Structure Array Display

STRUCTURE
School of Informatics, Hawassa University 11/28/2011 1

 At the end of this lecture you will able to
 Realize how to define a structure of your own data type
using a keyword <struct >
 Understand how Store large data of different type with
in a single structure name
 Identify different ways of structure instance creation
and initializing structure instance with data members
 Access individual structure members using dot( . )
access operator
 Use arrays of structure and able to store more records
 Use structure as a function argument

Only one value will store at a time
It holds one type no data type diversity
No possibility to use as a new data type
 Class Activity
Why regular Variable?
Why Array?
discus by Their:
It stores large amount of data at a time
All data are of the same type
It is not possible to use as a new data type
 Storage capacity(amount of data store at a time)
 Diversity of data type
 Capacity to be new user defined data type
Why structure?
(5 Min)
It stores Large amount of data at a time
It is a collection of multi- diversified data types
We can have data type of our own
It is an instance of full record about one object

 Arrays allow you to define variables that
combine several data items of the same type
 But structure is another user defined data type
which allows you to combine a group of data
items(members) of different data type and
length with in a single structure name.
 Structures are used to represent a record,
Suppose you want to keep track of your books in
a library. You might want to track the following
attributes about each book:
Title Author
ISBN Book_No

 To declare structure of your own data type with
different data member we use keyword <truct>
 General syntax
struct Struct_Name {
type2 DataMember 1;
type2 DataMember 2;
type1 DataMember 3;
};
New user Defined Data type
Keyword Struct
Data members with
different Data type

 Struct_Name :- we can use as a user defined
data type we can create a new object of
struct_name as following:
Syntax :-
We Use as our new data type
struct_name Obj_Name;
 We can also create an object of user defined
structure during structure declaration like:
struct Struct_Name {
type2 DataMember 1;
type2 DataMember 2;
type1 DataMember 3;
}stru1,stru2,stru3;

 Create structure called Book which has
attributes Title, Author, ISBN, Book_No
Struct Book {
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
};
Struct Book {
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
} bookObj;

 As with arrays and variables, structure members
can also be initialized. This is performed by
enclosing the values to be initialized inside the
braces { and } after the structure variable name
while it is defined.
Struct Book {
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
} Book1 = {“C++”, ” John”, “12-34-034-234”,12};

 The Second way to initialize structure
Struct Book {
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
} ;
int main()
{
Book Book1 = {“C++”, ” John”, “12-34-034-234”,12};
}

 Structure members can’t access directly as a
normal local or global variables …
 To access any member of a structure, we use the
member access operator either called dot (.)
operator for non pointer structure variable or
arrow operator () for pointer structure
variables. The member access operator is coded
as a dot between the structure variable name and
the structure member that we wish to access.

 Syntax
struct_var.Member1=//some operation;
 Example
Struct Book
{
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
}Book1;
Assign Individual Member
Book1 .Title= “C++”;
Book1.Author= ”John”;
Book1.ISBN= “12-34-034-234”
Book1.Book_No=12;

?
Example :1
Create structure called Books which have
four data members Title, Author, ISBN,
Book_No that used to store three different
Books and display all Book you initialize from
the initialization when you instantiate an
instance of structure Books

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Books {
char Title[50];
char Author[25];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No; };
int main() {
Books Book1 = {"Java","Johe","123-3243-2312",1};
Books Book2 = {"C++","Johe","123-3243-2313",3};
Books Book3 = {"C#","Johe","123-3243-2314",2};
cout<<"tTitle tAuthor tISBN ttBook Number"<<endl;
cout<<"t................................................................"<<endl;
cout<<"t"<<Book1.Title<<"t"<<Book1.Author<<"t“
Initializing 3 Books
With 4 data members
for each book
<<Book1.ISBN<<"t"<<Book1.Book_No<<endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
•Printing 3 books
data by using dot
operator access
operator
Structure declaration and
member definition

Why Arrays of Structure?
 Arrays of a structure is a collection of structure
 A single structure instance will represent a single
record at a time. If we need to store large
amount of record in a single structure we need
to create many instances of a give structure and
this is inefficient to manage large record
 It is possible to work by creating individual
structure variable for small number of records
which is less than 10 record but …
 In order to manage large record of same
category we need to develop an arrays of
structure which is an array stores different types
of structure member variables

 Image you have structure Books with attribute
Title, Author, ISBN, Book_No and you need to
store 1000 Books with their corresponding
attribute
Is it easy to create 1000 Books Variable?
 It is not easy! so what is the solution? …
1. We can solve this using arrays of structure …
2. Lets compare and contrast individual structure
variable creation and array usage

Struct Books
{
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
}Book1, Book2, Book3, Book4 …Book1000;
Individual
structure variable
Using arrays of structure
Struct Books
{
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
} BookObj[1000];

 To access individual elements of arrays of
structure we need to specify the index number
with in a square bracket of the structure
instance like simple array operation
 Assume that you have structure as follow
Struct Books
{
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
} BookObj[10];
How to access the first
three books from your book
storage structure?

Book one information Book Two information Book Three information
BookObj[0].Title
BookObj[0].Author
BookObj[0].ISBN
BookObj[0].Book_No
BookObj[1].Title
BookObj[1].Author
BookObj[1].ISBN
BookObj[1].Book_No
BookObj[2].Title
BookObj[2].Author
BookObj[2].ISBN
BookObj[2].Book_No
Title
Author
ISBN
Book_No
BookObj[0]
Title
Author
ISBN
Book_No
BookObj[1]
Title
Author
ISBN
Book_No
BookObj[2]

 Structure can pass into function as an argument
rather than passing individual elements it is
better to pass the whole of structure
 We can pass structure either by reference or by
value but it is recommended to pass structure by
their reference because to minimize the cost of
copying the value
 Its default value of passing structure is by nature
uses by reference

#include<iostream>
struct Time
{
int h, m, s;
};
int ToSecond(Time now){
return (now.h*60*60 + now.m*60 + now.s);
}i
nt main(){
Time T;
cout<<"Enter Time In Hour, Min and Second:";
while( cin>>T.h>>T.m>>T.s)
{
cout<<"Total Second:"<<ToSecond(T);
}
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Example
Passing structure time T

? Class activity
 Create a structure called Books to hold records
of 100 Books with Book detail of Title, Author,
ISBN and Book_No. Your program will accept an
input from the user and display all Book
information in table format
 Assume you will have a basic about
 Display():- Function to give output
 Input():- Function to accept input from keyboard
 Main():- To call an input() function
 Structure definition:-To declare all members

#include<iostream>
struct Books
{
char Title[50];
char Author[20];
char ISBN[15];
int Book_No;
};
const int size = 100;
void display(Books Book[size], int n)
{
cout<<"Title"<<"t"<<"Author"<<"t“
<<"ISBN"<<"t"<<"Book No"<<endl;
for(int i = 0; i < n ; i++) {
cout<<Book[i].Title<<"t"<<Book[i].Author<<"t"
<<Book[i].ISBN<<"t"<<Book[i].Book_No<<"t"
<<endl;
}
}
void input()
{
Books Book[size];
cout<<"nEnter No of Books:";
int n; cin>>n;
for(int i = 0;i < n ; i++) {
cout<<"nEnter Title:“; cin>>Book[i].Title;
cout<<"nEnter Author:“; cin>>Book[i].Author;
cout<<"nEnter ISBN:“; cin>>Book[i].ISBN;
cout<<"nEnter Book No:"; cin>>Book[i].Book_No;
} display(Book,n);
}
int main()
{
input();
system("pause");;
return 0;
}
Input function
(initialize struct)
Output function
Structure declaration
Main function

 Structures can be implemented as the member of
other structure.
 This is termed as structure within structure we
call it nested structure
 Why we use nested structure?
 To organize multi valid attribute as a single value
 To eliminate data redundancy in different structures
We collect similar data members of two or more
structure with in a single structure name
 To minimize coding time

struct date{
int day;
int month;
int year;
};
struct Employee {
char name[40];
long int Emp_ID;
char sex[5];
date dob;
Example: Using nested structure
to manipulate multi valid attribute
Example: Date of Birth has 3
integer values to manipulate it
we use Date as nested struct in
Employee struct
};
Using date structure as Member
of Employee structure

 Assume you have struct Employee and Customer
with their data members as following
struct Employee{
string Name;
string EID;
int age;
String Contact_Name;
string Kebele;
string Woreda;
string PhoneMobil;
string PhonHome;
};
struct Customer{
string Name;
string CustID;
int age;
string Kebele;
string Woreda;
string PhoneMobil;
string PhonHome;
};

 From the above structure definition address
information is redundant both for Employee and
customer structure
 So to eliminate this data redundancy we
separate address information in different
structure name called address and both customer
and employee will inherit from address structure

struct Employee
{
string Name;
string EID;
int Empage;
Address EmpAddress;
};
struct Customer
{
string Name;
string CustID;
int Custage;
Address CustAddress;
};
Struct Address
{
String Contact_Name;
string Kebele;
string Woreda;
string PhoneMobil;
string PhonHome;
}

 We can initialize a nested structure either by
putting all elements in order of one structure or
as block of data members
Example:-
Initialize all member of the above nested structure
definition with Data : Name =Dagim, ID =EMP009, Sex = M, Date of
Birth = 10-2-1989
Option 1:-
Employee Emp ={“Dagim”, “EMP009”,’M’,10,2,1989};
Option 2:-
Employee Emp ={“Dagim”, “EMP009”,’M’,{10,20,1989}};
Option 3:-
Emp.name=“Dagim”;
Emp.EMP_ID=“EMP009”;
Emp.sex=‘M’;
Emp.dob.day=10;
Emp.dob.month=2;
Emp.dob.dat=1989;

 To access a nested structure data members we
will use to dot access operator
 Example:-
To access a particular month of Employee birth
date we can access as follow
Employee Emp;
Emp.dob.month ;

#include<iostream>
struct date {
int day;
int month;
int year;
};
struct Employee {
char First_Name[23];
char Last_Name[24];
date dob;
} Emp= {"DEMEKE","BIRHANU",{16 , 2, 2012}};
int main()
{
cout<<"ntFirst NametLast NametDate of Birth"<<endl;
cout<<"nt"<<Emp.First_Name<<"tt"<<Emp.Last_Name<<"tt"
<<Emp.dob.day<<"-"<<Emp.dob.month<<"-"<<Emp.dob.year<<endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}

Thanks !

Structure Array Display

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