The document outlines the course content for an Introduction to Programming 1 python course, including an overview of programming languages, the features and reasons for using python, variable declaration and data types, and how to handle errors, expressions, conditional and iterative statements, and functions in python programs. It also lists recommended textbooks and describes how python code can be run using an interactive interpreter, as a script from the command line, or within an integrated development environment.

1. FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSINMA
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND AI
CMP 221
Introduction To Programming 1
python Programming
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

2. Course Content
 Overview of programming language
 History and features of python
 why python
 Variables
 Variable Declaration
 Data types
 Errors in python
 Initialization of a variable
 Expressions
 Operators
 Conditional Statement
 Iterative statement
 Functions
 Arrays
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

3. Recommended Textbooks
• Eric Matthes (2019). Python Crash Course, 2nd
Edition: A Hands – On, Project – Based
Introduction Programming.
• Al Sweigart (2019). Automate the Boring Stuff
with Python, 2nd Edition: Practical Programming
for Total Beginners
• Mart Lutz (2013). Learning Python, 5th Edition
• Paul Barry (2016). Head First Python: A Brain –
Friendly Guide, 2nd Edition.
• Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning (2016).
Python 3.
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

4. General Overview
 The functions of a computer system are controlled by computer
programs
 A computer program is a clear, step-by-step, finite set of instructions
 A computer program must be clear so that only one meaning can be
derived from it,
 A computer program is written in a computer language called a
programming language
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

5. Programming Languages
There are three categories of programming
languages:
1. Machine languages.
2. Assembly languages.
3. High-level languages.
 Machine languages and assembly languages are also called low-level
languages
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

6. Machine Language
 A Machine language program consists of a sequence of
zeros and ones.
 Each kind of CPU has its own machine language.
 Advantages
 Fast and efficient
 Machine friendly
 No translation required
 Disadvantages
 Not portable
 Not programmer friendly
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

7. Assembly language
 Assembly language programs use mnemonics to represent machine
instructions
 Each statement in assembly language corresponds to one statement in
machine language.
 Assembly language programs have the same advantages and
disadvantages as machine language programs.
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

8. High Level Language
 A high-level language (HLL) has two primary components
 (1) a set of built-in language primitives and grammatical rules
 (2) a translator
 A HLL language program consists of English-like statements that are governed by a
strict syntax.
 Advantages
 Portable or machine independent
 Programmer-friendly
 Disadvantages
 Not as efficient as low-level languages
 Need to be translated
 Examples : python, C, C++, Java, FORTRAN, Visual Basic, and Delphi
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

9. Features of python
• Easy-to-learn: Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This allows
a student to pick up the language quickly.
• Easy-to-read: Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
• Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
• A broad standard library: Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform
compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
• Interactive Mode: Python has support for an interactive mode, which allows interactive testing and
debugging of snippets of code.
• Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all
platforms.
• Extendable: You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable
programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
• Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
• GUI Programming: Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many
system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window
system of UNIX.
• Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

10. What python can do?
• Python can be used on a server to create web
applications (Server – Side).
• Python can be used alongside software to
create workflows.
• Python can connect to database systems. It can
also read and modify files.
• Python can be used to handle big data and
perform complex mathematics.
• Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or
for production-ready software development.
• Python can be used for Software development
and System scripting
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

11. Why python
• Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac,
Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
• Python has a simple syntax similar to the English
language.
• Python has syntax that allows developers to write
programs with fewer lines than some other
programming languages.
• Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that
code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means
that prototyping can be very quick.
• Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-
oriented way or a functional way.
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

12. THREE DIFFERENT WAYS TO RUN
PYTHON
1. Interactive Interpreter
• You can start Python from UNIX, DOS, or any other system
that provides you a command-line interpreter or shell
window.
2. Script from the Command-line
A Python script can be executed at the command line by
invoking the interpreter on your application, as shown in the
following example
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

13. Cont…………..
$python script.py # Unix/Linux
Or
python%script.py # Unix/Linux
or
C:>python script.py # Windows/DOS
(3) Integrated Development Environment
You can run Python from a Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment as well, if you
have a GUI application on your system that supports Python.
• UNIX: IDLE is the very first Unix IDE for Python.
• Windows: Python Win is the first Windows interface for Python and is an
IDE with a GUI.
• Macintosh: The Macintosh version of Python along with the IDLE IDE is
available from the main website, downloadable as either Mac Binary or BinHex'd
files.
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

14. Comments
 Comments can be used to explain Python code.
 Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
 Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code.
Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore them:
Types of Comments.
1. Single Line comment
#This is a code to print hello world.
print("Hello, World!“)
2. Multiline Comment
X=10 # x hold the value of 10
print (“Welcome to cmp 221”) # display welcome to cmp 221 on the monitor
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

15. VARIABLE
• Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store
values. This means that when you create a variable you reserve
some space in memory.
• A Python variable is a reserved memory location to store values. In
other words, a variable in a python program gives data to the
computer for processing.
• Python Variable Types
• Every value in Python has a datatype. Different data types in Python
are Numbers, List, Tuple, Strings, Dictionary, etc. Variables in Python
can be declared by any name or even alphabets like a, aa, abc, etc
• Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates
memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. .
Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can
store integers, decimals or characters in these variables.
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

16. Rules for Naming a Variables
• A variable name must start with a letter or
the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-
numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-
9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age
and AGE are three different variables)
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

17. Data Types
• Variables can store data of different types,
and different types can do different things.
• Python has the following data types built-in
by default, in these categories:
Text Type: str
Numeric
Types:
int, float, complex
Sequence
Types:
list, tuple, range
Mapping
Type:
dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean
Type:
bool
Binary bytes, bytearray, memoryview
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

18. DATA TYPE
int long float complex
10 51924361L 0.0 3.14j
100 -0x19323L 15.20 45.j
-786 0122L -21.9 9.322e-36j
080 0xDEFABCECBDAEC
BFBAEl
32.3+e18 .876j
-0490 535633629843L -90. -.6545+0J
-0x260 -052318172735L -32.54e100 3e+26J
0x69 -4721885298529L 70.2-E12 4.53e-7
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

19. Errors in python
1. Compile Time Error
2. Run Time Error
3. Logical Error.
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu
Discuss in the class with relevant
examples

20. Getting data types
You can get the data type
of any object by using the
type() function.
integer
Number =5
Print(type(number)) output
<class 'int'>
float
x = 20.5
#display x:
print(x)
#display the data type of x:
print(type(x)) output
x= 20.5
<class
‘flaot’>
String
x = "Hello World"
#display x:
print(x)
#displa
y the data type of x:
print(type(x)) Output
Hello World
<class 'str'>
List
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
#display x:
print(x)
#display the data type of x:
print(type(x))
Output
['apple',
'banana', 'cherry']
<class
'list'>
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

21. Complex
x = 1j
#display x:
print(x)
#display the data type of x:
print(type(x))
output
lj
<class
'complex'>
Dictionary
x = {"name" : "John", "age" :
36}
#display x:
print(x)
#display the data type of x:
print(type(x))
output
{'name': 'John', 'age':
36}
<class 'dict'>
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

22. Data type
Boolean
x = True
#display x:
print(x)
#display the data type of x:
print(type(x))
Output
True
<class 'bool'>
Complex
12/7/2023 M.A Mashi & M.M Yakubu

23. Class Activities