DRAFTING COURT LEGAL DOCUMENTS FOR ARAB LAWYERS AND LAW SCHOOL STUDENTSezzeldin bassyouni
This document discusses avoiding compound constructions in legal writing. It provides examples of common compound prepositions and conjunctions that can be replaced with simpler one- or two-word alternatives, such as "by" instead of "by means of" and "if" instead of "in the event that". Readers are advised to replace noun sandwiches like preposition-noun-preposition with clearer single words and identify other wordy phrases legal documents. Sample sentences are rewritten to demonstrate stripping out unnecessary compound terms.
This document provides a summary of the first 11 articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Article 1 establishes that all humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Article 2 entitles everyone to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction of any kind.
Article 3 establishes that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
The subsequent articles prohibit slavery, torture, arbitrary arrest, and establish rights to an effective remedy, a fair trial, and the presumption of innocence.
The document analyzes the key principles and regulations established in each of the first 11 articles of the UDHR.
This article outlines several rights related to work including:
1) The right of all individuals to work and choose their employment
2) The right to just and favorable work conditions and protection from unemployment
3) The right to equal pay for equal work without discrimination
It also mentions rights to rest, reasonable working hours, and periodic paid holidays.
This document provides guidance on writing in plain English for legal contexts. It emphasizes using everyday words and short sentences with the active voice. Glue words like articles and conjunctions are necessary but should not comprise too high a proportion of the total words. The document offers examples of rewriting wordy sentences to be tighter and clearer by omitting unnecessary phrases and reducing the number of glue words. The revised sentences convey the same meaning using fewer words.
The document discusses the rights of the accused under the US Constitution. It summarizes the key rights guaranteed by the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, and 14th Amendments, including the rights to due process, a speedy trial, confrontation of witnesses, protection from unlawful search and seizure, protection from self-incrimination, and equal protection under the law. These rights place restrictions on government power and guarantee a fair legal process for criminal defendants.
The document provides tips on how to draft a strong contract, including keeping it simple, spelling out all details, including conflict resolution procedures, using shall to indicate a legal requirement, avoiding unnecessary legalese, developing an outline to prevent omissions, being concise, simplifying language, using active voice and base verbs rather than nouns, ensuring all parties can participate, and including consideration, terms, confidentiality clauses, termination clauses, and ensuring it follows applicable laws. Key elements of a valid contract are also listed.
This document provides an overview of intentional tort law. It defines intentional torts as civil wrongs resulting from intentional acts. The 8 main intentional torts are listed as battery, assault, false imprisonment, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress, defamation, invasion of privacy, trespass, and conversion. Elements of intentional torts are also discussed, with battery provided as an example requiring intent, an act, causation, and harmful/offensive contact. Defenses to intentional torts are mentioned, such as consent, self-defense, privilege, and proving the elements of the tort are not met.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in criminology and penology. It defines penology as the study of crime punishment and prison management. Criminology is defined as the scientific study of crime and efforts by society to control crime. The document outlines the differences between criminology and penology, and describes the four types of penology. It also discusses the sciences involved in criminology and criminalistics.
DRAFTING COURT LEGAL DOCUMENTS FOR ARAB LAWYERS AND LAW SCHOOL STUDENTSezzeldin bassyouni
This document discusses avoiding compound constructions in legal writing. It provides examples of common compound prepositions and conjunctions that can be replaced with simpler one- or two-word alternatives, such as "by" instead of "by means of" and "if" instead of "in the event that". Readers are advised to replace noun sandwiches like preposition-noun-preposition with clearer single words and identify other wordy phrases legal documents. Sample sentences are rewritten to demonstrate stripping out unnecessary compound terms.
This document provides a summary of the first 11 articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Article 1 establishes that all humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Article 2 entitles everyone to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction of any kind.
Article 3 establishes that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
The subsequent articles prohibit slavery, torture, arbitrary arrest, and establish rights to an effective remedy, a fair trial, and the presumption of innocence.
The document analyzes the key principles and regulations established in each of the first 11 articles of the UDHR.
This article outlines several rights related to work including:
1) The right of all individuals to work and choose their employment
2) The right to just and favorable work conditions and protection from unemployment
3) The right to equal pay for equal work without discrimination
It also mentions rights to rest, reasonable working hours, and periodic paid holidays.
This document provides guidance on writing in plain English for legal contexts. It emphasizes using everyday words and short sentences with the active voice. Glue words like articles and conjunctions are necessary but should not comprise too high a proportion of the total words. The document offers examples of rewriting wordy sentences to be tighter and clearer by omitting unnecessary phrases and reducing the number of glue words. The revised sentences convey the same meaning using fewer words.
The document discusses the rights of the accused under the US Constitution. It summarizes the key rights guaranteed by the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, and 14th Amendments, including the rights to due process, a speedy trial, confrontation of witnesses, protection from unlawful search and seizure, protection from self-incrimination, and equal protection under the law. These rights place restrictions on government power and guarantee a fair legal process for criminal defendants.
The document provides tips on how to draft a strong contract, including keeping it simple, spelling out all details, including conflict resolution procedures, using shall to indicate a legal requirement, avoiding unnecessary legalese, developing an outline to prevent omissions, being concise, simplifying language, using active voice and base verbs rather than nouns, ensuring all parties can participate, and including consideration, terms, confidentiality clauses, termination clauses, and ensuring it follows applicable laws. Key elements of a valid contract are also listed.
This document provides an overview of intentional tort law. It defines intentional torts as civil wrongs resulting from intentional acts. The 8 main intentional torts are listed as battery, assault, false imprisonment, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress, defamation, invasion of privacy, trespass, and conversion. Elements of intentional torts are also discussed, with battery provided as an example requiring intent, an act, causation, and harmful/offensive contact. Defenses to intentional torts are mentioned, such as consent, self-defense, privilege, and proving the elements of the tort are not met.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in criminology and penology. It defines penology as the study of crime punishment and prison management. Criminology is defined as the scientific study of crime and efforts by society to control crime. The document outlines the differences between criminology and penology, and describes the four types of penology. It also discusses the sciences involved in criminology and criminalistics.
This document provides information about witness statements, including:
- The four main types of witnesses are eyewitnesses, lay witnesses, expert witnesses, and character witnesses.
- Anyone over 18 with relevant knowledge and mental capacity can provide a witness statement.
- A witness statement is a type of written evidence that can help establish facts in an investigation.
- While a witness statement alone is not enough to convict, it can commit a witness to their version of events and help experts form opinions.
This document discusses the legal concept of mens rea, which refers to the mental state or intent required to commit a crime. It provides definitions of mens rea and notes that most legal systems require criminal intent for most crimes. The document also discusses different types of mens rea, exceptions for strict liability crimes, and related concepts like actus reus, transferred intent, and corporate liability.
This document discusses the concept of actus reus, which is the physical or external element of a crime. It explains that for a crime to occur there must be both an actus reus (physical act) and mens rea (guilty mind). The act must be voluntary - it cannot be something involuntary like sleepwalking. Examples of actus reus include taking property for theft or unlawfully killing for murder. Mere thoughts or status are not enough to constitute an actus reus. Omissions can also qualify as an actus reus if there is a legal duty to act. Possession requires knowing control over an item. The act must also be the factual and proximate cause of the prohibited result for
Us court system 2 المرافعة امام المحاكم الامريكية الجزء الثانى ezzeldin bassyouni
The document discusses the US court system and civil procedure process. It describes the different types of courts and jurisdictions. The civil procedure process includes pleadings where the plaintiff files a complaint and the defendant files an answer. It then discusses the discovery process where evidence is gathered through depositions, interrogatories, requests for documents and admissions. Motions are filed requesting court orders. If not settled, the case proceeds to a trial where both sides present evidence before a jury which deliberates and issues a verdict that the judge forms into a judgment. The losing party can appeal the judgment.
This document discusses the concept of mens rea, which refers to the mental state or intent required for a crime. It notes that mens rea is the mental part of a crime, while the physical part is known as actus reus. There are different levels of mens rea, including general intent, specific intent, knowledge, recklessness, and criminal negligence. Strict liability crimes are also discussed, which do not require proof of mens rea. Various examples are provided to illustrate concepts like transferred intent, vicarious liability, and different levels of mens rea for the crimes of murder, manslaughter, and negligent homicide.
The discovery phase of a trial allows both parties to access all relevant information and evidence from the opposing party. During discovery, parties can obtain documents, reports, testimony, and other evidence through interrogatories, requests for production of documents, depositions, and other methods. If a party fails to comply with discovery requests, they may face sanctions from the court like dismissal of their case or default judgment against them. The overall goal of discovery is to avoid surprises at trial and better prepare each side.
This document contains information about different types of evidence that can be presented in US courts. It discusses direct evidence versus circumstantial evidence, as well as different categories of evidence like real evidence, documentary evidence, testimonial evidence, and digital evidence. It provides examples of different types of physical evidence, circumstantial evidence, and discusses how evidence must meet standards like being admissible, authentic, and reliable to be presented in court.
This document discusses interrogatories, which are written questions sent by one party to another in a civil case that must be answered under oath. Interrogatories are part of the discovery process and are used to gather preliminary information before trial. The recipient has 30 days to provide full and complete answers to each interrogatory or object to specific questions. Failure to respond can result in a motion to compel being filed. While interrogatories provide a low-cost way to obtain information, depositions allow for more spontaneous questioning and follow-up.
Pleadings and motions العريضة والطلبات امام المحاكم الامريكية ezzeldin bassyouni
Pleadings and motions are formal written statements filed with the court that inform all parties of the claims and requests being made. There are seven types of pleadings allowed under federal rules, including complaints, answers to complaints, and replies to answers. Pleadings can be categorized as either notice pleadings, which provide allegations to give notice of the lawsuit, or fact pleadings, which provide specific facts. Motions are formal requests made to the judge, such as motions to dismiss a case or motions for temporary restraining orders.
A deed is a written legal document that transfers ownership of real property. The most common types of deeds are general warranty deeds, limited warranty deeds, and quitclaim deeds. A general warranty deed provides the strongest assurance of clear title, as the seller warrants that there are no defects or liens on the property and agrees to compensate the buyer if any claims arise. General warranty deeds are most commonly used due to the protections they provide buyers.
This document discusses strategies for using photos in the classroom. It suggests letting students figure things out on their own and construct their own understanding from photos rather than being directly taught. The document also provides contact information for Ezzeldin Bassyouni, including an email address and phone number.
This document discusses different types of contract breaches. It defines a breach as the unjustified failure to perform terms of a contract. There are three main categories of breach: 1) Breach by non-performance, where a party fails to complete their obligations. 2) Breach by non-conforming performance, where a party performs but does so in a substandard way. 3) Breach by anticipatory repudiation, where a party asserts they will not perform their promised obligations. The document provides examples of each type of breach and discusses remedies available to the non-breaching party.
A functional organizational structure groups individuals by their specific functions. All managers of different functional areas report to a director or vice president responsible for operational areas. While this structure separates functions by expertise, it can lead to silos focusing only on their area. A customer organizational structure organizes by customer type to ensure their expectations are met. In healthcare, outpatients and inpatients have different needs. A geographic organizational structure organizes by region to better support logistical demands and regional customer differences, with each region typically reporting to a central overseer. This is common for companies with customers across large areas.
The US court system is called the adversarial system. The main duties of US courts are to resolve disputes, interpret the law, conduct judicial review, and in some cases make new law. The court system is hierarchical, with the Supreme Court at the top as the highest court of appeal. Lower courts include intermediate appellate courts and trial courts like district courts and municipal courts. Courts derive their authority from the US and state constitutions. They can also interpret laws passed by Congress, city councils, and administrative agencies. Through judicial review, courts ensure lower courts, legislatures, and executive bodies comply with the constitution.
The US court system is called the adversarial system. The main duties of US courts are to resolve disputes, interpret the law, conduct judicial review, and make law. There are three levels of courts: the Supreme Court as the highest court of last resort, intermediate appellate courts, and trial courts that include district, municipal, and peace courts. Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases that involve federal law or the US Constitution, while state courts handle issues arising under state law.
The document discusses content-based instruction (CBI) and proposes a workshop on the topic. CBI involves teaching content in the target language while students are still learning that language. The workshop would cover objectives of CBI, factors for success including the roles of teachers, resources, active learning, and anxiety reduction. It provides details on characteristics of the teaching/learning process and strategies like graphic organizers, language experience approach, process writing, and dialogue journals.
The document discusses different types of organizational structures that companies can adopt. It states that senior leadership should determine the best structure by considering functional groupings of work and natural team formations. Some common structures mentioned are hierarchical, matrix, functional, product-based, customer-based, and geographic structures. The hierarchical structure relies on vertical reporting relationships, while the matrix structure allows for horizontal reporting across teams in addition to functional reporting. Choosing the right organizational structure is important for clarifying responsibilities and enabling efficient collaboration within a company.
This document provides information about witness statements, including:
- The four main types of witnesses are eyewitnesses, lay witnesses, expert witnesses, and character witnesses.
- Anyone over 18 with relevant knowledge and mental capacity can provide a witness statement.
- A witness statement is a type of written evidence that can help establish facts in an investigation.
- While a witness statement alone is not enough to convict, it can commit a witness to their version of events and help experts form opinions.
This document discusses the legal concept of mens rea, which refers to the mental state or intent required to commit a crime. It provides definitions of mens rea and notes that most legal systems require criminal intent for most crimes. The document also discusses different types of mens rea, exceptions for strict liability crimes, and related concepts like actus reus, transferred intent, and corporate liability.
This document discusses the concept of actus reus, which is the physical or external element of a crime. It explains that for a crime to occur there must be both an actus reus (physical act) and mens rea (guilty mind). The act must be voluntary - it cannot be something involuntary like sleepwalking. Examples of actus reus include taking property for theft or unlawfully killing for murder. Mere thoughts or status are not enough to constitute an actus reus. Omissions can also qualify as an actus reus if there is a legal duty to act. Possession requires knowing control over an item. The act must also be the factual and proximate cause of the prohibited result for
Us court system 2 المرافعة امام المحاكم الامريكية الجزء الثانى ezzeldin bassyouni
The document discusses the US court system and civil procedure process. It describes the different types of courts and jurisdictions. The civil procedure process includes pleadings where the plaintiff files a complaint and the defendant files an answer. It then discusses the discovery process where evidence is gathered through depositions, interrogatories, requests for documents and admissions. Motions are filed requesting court orders. If not settled, the case proceeds to a trial where both sides present evidence before a jury which deliberates and issues a verdict that the judge forms into a judgment. The losing party can appeal the judgment.
This document discusses the concept of mens rea, which refers to the mental state or intent required for a crime. It notes that mens rea is the mental part of a crime, while the physical part is known as actus reus. There are different levels of mens rea, including general intent, specific intent, knowledge, recklessness, and criminal negligence. Strict liability crimes are also discussed, which do not require proof of mens rea. Various examples are provided to illustrate concepts like transferred intent, vicarious liability, and different levels of mens rea for the crimes of murder, manslaughter, and negligent homicide.
The discovery phase of a trial allows both parties to access all relevant information and evidence from the opposing party. During discovery, parties can obtain documents, reports, testimony, and other evidence through interrogatories, requests for production of documents, depositions, and other methods. If a party fails to comply with discovery requests, they may face sanctions from the court like dismissal of their case or default judgment against them. The overall goal of discovery is to avoid surprises at trial and better prepare each side.
This document contains information about different types of evidence that can be presented in US courts. It discusses direct evidence versus circumstantial evidence, as well as different categories of evidence like real evidence, documentary evidence, testimonial evidence, and digital evidence. It provides examples of different types of physical evidence, circumstantial evidence, and discusses how evidence must meet standards like being admissible, authentic, and reliable to be presented in court.
This document discusses interrogatories, which are written questions sent by one party to another in a civil case that must be answered under oath. Interrogatories are part of the discovery process and are used to gather preliminary information before trial. The recipient has 30 days to provide full and complete answers to each interrogatory or object to specific questions. Failure to respond can result in a motion to compel being filed. While interrogatories provide a low-cost way to obtain information, depositions allow for more spontaneous questioning and follow-up.
Pleadings and motions العريضة والطلبات امام المحاكم الامريكية ezzeldin bassyouni
Pleadings and motions are formal written statements filed with the court that inform all parties of the claims and requests being made. There are seven types of pleadings allowed under federal rules, including complaints, answers to complaints, and replies to answers. Pleadings can be categorized as either notice pleadings, which provide allegations to give notice of the lawsuit, or fact pleadings, which provide specific facts. Motions are formal requests made to the judge, such as motions to dismiss a case or motions for temporary restraining orders.
A deed is a written legal document that transfers ownership of real property. The most common types of deeds are general warranty deeds, limited warranty deeds, and quitclaim deeds. A general warranty deed provides the strongest assurance of clear title, as the seller warrants that there are no defects or liens on the property and agrees to compensate the buyer if any claims arise. General warranty deeds are most commonly used due to the protections they provide buyers.
This document discusses strategies for using photos in the classroom. It suggests letting students figure things out on their own and construct their own understanding from photos rather than being directly taught. The document also provides contact information for Ezzeldin Bassyouni, including an email address and phone number.
This document discusses different types of contract breaches. It defines a breach as the unjustified failure to perform terms of a contract. There are three main categories of breach: 1) Breach by non-performance, where a party fails to complete their obligations. 2) Breach by non-conforming performance, where a party performs but does so in a substandard way. 3) Breach by anticipatory repudiation, where a party asserts they will not perform their promised obligations. The document provides examples of each type of breach and discusses remedies available to the non-breaching party.
A functional organizational structure groups individuals by their specific functions. All managers of different functional areas report to a director or vice president responsible for operational areas. While this structure separates functions by expertise, it can lead to silos focusing only on their area. A customer organizational structure organizes by customer type to ensure their expectations are met. In healthcare, outpatients and inpatients have different needs. A geographic organizational structure organizes by region to better support logistical demands and regional customer differences, with each region typically reporting to a central overseer. This is common for companies with customers across large areas.
The US court system is called the adversarial system. The main duties of US courts are to resolve disputes, interpret the law, conduct judicial review, and in some cases make new law. The court system is hierarchical, with the Supreme Court at the top as the highest court of appeal. Lower courts include intermediate appellate courts and trial courts like district courts and municipal courts. Courts derive their authority from the US and state constitutions. They can also interpret laws passed by Congress, city councils, and administrative agencies. Through judicial review, courts ensure lower courts, legislatures, and executive bodies comply with the constitution.
The US court system is called the adversarial system. The main duties of US courts are to resolve disputes, interpret the law, conduct judicial review, and make law. There are three levels of courts: the Supreme Court as the highest court of last resort, intermediate appellate courts, and trial courts that include district, municipal, and peace courts. Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases that involve federal law or the US Constitution, while state courts handle issues arising under state law.
The document discusses content-based instruction (CBI) and proposes a workshop on the topic. CBI involves teaching content in the target language while students are still learning that language. The workshop would cover objectives of CBI, factors for success including the roles of teachers, resources, active learning, and anxiety reduction. It provides details on characteristics of the teaching/learning process and strategies like graphic organizers, language experience approach, process writing, and dialogue journals.
The document discusses different types of organizational structures that companies can adopt. It states that senior leadership should determine the best structure by considering functional groupings of work and natural team formations. Some common structures mentioned are hierarchical, matrix, functional, product-based, customer-based, and geographic structures. The hierarchical structure relies on vertical reporting relationships, while the matrix structure allows for horizontal reporting across teams in addition to functional reporting. Choosing the right organizational structure is important for clarifying responsibilities and enabling efficient collaboration within a company.
2. Subsidiary punishment إضافية عقوبة
To serve a punishment عقوبة ينفذ
Admissible مقبول
Real service of the
sentence
لل حقيقي تنفيذ
عقوبة
Suspended punishment إيقاف مع عقوبة
التنفيذ
Assumed مفترض
Prescription of the
punishment
العقوبة تقادم
Pardon of the punishment العقوبة عن العفو
To impute إلي يستند
To enter into force نفاذه يبدأ
Promulgation إصدار
القوانين
-
نشر
3. Repeal يلغي
الغاء ابطال
Abrogate يلغي
-
يبطل
Complete immunity
impunity
العقاب من إفالت
حصانة
Cause of non-liability مسئولية مانع
Absolving from
punishment
العقاب من إعفاء
Legal impact قانوني تأثير
Service of the sentence الحكم تنفيذ
/
العق
وبة
Jail سجن
Release عن يفرج
Fine غرامة
Recidivism اإلجرام إلي عودة
Rights حقوق
10. Correctional penalties الجنح عقوبة
Imprisonment with
labor
الشغل مع حبس
Punitive suffering عقابي ايالم
Deprivation of liberty الحرية سلب
Accessory penalty تبعية عقوبة
Wipe out يمحو
Hesitation تردد
Intermediate وسيط
Temporary laws مؤقتة قوانين
11. To prosecute جنائيا يالحق
To regain force السرياب إلي يعود
ة
To bar يعيق
To prohibit يمنع
–
يحظر
Omission امتناع
Firmly بحزم
Consistently باستمرار
12. Specific effect محدود أثر
Accordingly, بالتبعية
Envisage يعتبر
–
إلي ينظر
تصور متوخى
Eligible for لـ مرشح
Leniency رأفة
Substantive rule موضوعية قاعدة
Eliminate يستبعد
Criminally protected
interest
محمية مصلحة
جنائيا
Reasoned will واعية إرادة
Guilty will أثمه إرادة
13. Expound يوضح
–
يفصل
يفسر
Doer فاعل
Aggrieved party المضرور الطرف
مظلوم
Tort جنح تقصيري خطأ
ة
To deploy القوات تحرك يبذل
ينتشر
Defamation قذف
Indecent assault عرض هتك
To breach ينتهك
Social hierarchy اجتماعي تدرج
To injure الضرر انزل يضرب
Mere مجرد
Private dispute خاص نزاع