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LEAD 901 Chapter 5
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- 2. Discussion Questions • Whatis the focus in the sample narrative study? • What experience is examined in the sample phenomenological study? • What theory emerges in the grounded theory study? • What culture-sharing group is studied in the sample ethnographic study? • What is the “case” being examined in the case study? • How do the central features of the five approaches differ? • How does a researcher choose among the five approaches for a particular study? 2Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 3. A Narrative Study Chan,2010: Summary • 7th-8th grade Chinese immigrant student • Bay Street School, Toronto, Canada • Interviews with Ai Mei & other students • Researcher participation in – School activities, family dinner, classroom conversations • Explored conflicting stories – Ai Mei hid home language at school – Pressure to use maternal language at home – Conflicts between family needs (business & homework) • Life-based literary narrative 3Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 4. Narrative Chan 2010: Features •Stories from a Chinese immigrant student • Collaborative collection: relationship over time • Experience of individual: cultural identity • Different forms of data – Personal observations, interviews, field notes, event attendance • Themes not reported chronologically • Thematic analysis • Omitted turning point • Discussed place 4Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 5. Phenomenology Anderson & Spencer,2002: Summary • Purpose: explore experience of AIDS • Introduced study: millions infected with HIV • Advanced framework: – Self-Regulation Model of Illness Representations • Turned to lit: AIDS & qualitative research • Design: 58 men & women with AIDS, 18 months – Experience with AIDS – Mental image of AIDS – Meaning of AIDS in life 5Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 6. Phenomenology Anderson & Spencer,2002: Analysis • Read transcripts several times • Identified 175 significant phrases • Formulated meanings – Clustered into 11 common themes • Integrated results into exhaustive description • Validated findings – Participant remarks in final description • Discussion of essence – Coping strategies • Compared themes with other literature 6Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 7. Phenomenology Anderson & Spencer,2002: Features • Phenomenon: ‘cognitive representations of images’ • Rigorous data collection: group of individuals • Brief mention of philosophy • Bracketing: acknowledging experiences • Data collection: 58 interviews, 18 months, 3 sites • Data analysis: significant statements, meanings, themes • Tables of statements, exhaustive description • Describing essence and context of AIDS 7Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 8. Grounded Theory Harley etal., 2009: Summary • Theory: – Process explaining integration of physical activity among African American women • Lack of knowledge re factors & relationships • Criterion sampling: – 15 women age 25-45, some college – Committed to physical activity – 2 African American sorority alumni associations • Data collection: face-to-face in-depth interviews – Focus groups 8Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 9. Grounded Theory Harley etal., 2009: Strauss & Corbin 9 Coding Concept development • Data & emerging conceptsConstant comparison Theoretical model • Initiation • Transition • Integration Figure (phases) • Ideal # sessions per week • Maximum # sessions per week Taxonomy of condition Categories per phase Context Conditions Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 10. Grounded Theory Harley etal., 2009: Defining Features Behavioral process • Theoretical model • Three major phases Theory emerged • Physical activity • African American women Memoing • Writing ideas as interviewed & analyzed Data collection • Face-to- face interviews • Focus groups Data analysis • Not strict Strauss & Corbin (1998) • Theoretical model 10Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 11. Ethnography Mac an Ghailland Haywood: Summary • Changing cultural conditions of a group of British born, working-class Pakistani and Bangladeshi young men over three years (n = 25) • Cultural reductive representations of Islam • Group and life history interviews, observations, informal interviews over 3 years • Thematic analysis • How group made sense of social and cultural exclusions 11Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 12. Ethnography Mac an Ghailland Haywood: Features • Intact culture-sharing group • Members ideas of their experiences and patterns • Materialist and post-colonial theoretical frameworks • Participant observer – 3 years of fieldwork: in-depth group and life history interviews • Cultural interpretation from thematic analysis – Emic and etic data – Racialization of ethnicities, meaning attached to being Muslim • No call for social transformation 12Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 13. Case Study Frelin, 2015:Summary • Practices of a teacher with students who have a history of school failure • Unstructured interviews and contextual observation of 11 teachers • Cross-case analysis and constant comparisons, used software • Case description of teaching context • Three themes – Trusting relationship, humane relationships, and students’ own self-images • Importance of connecting to students who experience school failure 13Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 14. Case Study Frelin, 2015:Features • Identified case: bounded as one teacher’s practices, during time of data collection, at single institution • Intent: single, instrumental case study • In-depth understanding of teacher practices – Could have been more extensive • Data analysis: constant comparison, few details • Description, three themes, and chronology • Assertions – Cross-case about importance of connecting to students 14Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 15. Differences Among theApproaches 15Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
- 16. Selecting Approach Audience •What do gatekeepers use? Background • Training Scholarly literature • Needed in field Personal approach • Structure vs. storytelling • Firmer vs. flexible 16 Start with desired outcome of approach Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.