The document discusses the process by which military dictatorships in Pakistan seek to legitimize themselves after seizing power illegally. It outlines how dictators work with corrupt judges, lawyers, politicians, and foreign powers to legalize their rule. Judges who oppose the dictatorship are removed and replaced. Lawyers draft legal frameworks that give the appearance of legitimacy. Politicians who could challenge the dictator are barred from elections or coerced into supporting the regime. Elections are held under biased conditions. Foreign powers provide financial support, treating the dictator as an ally. The goal is for the dictator to transition back to a democratic facade while maintaining authoritarian control.
The Journal of The Debates In The Convention Which Framed The Constitution of...Chuck Thompson
Volume two of the journal of debates that created the US Constitution. The real history that few are even aware that exists. Understand the true intentions of the founding fathers. Rare history.
The Journal of The Debates In The Convention Which Framed The Constitution of...Chuck Thompson
Volume two of the journal of debates that created the US Constitution. The real history that few are even aware that exists. Understand the true intentions of the founding fathers. Rare history.
Second ARC(Fifth Report)- Public Order(Government of India)Consultant
Second Administrative Reforms Commission(Fifth Report)-Public Order.
Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances,Ministry of Personnel,PG and Pensions,Government of India.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Egyptian Coordination of Rights and Freedoms has found that the violations of human rights in Egypt and the phenomenon of forced disappearances in particular had expanded in range and exacerbated in a way that may alert the Egyptian society to a real catastrophe, while monitoring the human rights in Egypt, starting from mid-2014 until now.
We made sure that the phenomenon of forced disappearance is not just a blip but a systematic strategy followed by security agencies in order to exert stress over political opposition in some cases, or to conceal the torture which has been spreading like wildfire that amounted in some cases to a murder.
We have spotted 1023 Egyptian citizens being subjected to gradual forced disappearance during the first half of 2015. Whereas the number In January, 2015 was only 44 citizens then it amounted to 91 citizens in February, 160 in March, 228 in April, and we were shocked by the rise of the number of citizens subjected to forced disappearance in May which reached 393 cases and in June it reached 278 cases. These numbers are the overall we could monitor from January 1st, 2015 to June 30th, 2015 and not the total number of cases; Amid extremely difficult circumstances of monitoring and documentation and for those running the process, from security threats and prosecutions to all the workers in the field of human rights in Egypt, either individuals or civil society organizations.
The governorates of north and central Egypt have the largest share of forced disappearance cases in which Gharbiya Governorate has 293 followed by Beheira Governorate with 152, then Cairo with 108, Kafr El Shiekh 75, Giza 71, Alexandria 54, Sharquia 50, Portsaid 45, Dakahlya 41, Qaliubiya 32, Beni Suef 29, Damietta 26, Monofia 21, Fayoum 14, Suez 10, Sohag 10, Qena5, Minya and Assiut Governorates 8 cases each, Aswan and Ismailia 4 cases each, Luxor with 2 cases and Finally what we could count in North Sinai was 5 cases.
The “Broader” PathThe Role of Shari’ah in Protecting Women’s Rights. See complete paper here: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1526868
Stewardship is a term that describes the managerial role played by someone in managing another person’s property. A steward is not the owner but only the manager. When applied to politics, in the context of a democratic environment, political stewardship refers to elected leaders playing the role of political managers who are entrusted with the governance of a nation-state and its public resources that is the property of all citizens. The elected leaders are not owners of the nation-state and its public resources but just managers.
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN ...Lynn University
INTRODUCTION
Democracy is a legendary system of government in which every countries of the world, today it is desires to have democracy or claims to be one. Today if truly democracy and human rights are incompatible in certain situation, it means freedom and justice and equality for all branch of people are guaranteed. Democracy ensure human rights to be primarily virtuous, balance and adequate of moderation, furthermore , democracy ensure human right broadly, human right include: right to life, liberty, right of property , freedom of speech ,and security of individual, which have been definite in the constitution. But, in Nigerian torture has been considerable through human rights mismanagement. The government agencies, such as military and police brutalize the people by torturing them. However, torture and inhuman acts are commonly carried out by government agencies such as police and soldiers. During the military regime in Nigeria, time torture and inhuman acts gained more power for the misdeed of the citizens in Nigeria. Such conditions; torture thoroughly undermined due process and the rule of law, and other inhuman acts were a confirmed routine. Meanwhile inhuman act and torture were implemented by government agencies, such as soldiers; army forces and polices; they thought that torture and abuse of human rights were the best tools to get equitable and eloquent information from suspects. This book concerns with torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria; what is the Nigerian government response to human rights violation; also it would talks about Nigeria economics, poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
The Main Responsibility for Torture and Cruel Act in Nigeria.
The main groups responsible for torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria were the police’s and soldiers mostly using inhuman acts and torture as a way of disarranging suspects of crimes. Torture and inhuman acts were rampant within the soldier’s barracker and polices custody. The military and police were said to carry out inhuman and torture as the best way for investigated any crimes or as a way of beating in order to getting eloquent information. However, inhuman acts and torture had become such a fundamental guarding and scouting in the country which many polices headquarters in Nigeria use formal torture.
This class provides a brief overview to the structure of the United States government and principles of the US Constitution from the viewpoint of the Founding Fathers.
If it is legitimate, what are acceptable and unacceptable methods of.pdfarshicollection001
If it is legitimate, what are acceptable and unacceptable methods of rebellion?
Solution
Rabat – For a rebellion against a government to be useful and to benefit people, it should be
legitimate in the sense that it should at least be morally and politically right.
Morally, it should be against injustice, and politically it should be for the benefit of the people
and not to the benefit of an elite, political group, or military junta. In other words, it should be
for the long term benefit of the nation. History shows us that revolutions often lead to positive
post-revolutionary political systems, such as the case of France after the 1789 revolution.The
abolition of the Old Regime and the Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen are legacies
which constructed modern democratic France. These positive changes brought through popular
rebellion can be contrasted with disastrous results such as in the case of the Bolshevik revolution
which led to state totalitarianism disguised under the name of communism.
That said, citizens should have a legitimate right of rebellion against governments who
deliberately do not protect their personal security because such governments lose their political
and moral legitimacy in failing to protect the security of the nation. This will be supported by the
following ideas: First, the fundamental reason for the existence of governments is to protect the
security of the people. Second, one should assess whether that government voluntarily or
involuntarily does not protect the security of its citizens (a despotic and corrupt government
which fails to protect security of the people should not be assessed the same way as a
government supported by the people but which fails to protect the latter because of other factors
such as war or external threats). Finally, it is the right of the people to revolt against their
government because governments should not have a higher importance than the people. In fact,
the people are the raison d’etre of the government or state.
As mentioned above, the fundamental reason for the existence of the state is to protect the
security of the people. If not, what is the state’s purpose? To be at the service of a political or
financial elite? Such as what we witness in a number of nation-states? In western political theory
at least this fact is not desirable. In Hobbes’ canons, the sovereign’s existence is meant to take
human being’s out on an undesirable state of nature which is a ‘war of all against all’ (Hobbes)
and to introduce the latter in a civil society where security is guaranteed by the sovereign. That
is, a society where government guarantees security, stability ‘and happy life as far as it is
possible’ (Hobbes).
Some would argue that these values of justice and equality are desired by the people only in the
western liberal world. It will be argued here that the opposite is true. Justice and equality is a
universal aspiration. This can be proved by analyzing current world affai.
Second ARC(Fifth Report)- Public Order(Government of India)Consultant
Second Administrative Reforms Commission(Fifth Report)-Public Order.
Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances,Ministry of Personnel,PG and Pensions,Government of India.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Egyptian Coordination of Rights and Freedoms has found that the violations of human rights in Egypt and the phenomenon of forced disappearances in particular had expanded in range and exacerbated in a way that may alert the Egyptian society to a real catastrophe, while monitoring the human rights in Egypt, starting from mid-2014 until now.
We made sure that the phenomenon of forced disappearance is not just a blip but a systematic strategy followed by security agencies in order to exert stress over political opposition in some cases, or to conceal the torture which has been spreading like wildfire that amounted in some cases to a murder.
We have spotted 1023 Egyptian citizens being subjected to gradual forced disappearance during the first half of 2015. Whereas the number In January, 2015 was only 44 citizens then it amounted to 91 citizens in February, 160 in March, 228 in April, and we were shocked by the rise of the number of citizens subjected to forced disappearance in May which reached 393 cases and in June it reached 278 cases. These numbers are the overall we could monitor from January 1st, 2015 to June 30th, 2015 and not the total number of cases; Amid extremely difficult circumstances of monitoring and documentation and for those running the process, from security threats and prosecutions to all the workers in the field of human rights in Egypt, either individuals or civil society organizations.
The governorates of north and central Egypt have the largest share of forced disappearance cases in which Gharbiya Governorate has 293 followed by Beheira Governorate with 152, then Cairo with 108, Kafr El Shiekh 75, Giza 71, Alexandria 54, Sharquia 50, Portsaid 45, Dakahlya 41, Qaliubiya 32, Beni Suef 29, Damietta 26, Monofia 21, Fayoum 14, Suez 10, Sohag 10, Qena5, Minya and Assiut Governorates 8 cases each, Aswan and Ismailia 4 cases each, Luxor with 2 cases and Finally what we could count in North Sinai was 5 cases.
The “Broader” PathThe Role of Shari’ah in Protecting Women’s Rights. See complete paper here: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1526868
Stewardship is a term that describes the managerial role played by someone in managing another person’s property. A steward is not the owner but only the manager. When applied to politics, in the context of a democratic environment, political stewardship refers to elected leaders playing the role of political managers who are entrusted with the governance of a nation-state and its public resources that is the property of all citizens. The elected leaders are not owners of the nation-state and its public resources but just managers.
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN ...Lynn University
INTRODUCTION
Democracy is a legendary system of government in which every countries of the world, today it is desires to have democracy or claims to be one. Today if truly democracy and human rights are incompatible in certain situation, it means freedom and justice and equality for all branch of people are guaranteed. Democracy ensure human rights to be primarily virtuous, balance and adequate of moderation, furthermore , democracy ensure human right broadly, human right include: right to life, liberty, right of property , freedom of speech ,and security of individual, which have been definite in the constitution. But, in Nigerian torture has been considerable through human rights mismanagement. The government agencies, such as military and police brutalize the people by torturing them. However, torture and inhuman acts are commonly carried out by government agencies such as police and soldiers. During the military regime in Nigeria, time torture and inhuman acts gained more power for the misdeed of the citizens in Nigeria. Such conditions; torture thoroughly undermined due process and the rule of law, and other inhuman acts were a confirmed routine. Meanwhile inhuman act and torture were implemented by government agencies, such as soldiers; army forces and polices; they thought that torture and abuse of human rights were the best tools to get equitable and eloquent information from suspects. This book concerns with torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria; what is the Nigerian government response to human rights violation; also it would talks about Nigeria economics, poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
The Main Responsibility for Torture and Cruel Act in Nigeria.
The main groups responsible for torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria were the police’s and soldiers mostly using inhuman acts and torture as a way of disarranging suspects of crimes. Torture and inhuman acts were rampant within the soldier’s barracker and polices custody. The military and police were said to carry out inhuman and torture as the best way for investigated any crimes or as a way of beating in order to getting eloquent information. However, inhuman acts and torture had become such a fundamental guarding and scouting in the country which many polices headquarters in Nigeria use formal torture.
This class provides a brief overview to the structure of the United States government and principles of the US Constitution from the viewpoint of the Founding Fathers.
If it is legitimate, what are acceptable and unacceptable methods of.pdfarshicollection001
If it is legitimate, what are acceptable and unacceptable methods of rebellion?
Solution
Rabat – For a rebellion against a government to be useful and to benefit people, it should be
legitimate in the sense that it should at least be morally and politically right.
Morally, it should be against injustice, and politically it should be for the benefit of the people
and not to the benefit of an elite, political group, or military junta. In other words, it should be
for the long term benefit of the nation. History shows us that revolutions often lead to positive
post-revolutionary political systems, such as the case of France after the 1789 revolution.The
abolition of the Old Regime and the Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen are legacies
which constructed modern democratic France. These positive changes brought through popular
rebellion can be contrasted with disastrous results such as in the case of the Bolshevik revolution
which led to state totalitarianism disguised under the name of communism.
That said, citizens should have a legitimate right of rebellion against governments who
deliberately do not protect their personal security because such governments lose their political
and moral legitimacy in failing to protect the security of the nation. This will be supported by the
following ideas: First, the fundamental reason for the existence of governments is to protect the
security of the people. Second, one should assess whether that government voluntarily or
involuntarily does not protect the security of its citizens (a despotic and corrupt government
which fails to protect security of the people should not be assessed the same way as a
government supported by the people but which fails to protect the latter because of other factors
such as war or external threats). Finally, it is the right of the people to revolt against their
government because governments should not have a higher importance than the people. In fact,
the people are the raison d’etre of the government or state.
As mentioned above, the fundamental reason for the existence of the state is to protect the
security of the people. If not, what is the state’s purpose? To be at the service of a political or
financial elite? Such as what we witness in a number of nation-states? In western political theory
at least this fact is not desirable. In Hobbes’ canons, the sovereign’s existence is meant to take
human being’s out on an undesirable state of nature which is a ‘war of all against all’ (Hobbes)
and to introduce the latter in a civil society where security is guaranteed by the sovereign. That
is, a society where government guarantees security, stability ‘and happy life as far as it is
possible’ (Hobbes).
Some would argue that these values of justice and equality are desired by the people only in the
western liberal world. It will be argued here that the opposite is true. Justice and equality is a
universal aspiration. This can be proved by analyzing current world affai.
The hot zone essay. The Hot Zone Essay Examples and Topics at Eduzaurus .... The Hot Zone – Comprehension and Analysis Bundle by LitCharts | TpT. The Hot Zone Download. The Hot Zone_ Questions | Ebola Virus Disease | Virus. Hot Essay Hot Essay - The Hot Zone Essay The title of the books that I .... The Hot Zone Analysis. The Hot Zone Book Summary / The Hot Zone Summary And Analysis Like .... The hot zone essay. Allusions In The Hot Zone Essay. 2022-11-19. The hot zone essay | SAC Homberg. BOOK REVIEW -The Hot Zone - Running head: THE HOT ZONE: A TERRIFYING .... The Hot Zone Essay. The Hot Zone • Mister S. PPT - The Hot Zone PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:5164547. The Hot Zone: Part I. THE HOT ZONE Book Questions by Ivan Iniguez | Teachers Pay Teachers. The Hot Zone - Next Episode. The Hot Zone Summary – Paopao's life book summary. The Hot Zone Part 1, Chapter 1: Something in the Forest Summary .... STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS for “The Hot Zone”. ⭐ The hot zone timeline. The hot zone timeline Free Essays. 2022-11-03. The Hot Zone Essay by Help On Writing A Paper Singapore - Issuu. Comfort Zone Essay-2.pdf - Comfort Zone Essay By: Kate Stingone Theyre .... Microbiology using The Hot Zone: A Science and English Lesson | TPT. The Hot Zone - We Heart Science. Hot Zone Reading Questions - The hot Zone 5th 1121840. The Hot Zone Analysis | PPT. The Hot Zone by Richard Preston - Penguin Books Australia The Hot Zone Essay
Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of ManDan Ewert
The American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man. For use in discussion of the influence of Locke and Rousseau on the respective declarations, the differences in the declarations, and what they say about the character and priorities of their respective peoples and how subsequent history developed.
Federalist Papers No 26, Restraining Legislative Authority Regarding DefenseChuck Thompson
Federalist Papers No 26, Restraining Legislative Authority Regarding Defense. Liberty Education series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News, GVLN, website. Visit us for the uncommon.
The New Freedom (1913)Woodrow Wilson, from The New Freedom (19.docxcherry686017
The New Freedom (1913)
Woodrow Wilson, from The New Freedom (1913)
The doctrine that monopoly is inevitable and that the only course open to
the people of the United States is to submit to and regulate it found a
champion during the campaign of 1912 in the new party or branch of the
Republican Party, founded under the leadership of Mr. Roosevelt, with the
conspicuous aid,--I mention him with no satirical intention, but merely to set
the facts down accurately,--of Mr. George W. Perkins, organizer of the Steel
Trust and the Harvester Trust, and with the support of patriotic,
conscientious and high-minded men and women of the land. The fact that its
acceptance of monopoly was a feature of the new party platform from which the
attention of the generous and just was diverted by the charm of a social
program of great attractiveness to all concerned for the amelioration of the
lot of those who suffer wrong and privation, and the further fact that, even
so, the platform was repudiated by the majority of the nation, render it no
less necessary to reflect on the party in the country's history. It may be
useful, in order to relieve of the minds of many from an error of no small
magnitude, to consider now, the heat of a presidential contest being past,
exactly what it was that Mr. Roosevelt proposed.
Mr. Roosevelt attached to his platform some very splendid suggestions as to
noble enterprises which we ought to undertake for the uplift of the human
race; . . . If you have read the trust plank in that platform as often as I
have read it, you have found it very long, but very tolerant. It did not
anywhere condemn monopoly, except in words; its essential meaning was that the
trusts have been bad and must be made to be good. You know that Mr. Roosevelt
long ago classified trusts for us as good and bad, and he said that he was
afraid only of the bad ones. Now he does not desire that there should be any
more of the bad ones, but proposes that they should all be made good by
discipline, directly applied by a commission of executive appointment. All he
explicitly complains of is lack of publicity and lack of fairness; not the
exercise of power, for throughout that plank the power of the great
corporations is accepted as the inevitable consequence of the modern
organization of industry. All that it is proposed to do is to take them under
control and deregulation.
The fundamental part of such a program is that the trusts shall be
recognized as a permanent part of our economic order, and that the government
shall try to make trusts the ministers, the instruments, through which the
life of this country shall be justly and happily developed on its industrial
side. . . .
Shall we try to get the grip of monopoly away from our lives, or shall we
not? Shall we withhold our hand and say monopoly is inevitable, that all we
can do is to regulate it? Shall we say t ...
Federalist Papers No 49; Guarding Against Encroachments, Constitutional Conve...Chuck Thompson
FEDERALIST No. 49. Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us.
The presentation gives a panoramic view of the evolution of the concept and practice of sovereignty. It shows how the subject of sovereignty evolved from physical body to body as territory. It examines the works of Weber, Derrida, Foucault, Carl Schmitt and Giorgio Agamben.
Federalist Papers No 15 Insufficiency to Preserve the UnionChuck Thompson
FEDERALIST No. 15. The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union. Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News. Visit us for more incredible content. Free Mp3 music downloads, free printable coupons, free national job searches, classic TV and Movies and so much more.
A presentation based on Rousseau's Social Contract translated by George Douglas Howard Cole in 1923. Done for my political science class at Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya (Untag Surabaya).
The politicization of Islam is not a new phenomenon. From the outset, politics and religion have been intertwined both conceptually and practically in Islam. Because the prophet Mohammad (PBUH) established a government in Madina, precedents of governance and taxation exist. Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an environment where Muslims can properly practice their religion. If a leader fails in this, the people have a right to depose him. The Islamic tradition or faith is defined by developing an appreciation of the richness of Islamic literature and arts, the increasing importance of Islamic banking and redistribution of resources through the zakat, the role of Islamic law in the Shar’iah, and the complexity of the range of Islamic religious traditions.
In ancient Greece, at the earliest stage, physics, mathematics, and astronomy were included as parts of “philosophy”, which means “the love of wisdom”.
3. Analogy
A gangster enters a peaceful community and terrorizes
the people with his sophisticated weaponry and show of
power
He ransacks homes, rapes girls and plunders shops etc.
Due to the “peaceful” and docile nature of the people,
he almost meets no resistance
He meets the elders of the community, gets rid of the
hard nuts and co-opts the corrupt or weak
The residual members of the community elders hold a
grand meeting to deliberate on the problem and pass
the following resolution:
4. Resolution
Resolved that in view of the power enjoyed by the armed
intruder, the vulnerability of the unarmed community,
the risks involved in possible resistance, and a general
absence of will in people to offer personal sacrifice for
the good of the community, the elders hereby declare, in
the larger interests of the community, the intruder to
be the de facto Chief of the community
Resolved that all actions of the Chief to date are ratified
as being circumstantially justified and lawful
Resolved that all bodies, institutions and counsels of the
community, shall be subservient to the Chief
5. Resolution
Resolved that in order to maintain order in the society,
the Chief shall enjoy the rightful authority to discard or
modify any existing beliefs, values and norms of the
community and to shape a new culture in the best
interests of the community
Resolved that the will of the Chief shall be the Supreme
Law of the community
Resolved that all actions of the Chief, past or future,
shall be deemed as representing the will of the people
Resolved that submission to the will of the Chief shall
be binding on all groups, bodies, and individuals
6. Questions on Legitimization
Can such deliberations ever be deemed rightful or
lawful?
Can an absolute and universally accepted wrong
become right through a simple resolution?
Can mutilation of a social order by a tyrant be
legalized by a bunch of corrupt individuals and become
The Law?
Can social values be so conveniently altered by the
free will of an individual?
Can rape be legitimized by force? Can might be proved
right?
What is the life span of such legitimization? Perpetual?
7. Questions on Delegitimization
Should the above legitimization be automatically
reversed upon termination of the tenure of the intruder?
Should a reversal of the “legal” status of the gangster
after his death, exit or termination of office be considered
ethical after initial “legalization”?
Or should the resolution of the residual and corrupt
community elders be honoured through history
Should a reversal imply a simple restoration of the
normal order, as simple as the intrusion? Or should it
be complex, requiring a fresh, complete law making,
community formulating or culture formation process?
Do the victims enjoy the right to redressal or are their
rights rendered irrelevant by a simple resolution
8. Dictatorship and the Crisis of
Legitimacy
Pakistan has been repeatedly facing a legitimacy crisis
for the past 50 years, as a product of dictatorship
The crises share a common pattern of events and
characteristics
Each instance ends in:
• A military coup sanctioned legitimate and rightful by the
superior courts through the doctrine of necessity
• Abrogation of constitution certified as circumstantially legal
• A dictatorial law and constitution affirmed as the rightful law of
the land
9. Why Dictators Require Legitimacy
Legitimacy reduces resistance and the cost of
dictatorship. Without a legitimate status, a dictator could
end up paying a cost that he may not afford
It helps dictators, at least in perception, assuming a
status in history, as hero or saviour rather than a villain
A legal status is deemed necessary to avert possible
repercussions of Article 6 of the Constitution, which
states that "Any person who abrogates or attempts or
conspires to abrogate, subverts or attempts or conspires
to subvert the Constitution by use of force or show of
force or by other unconstitutional means shall be guilty of
high treason".
10. Why Dictators Require Legitimacy
And of course, the penalty for high treason could be life
imprisonment, or even death
Dictators relish power and wealth. Ironically, in the third
world context, both mainly come not from within but from
outside in the form of financial and military aid from the
civilized world. For the western capitals, legitimacy is
an essential democratic value, without which flow of
funds and military assistance cannot be conceived for a
military dictator. Thus legitimacy is often more of a
foreign demand than a local consideration.
11. Why Dictators Require Legitimacy
It is interesting to note that the kind and value of funds
and military assistance sanctioned by the west to
military dictators by far exceeds the assistance provided
to democratic governments in Pakistan
The rationale for this love affair between the west and
military dictators can be well understood by examining
the services rendered by the Pakistan military for the
US, in the past 5 decades in general and last 3 decades
in particular
Simply put, it’s a win-win proposition
14. The Relationship Between Military
Dictators and the Constitution
It is legally impossible to have military rule and a
democratic constitution co-exist – one must go
According to the constitution of Pakistan, the military has
no business in the political affairs of the country. It is
subservient to the political leadership and cannot
assume authority over democratic institutions
It belongs to the borders and not to the center of
statesmanship
Thus constitutionally, military rule cannot be legal
15. The Relationship Between Military
Dictators and the Constitution
To overcome the constitutional crisis, dictators must
promulgate their own constitution
This is done for the following reasons:
• To undo the mutually exclusive relationship between the
constitution and military rule through tailor made provisions
• To gag media, people, and other organs of the state to curb all
forms of possible resistance against the illegal regime
• To give a false sense of order to a chaotic situation
• To substitute the “corrupt” political system preceding the coup
with a new and cleaner system. This assertion forms the heart
of the legitimization process
16. Structure vs. the Spirit of The
Constitution
Letter and spirit are universal legal concepts
Dictators are generally apt at legalizing their scheme by
developing alternative constitutional and legal structures
Every letter of their constitutional arrangement however,
inherently lacks the spirit of any democratic constitution
or legal framework
This very fact is sufficient to render all dictatorial
schemes and measures as absolutely unconstitutional
and illegal
17. Thrusting Constitution upon People
The preamble of the constitution of Pakistan outlines a
very interesting characteristic of the constitution itself –
the constitution is not thrust upon people. Rather it is
adopted by the free will of the people themselves. This
is the true spirit of democracy which cannot be
preserved by any military or dictatorial rule
The extract of the preamble is presented in the next slide
to highlight this very important constitutional concept
18. Extract from the Preamble of the
Constitution of Pakistan
…it is the will of the people of Pakistan to establish an
order
…shall be guaranteed fundamental rights
…independence of the judiciary shall be fully secured
Now, therefore, we, the people of Pakistan... Faithful to
the declaration made by the Founder of Pakistan…, that
Pakistan would be a democratic State
Dedicated to the preservation of democracy achieved
by the unremitting struggle of the people against
oppression and tyranny;
19. Extract from the Preamble of the
Constitution of Pakistan
Do hereby, through our representatives in the
National Assembly, adopt, enact and give to ourselves,
this Constitution
21. Individual vs. Institutional Act: A Naive
Misconception
The Pakistan Army is widely held as a sacred institution,
as holy as the sacred cow
As part of the image building exercise, in a post-
dictatorship period, a general is often singled out and
blamed entirely for derailing democracy
Military as an institution, is always carefully guarded
against any criticism of corruption
It is however inconceivable that an institution comprising
hundreds and thousands of armed men can be
hijacked by one man, that too, repeatedly
22. Individual vs. Institutional Act: A Naive
Misconception
The Army, as an institution, must review the processes
and norms that make it so convenient for a servant of
the state to suddenly emerge as the State
After all, all forms of corruption and immorality are
dwarfed by repeated attacks on democratic institutions,
state organs and civil rights
It is undoubtedly the most heinous crime against
society in the modern world
The military must acknowledge responsibility for
providing all out support to despots, in absolute
violation of its constitutional and moral obligations
23. Individual vs. Institutional Act: A Naive
Misconception
Considering the historic military interventions and
colossal damage caused to democracy, state organs,
social institutions and national assets, the purpose of
the Army as an institution, and its posting on the borders
becomes rather vague
And considering the notorious proportion of budgetary
allocations consumed by the institution, the people of
Pakistan would be justified to ask… for how long???
25. Pillars of Dictatorship
The structure of military dictatorship is founded on a few
key pillars without which the authoritarian rule loses
viability or sustainability
It is important to note a key difference in the character
of military rule in Pakistan and elsewhere
Here dictatorship, owing mainly to the socio-cultural
factors, and to some extent, the geo-strategic stakes, is
often not as despotic, ruthless, blatant and naked
This softness is a circumstantial necessity not luxury for
a relatively long lasting authoritarian rule
26. Pillars of Dictatorship
Thus the success of a dictator, at least in part, depends
on his ability to portray himself as honest, generous,
just, sincere and a true patriot
The tact to project oneself as a selfless leader, and risk
taker in the best of national interests is a vital
competency in the repertoire of a dictator
The above disguise helps create ambiguity and
confusion in the minds of the masses about the
motives of the coup, winning “support” of at least some
segments of the society, and thus setting the stage for
the legitimization process
28. The Hidden Cost
Considering the political, social, economic, cultural and
institutional costs, overthrowing a democratic
government howsoever corrupt or unpopular is a mega
crime
And if that becomes a norm instead of an exception, as
in the case of Pakistan, the damage is incalculable
It has the potential to alter the underlying values,
beliefs and assumptions of a society, leading the people
to acquire negative attitudes and behaviours with
poisonous consequences
29. The Hidden Cost
Successive failures lead to learnt helplessness
And repeated wins by the corrupt, renews their
confidence and energy, paving way for their next grand
design or malicious adventure
It builds the capacity to do evil and dispirits the good
In the long run, it lowers the level of resistance and
makes the next move by a prospective dictator more
viable and cost effective
31. Partners in Crime
As described earlier, dictatorship is supported by a few
pillars, some of which play a more active role in
legitimizing authoritarian rule
These include:
• Corrupt or weak judges and lawyers
• Corrupt politicians or poor leaders
• Foreign powers
32. Partners in Crime: Judges
The military has all the might but no right to rule 160
million people
This right is primarily awarded by the judiciary
How it works?
• Get rid of the incorruptible judges, forcefully and illegally, who
are likely to take a rightful stand against a mighty power, the
military
• Threaten, blackmail or bribe those who may not support
authoritarian rule if given a free choice
• Make a deal with those who are in for a deal
• Shuffle the judicial hierarchy to have the right person for the
right job
33. Partners in Crime: Lawyers
If the quality of human resources is determined by the
price tag one carries, then the top lawyers in Pakistan
have played a fundamental role in legitimizing dictators
They are equal partners in crime against society. Their
genius drafts the “legal” orders, constitutional
frameworks and emergency declarations that mutilate
every facet of the social order and make it lawful for the
dictators to treat the citizenry as hordes of sheep and
cattle
34. Partners in Crime: Lawyers
Like vultures, they prey on dead and hopeless
constitutional and legal loopholes
They walk triumphant when millions mourn in absolute
disbelief, upon their “legal” victories in the already
corrupted and maimed courts
But their accomplishment is more of a reflection of the
tattered legal and social system where the letter
shamelessly triumphs over the spirit
35. Partners in Crime: Politicians
Democracy is not a luxury but integral to the survival of
Pakistan as a nation
Thus it is not surprising that each and every dictator of
Pakistan has played as the champion of democracy
Sooner or later, the country has to move back to the
democratic track
But considering the gravity of the act of subversion, the
transition is not that simple for a dictator
A lapse here or there could possibly lead to life
imprisonment or death sentence
36. Partners in Crime: Politicians
The dictator has to perform institutional cleansing in
the political system similar to the one done with the
superior courts
How it works?
• Eliminate popular leaders from the political process, either
forcing them to exile or disqualifying from the electoral process
• Bar major political parties or opponents from contesting
elections and cause divisions in parties who refuse to support
in the legitimization process, through coercion or corruption
• Build new parties or strengthen existing parties with weak or
corrupt leadership, and use state machinery to ensure its
electoral success
• Formulate an election commission and an electoral context that
significantly favours the “official” political party
37. Partners in Crime: Politicians
• Hold elections under corrupt judiciary and a partial election
commission, and select a parliament of choice
• Coerce or corrupt the parliamentarians to ratify all dictatorial
actions taken to date, thus obtaining immunity against
invocation of Article 6 of the Constitution
• Through constitutional amendments and political corruption,
continue as an authoritarian but with a democratic façade
• Take full credit for putting the nation back to the course of
democracy and become a champion of democracy, worldwide,
thanks to the sincere support of the foreign sponsors and
patrons.
• This concludes the legitimization process
While many politicians play a negative role in the
process, politicians in general operate in an extremely
unfavourable context, with enormous powers vested in
military and civil establishment
38. Partners in Crime: Politicians
They face numerous threats including exile, political
victimization and fake charges, getting barred from the
electoral process, financial insecurity, and at times, even
life threats
39. Partners in Crime: Foreign Powers
The modern world is weaved into a complex web of
relationships and interdependencies – political,
economic, security, cultural etc.
No state can survive or thrive as an isolated island
All dictatorships are inherently weak as they are based
on baseless foundations
Every form of resistance is a threat to their survival and
each acceptance is a source of relief
Western powers, the unequivocal champions of
democratic values and human rights across the world,
offer much more than a straw to a military dictator
40. Partners in Crime: Foreign Powers
In each instance of military coup in Pakistan, the
civilized world emerged as a strategic partner to the
military dictator
In the last episode, the dictator was widely certified as
enlightened, moderate, liberal and even “democratic”
He was openly viewed as the only viable political option
and solitary hope for the west, in a society of 160
million people
The contribution of foreign powers helps establish,
sustain and prolong dictatorial rules
41. Partners in Crime: Foreign Powers
The contribution includes:
• Flow of funds that help stabilize the economy in the wake of
political and economic uncertainty caused by military takeover
• The luxurious grants enable dictators to buy support (both
“legal” and illegal) and invest in programs that build an
atmosphere of construction, nation building, and socio-
economic progress that marginalizes development under the
deposed, democratic regime
This relative comparison plays an important role in the formation
of public perception about the new regime, its motives and its
capacity to do good, and enhances the prospects of
acceptability of the dictator in the eyes of the masses
42. Partners in Crime: Foreign Powers
• Excessive military aid as is commonly witnessed through eras of
military rule further strengthens the position of the military ruler
in his own constituency – the military establishment
This cannot be a coincidence that all military rulers had
engaged Pakistan in a bloody war. In such context excessive
military aid derives a very different meaning in public perception
and is often viewed positively, constructing a sense of security
• Building the image of the military dictator as an individual with
great leadership skills and character and making him as an
international figure through excessive media coverage and
focus. He is often certified as a great ally, leader, statesman,
nation-builder etc.
43. Partners in Crime: Foreign Powers
• Giving positive ratings to Pakistan and its socio-economic
state, which is often proved otherwise after the end of the
dictatorial rule
• Ignoring or playing down human rights and other violations by
the military dictators whereas highlighting each “success story”
of the dictatorial regime
• Exerting pressure on key stakeholders to facilitate or to stay
neutral in legalizing dictatorial actions
The above support is in exchange of the services
rendered by dictators aimed at serving the strategic
national interests of the sponsors, the cost of which is
often too dear to our own national cause
45. Solo vs. Collaborative Struggle
Different individuals or segments of society have made
attempts to confront military dictators in the past
The verdict of history is clear: Putting an end to military
adventurism requires a collaborative effort. Adopting a
wait and see attitude while someone else is under
attack would never yield desired results
The stakes of all key institutions are interwound. Attack
on one is an attack on the system. The moment to act
is then and there
And if we are not willing to sacrifice, the cost of
indifference would soon become unbearable
47. The Legacy of General Pervez
Musharraf
The entry and exit of Pervez Musharraf neatly fits the
model of dictatorship explained earlier
Like his predecessors (dictators), he played with key
public and social institutions like toys
From day one, he was The Law
To make this “slight” legal adjustment, he performed
judicial cleansing - forcefully eliminating the top and
relatively independent supreme court judges - twice in
his tenure, breaking all previous records in Pakistan
48. The Legacy of General Pervez
Musharraf
He eliminated the top leadership of major political
parties, the PPP and the Muslim League from political
participation, and raised a new breed of top leadership,
who were programmed to obey, commend, validate and
ratify each and every policy and action of the General
He literally made the parliament subservient to the
president, which is conceptually impossible to
contemplate in a parliamentary form of government
He went all out to make the general elections favourable
to the “King’s Party” (PML-Q), and acted as the Head
Patron of the party during its election campaign, in gross
violation of his “constitutional” mandate
49. The Legacy of General Pervez
Musharraf
But every rise hath a fall – he lost the elections, due
primarily to the public awareness raised by the lawyers
movement and relatively free and powerful electronic
media
You can fool some people sometimes, but you cannot
fool all the people all the time
51. The Aftershocks of General
Pervez Musharraf
A one-man rule in a modern society is inconceivable
No human being can conceivably run a society on the
debris of social institutions
Society today, is too complex a business to be fully
understood, leave alone manage it single-handedly
The institutional damage done by a one-man rule in a
contemporary society is unbearable
No reason, logic or fruit of authoritarian rule or
leadership can justify the cost
52. The Aftershocks of General
Pervez Musharraf
Thanks to General Pervez Musharraf and his ingenious
team, every social institution in Pakistan is in tatters
today – politics, economy, education etc.
He has succeeded in branding Pakistan as an
extremist society, harbouring international terrorists
He has literally blazed two provinces – Baluchistan and
NWFP
Despite enjoying absolute power, he did not move an
inch on building water reservoirs or enhancing power
resources, which has now thwarted industrial production
53. The Aftershocks of General
Pervez Musharraf
He has engineered a judiciary through systematic
cleansing which does not enjoy any trust, confidence or
legitimacy in the eyes of the people
How can a society, with so much injustices can thrive or
even survive, now, with such a judicial or legal crisis?
54. A Neat Exit
General Pervez Musharraf, thanks to his international
patrons, has managed a very neat exit from the political
scene of Pakistan
Despite initial resolutions of the political leadership, he,
through his powerful guardians has successfully
coerced the government in power not only to backtrack
from its resolve and refrain from taking him to task, but
also to continue the destructive course of Pervez
Musharraf through continuation of his policies
The status quo, as it seems, is now guaranteed
55. Final Reflection
For how long would this endless game of corruption
and legitimization of corruption continue?
When would we have the courage to say enough is
enough!!!
When would the will of the people become sovereign?
For how long would our institutions spend countless
energies and resources on preserving despots, and their
illegitimate actions, instead of exerting efforts on making
an example out of them
56. Final Reflection
Why is doing an evil so effortless and undoing it so
painful or even impossible?
Is law more important than ethics and rightfulness?
Is power more just than the right?
Is the spirit so irrelevant than the letter?
Are we absolutely condemned to be oppressed?
We as a people have demonstrated limitless tolerance
for corruption and oppression
It’s time to get a bit intolerant!!!