute of an individual or
an organization that can be measured or observed and that
varies among people or organization being studied.
> The most common variables in social research are age,
sex, gender, education, income, marital status and
occupation.

3. The Nature of Variables and Data
1. NOMINAL VARIABLES represents categories that cannot be ordered in any
particular way.
These are variables whose data are non-numeric labels that do not reflect
quantitative information
Example: gender, political affiliation, social status
2. ORDINAL VARIABLES represents categories that can be ordered from
smallest to greatest. It refers to variables where there is a meaningful order
or categories but there is no measurable distance between categories
Example: grade level, sibling rank

4. The Nature of Variables and Data
3. INTERVAL VARIABLES –values that lie along an evenly
dispersed range of numbers. It is a variable whose data
values are ranged in a real interval and can be as large as
from negative infinity to positive infinity.
Example: Temperature, IQ Level
4. RATIO VARIABLES have values that lie along an evenly
dispersed range of numbers when there is an absolute zero.

5. Kind of Variables
1. Independent Variables- those that probably cause influence or
affect outcomes. They are invariably called treatment,
manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.
2. Dependent variables-those that depend on the independent
variables; they are the outcomes of the influence of the
independent variable.
3. Intervening or Mediating Variable – “stand between” the
independent and dependent variables and they show the effects
of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

6. Kind of Variables
4. Control Variables –special type of independent variables
that are measured in a study because they influence the
dependent variable. Researchers use statistical procedures
(analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]) to control these variables.
5. Confounding variables-those that are not actually
measured or observed in a study. They exist but their
influence cannot be directly detected in a study.

7. Example of Variables related to a
phenomenon
Phenomenon: Climate Change
Examples of variables related to climate change:
1. Sea level
2. temperature
3. The amount of carbon emission
4. the amount of rainfall

8. Example of Variables related to a
phenomenon
Phenomenon: Crime and violence on streets
Examples of variables related to Crime and violence on streets:
1. Number of robberies
2. number of attempted murders
3. Number of prisoners
4. number of victims
5. Number of law enforcers
6. Number of convictions
7. number of carnapping incidents

9. Example of Variables related to a
phenomenon
Phenomenon: Poor performance of students in college entrance exams
Examples of variables related to Poor performance of students in college entrance exams:
1. Entrance exam scores
2. Study time
3. Student-teacher ratio
4. Education attainment
5. Teaching style
6. Distance of school from home
7. Parents involvement in tutoring their students

10. seatwork
Directions: Write Survey or Experiment, indicating the kind of
quantitative research you will use, given the following problems you
as researcher you intent to investigate.
1. How many students use the university library between 7am and
8am.?
2. How many hours adolescents do Facebook in a day?
3. The most frequently used students service in your school.
4. the impact of blending learning on students enrolled in Research.

11. seatwork
Directions: Write Survey or Experiment, indicating the kind of quantitative research
you will use, given the following problems you as research you intent to investigate.
5. the number of students who read the broadsheets.
6. the food preference of teachers.
7. the effects of coaching on the academic performance of grade 12 students.
8. The impact of cooperative stores on selected barangay.
9. The results of a prescribed daily diet on the sugar count of diabetic patients.
10. The correlation of admission test results of high school graduates under the
Alternative learning system.