The document discusses compulsory pooling and landowner protections in North Carolina. It addresses several key issues:
1) NC law allows the state to combine leased mineral estates like the Cox homestead and Kelly farm into a single drilling unit, and to compel these estates to share production and costs.
2) For "tight gas" formations like those in NC's Triassic Basin, gas is unlikely to migrate between properties, weakening the argument for pooling to prevent drainage. However, pooling remains important for economic reasons.
3) There is a question of whether the state can compel landowners like the Kellys to grant surface and subsurface easements if their property is pooled. Landowner impacts depend significantly on whether such
Ports-to-Plains Energy Summit
Omni Interlocken Resort
Broomfield, CO
April 7, 2011
Alberta has the world’s second largest oil reserves, but new pipelines are needed to move this resource to markets in the U.S. Find out about proposed pipeline projects in the region and what they mean for job creation.
Jim Lanard, Offshore Wind Development Coalition - Keynote Speaker at the marcus evans Wind Power Summit 20123 held in Dallas, TX February 25-26, 2013, delivered his presentation entitled Offshore Wind – A New Market for Land-Based Wind Developers and Their Supply Chain
The Ohio Supreme Court decision in a case that started with three landowners and was later turned into a class action. The case claimed that landowner leases with Beck Energy Corp. were void and should be terminated because Beck never drilled wells on their property and that a provision allowing Beck to pay a nominal delay fee was against public policy. A lower court agreed, but it was overturned by an appeals court and now, the appeals court decision stands as ruled by the Supreme Court.
Ports-to-Plains Energy Summit
Omni Interlocken Resort
Broomfield, CO
April 7, 2011
Alberta has the world’s second largest oil reserves, but new pipelines are needed to move this resource to markets in the U.S. Find out about proposed pipeline projects in the region and what they mean for job creation.
Jim Lanard, Offshore Wind Development Coalition - Keynote Speaker at the marcus evans Wind Power Summit 20123 held in Dallas, TX February 25-26, 2013, delivered his presentation entitled Offshore Wind – A New Market for Land-Based Wind Developers and Their Supply Chain
The Ohio Supreme Court decision in a case that started with three landowners and was later turned into a class action. The case claimed that landowner leases with Beck Energy Corp. were void and should be terminated because Beck never drilled wells on their property and that a provision allowing Beck to pay a nominal delay fee was against public policy. A lower court agreed, but it was overturned by an appeals court and now, the appeals court decision stands as ruled by the Supreme Court.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Landowner Rights in Context of State Compulsory Pooling Statutes
1. Compulsory Pooling &
Comp lsor Poolin &
Landowner Protections
Presentation to Compulsory Pooling Study Group
of the North Caroling Mining & Energy Commission
McSwain Agriculture Center
Agriculture Center
Sanford, NC
January 11, 2013
John Humphrey
John H mphre
The Humphrey Law Firm
107 S. West St., PMB 325
Alexandria, VA 22314
Alexandria VA 22314
humphrey.law@earthlink.net
703‐599‐7919
3. Unitization and pooling
of leased mineral estates
fl d i l
Cox Homestead Kelly Farm
Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate
NC law authorizes the State to combine leased
estates like the Cox homestead and Kelly
farm here into a single drilling unit
(G.S. § 113‐393) (1945).
( )( )
3
4. Unitization and pooling
of leased mineral estates
fl d i l
Cox Homestead Kelly Farm
Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate
NC law authorizes the State to compel leased
mineral estates within a drilling unit into a
pool to share production and costs
(G.S. § 113‐393) (1945).
( )( )
4
5. Unitization and pooling
of leased mineral estates
fl d i l
Cox Homestead Kelly Farm
Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate
How drilling, production, and reclamation will
proceed will be determined by the operator’s
leases with the Cox family and with the Kelly
family, supplemented by State rules.
5
6. Unitization and pooling of leased with
unleased mineral estates
l d i l
Cox Homestead Kelly Farm
Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate Unleased mineral estate
Unleased mineral estate
6
7. Unitization and pooling of leased with
unleased mineral estates
l d i l
Cox Homestead Kelly Farm
Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate Unleased mineral estate
Unleased mineral estate
NC law authorizes the State to combine leased
estates like the Cox land and unleased estates
like the Kelly farm into a single drilling unit
(G.S. § 113‐393) (1945).
7
8. Unitization and pooling of leased with
unleased mineral estates
l d i l
Cox Homestead Kelly Farm
Leased mineral estate
Leased mineral estate Unleased mineral estate
Unleased mineral estate
NC law authorizes the State to compel leased
mineral estates and unleased mineral estates
into a pool to share production and costs
(G.S. § 113‐393) (1945).
( )( )
8
9. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
9
10. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
What are the effects on production of the
p
Kellys’ gas resource if the State compels
p
pooling?g
10
11. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
In a “loose gas” formation, pooling would enable
g p g
the Kellys’ gas to be produced from the Cox well
without surface or subsurface access because
“loose gas” migrates. He
He 2 2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
11
12. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
A “loose gas” formation is the circumstance
g
that the 1945 NC Oil & Gas Conservation Act
p
contemplated.
He2 He2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
12
13. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
But NC’s Triassic Basin is a “tight gas” formation.
g g
Gas, locked in the shale, is unlikely to migrate to
y g q
a nearby well in significant quantities, if at all.
He2 He2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
13
14. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
“Tight gas” formations undercut the primary
g g p y
consumer protection basis for pooling –
p
preventing gas in an adjacent estate from
gg j
being produced without compensation.
He 2 He 2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
14
15. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
However, the inability of tight gas to migrate
y g g g
strengthens the economic rationale for pooling
p p g
for operators and “orphaned” mineral rights
owners who need a larger pool to recover costs.
He 2 He 2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
15
16. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Which raises the question, if the State pools an
q p
unleased property like the Kelly farm, can the
State also compel the Kellys to grant surface
p y g
and subsurface easements?
He 2 He 2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
16
17. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Put differently, after the Kelly property is
y yp p y
pooled, what rights will the gas operator
y y
have on and under the Kelly family farm?
He2 He2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
17
18. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate No surface
Unified Estate
Unified Estate
access?
Will the State’s authority be limited to
y
compelling the Kelly family into a pool with
y
the Cox family?
He2 He2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 No drilling or drill‐
C2H8 CH4 through access? CH4
C2H8
18
19. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Surface
Unified Estate
Unified Estate
access?
Or will the State have the authority to compel
y p
the Kellys to grant the operator access to the
yp p y
surface and subsurface of the Kelly property?
He2 He2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 Subsurface drilling or
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH
drill‐through access? 4
19
20. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Whether or not operators are granted surface
p g
and subsurface access rights significantly
y
affects estate owners beyond whether estate
owners’ mineral resources are produced.
He 2 He 2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
20
21. State power to compel granting access
easements to gas operators
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Without surface and subsurface easements,
“tight gas” cannot be produced via wells on
j p p y p
adjacent properties, but many other impacts
to adjacent land also are avoided.
He 2 He 2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H8 CH4 C2H8 CH4
21
22. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
22
23. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Another significant issue affecting landowners
g g
is which rules govern drilling, production, and
p p p
reclamation on pooled properties.
23
24. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
In an example like the one above where the
p
Cox family has a lease and the Kelly family
g g
does not, what rules govern how drilling,
production, and reclamation will proceed on
the pooled Cox and Kelly family properties?
p y yp p
24
25. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
In this example, what rules govern how drilling,
p g g
production, and reclamation will proceed on
p y yp p
the pooled Cox and Kelly family properties?
Cox Estate: Lease
and State rules
25
26. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
In this example, what rules govern how drilling,
p g g
production, and reclamation will proceed on
p y yp p
the pooled Cox and Kelly family properties?
Cox Estate: Lease Kelly Estate:
and State rules State rules only
26
28. How easements and governing rules affect
landowners
l d
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
How surface and subsurface easements and
how the source of rules governing gas
p
operations will affect landowners can be seen
by considering the lifecycle of a lease on the
p
pooled Cox and Kelly family properties.
y yp p
28
29. How easements and governing rules affect
landowners
l d
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Scene 1
After the pooling order is completed, a truck
arrives with a crew ready to begin surveying
arrives with a crew ready to begin surveying
and conducting seismic tests.
29
30. How easements and governing rules affect
landowners
l d
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
1. Operator survey and seismic test
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Notice: Notice prior to testing ‐ No notice
to enable landowner to secure ‐ No limitations on testing
fenced or gated areas or move
equipment or activities
‐ Testing Limits: Types, timing,
and manner of testing limited
30
31. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
1. Operator survey and seismic test (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Vegetation: Minimize ‐ No limitations on vegetation
vegetation impacts, prior impacts, damages negotiated
written approval to destroy after fact or determined in
vegetation, pay fair market court
value for damages, set valuation
l f d l
method
31
32. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
1. Operator survey and seismic test (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Structures: No impacts (gates, ‐ Damages to structures
fences, buildings) without prior negotiated after fact or
written approval & agreement determined in court
on compensation ‐ No limits on off‐road access,
‐ Roads: Use existing access roads damages negotiated after
except by written approval, fact or determined in court
32
remediate grass and turf
33. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
1. Operator survey and seismic test (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Holes drilled to be smallest bore ‐ Note limits on bore holes or
possible, plugged & remediated remediation mandated
‐ Minimum buffer established for ‐ No buffer between testing
testing activities from and existing infrastructure,
structures, water sources, water sources, or livestock
underground pipes, livestock
33
34. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
1. Operator survey and seismic test (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Sounds and vibrations from ‐ No limits on sound and
seismic work to be muffled to vibrations
protect occupants and livestock ‐ No remediation required
‐ Remediation: Operator agrees from testing activities
to return property to original
condition within set time
34
35. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
1. Operator survey and seismic test (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Liability: Operator strictly liable ‐ No shifting of risk to operator
and agrees to indemnify ‐ No dispute resolution
landowner against any claims or methods agreed to
regulatory enforcement actions
‐ Dispute resolution methods
agreed to
35
36. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
1. Operator survey and seismic test (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Insurance: Operator to maintain ‐ Minimal if any insurance
prescribed amount of worker’s liability required for survey
comp, employer’s liability, and seismic testing activities
comprehensive general liability,
and business auto and vehicle
db d h l
liability insurance
36
37. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Scene 2:
Environmental consultant arrives to begin
gathering of baseline data
gathering of baseline data
37
38. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
2. Baseline data collection and environmental monitoring
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Requires specific schedule, ‐ Baseline testing and monitoring
required but standards not
required but standards not
locations, and disclosure of established and may be less
monitoring groundwater, rigorous that what landowner
surface water, soil, and air would negotiate [§2(c)]
‐ Original survey documents to be ‐ No requirements to provide
provided to landowner survey documents
38
39. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Scene 3:
Sanford Herald has article about operator
transferring some leases. Inquiries to
transferring some leases. Inquiries to
operator yield no reply until letter from new
company arrives.
company arrives.
39
40. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
3. Limits on transfer of lease
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Advance notice to mineral rights ‐ Notice of lease assignment
owner of lease transfer or required within 30 days [§4(d)]
written consent of mineral ‐ No restrictions on lease transfer
rights owner prior to transfer
40
41. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Scene 4:
Three years pass.
41
42. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
4. Renewal Terms
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ 3‐year lease not renewed unless ‐ 10‐year lease term
“drilling operations” have ‐ No standard of “bit in ground”
commenced. If no operations, or “strata reached” provisions to
can negotiate new lease. trigger lease renewal
‐ Force majeure clause
Force majeure clause
‐ No force majeure clause
operational for ten years [§4(d)]
renewal at 3 years
42
43. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Scene 5:
3 years pass. Drilling finally begins.
43
44. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
5. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Written construction land‐use plan ‐ No timeline or written plan for
containing setbacks from buildings construction provided
t ti id d
and water agreed to and provided ‐ No agreement on mitigation of
to landowner light and noise from
construction phase
construction phase
‐ Lights and noise impacts minimized
‐ No right of inspection
‐ Right of inspection of construction 44
45. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
5. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Operator pays fair market value ‐ No compensation schedule or
for all timber, crops, and valuation method for damage
l ti th d f d
established
structures (including fences and
gates) removed or damaged ‐ No temporary fencing set up
‐ No erosion control measures
No erosion control measures
‐ Temporary fencing , drainage
agreed to
and erosion control measures
45
agreed to and established
46. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
5. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase (cont.)
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Soil quality maintained through ‐ No provisions for soil quality
double ditching to separate top protection or avoiding soil
soil and subsoil compaction made
‐ Soil compaction avoided
‐ Rocks removed from surface
where unearthed 46
47. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
5. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Lease must specify allowable ‐ Lease must specify allowable
water use, not conflict with water use, not conflict with
landowner water usage, and landowner water usage, and
provide for fair market value for provide for fair market value
water [§4(d)]
[ (d)] for water [§4(d)]
f [ (d)]
47
48. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
5. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase (cont.)
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Plans, timeline, and payment ‐ No provisions for additional
schedule for infrastructure infrastructure development
development beyond well ‐ No limits on infrastructure
‐ Specific easements for development rights arising
appurtenant infrastructure from pooling rights
granted with geographic, height,
48
and depth limits
49. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
5. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase (cont.)
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Production phase land‐use plan ‐ No written production phase
agreed to in writing land‐use plan prepared
l d l d
‐ No written reclamation plan
‐ Reclamation plan agreed to in
agreed to
writing
‐ No drilling and construction
No drilling and construction
‐ Drilling and construction phase damages measured and paid
damages valued and paid 49
50. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Scene 6:
Check arrives in the mail from operator.
50
51. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
6. Receive a royalty check – is it for the right amount?
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ After bonus check for acreage, ‐ No bonus payment ever
monthly royalty payments received
above statutory minimum once ‐ 12.5% statutory minimum
production starts royalty received
‐ Royalties paid without
deductions on greater of market
51
value or gross proceeds
52. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
6. Receive a royalty check – is it for the right amount? (cont.)
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Royalty statement includes lessor ‐ No details required on
name; lessor’s ID #; lease #; well payments
and property name; API #; month
and year of sale; oil, gas, and NGL
volumes; price per barrel or
l b l
MMBtu; taxes; lessor’s interest,
share of sale, deductions & codes 52
53. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
6. Receive a royalty check – is it for the right amount? (cont.)
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Right of royalty audit can be ‐ No royalty payment audit rights
exercised ‐ No rental payments for surface
‐ Rents paid for use of lands use of land
‐ Lease terms supercede any
p y
Division Order language
53
54. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
3. Surface Use Agreement Standards – Construction Phase
Scene 7:
Stranger drops in for coffee. Tenders offer for
Cox Lease Current State rules
gas and hunting lease above undeveloped
gas and hunting lease above undeveloped
portion of mineral estate.
54
55. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
7. Who can lease out undeveloped portions of land?
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Horizontal and vertical Pugh ‐ No division of property
clauses limited depth and range allowing leasing of unused
of minerals leased originally portion of land.
‐ Retained acreage and depth
clause frees from lease areas
and zones leased but not
55
developed
56. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
7. Who can lease out undeveloped portions of land? (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Specific contract terms retaining ‐ No specific terms governing
right of alternate uses for alternate uses or payment for
timber, crops, and hunting and loss of alternate uses.
preserving acreage for these
purposes.
‐ Hunting rights near wellheads
56
leased to operator.
57. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
7. Who can lease out undeveloped portions of land? (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Mineral estate leased limited ‐ No limits on mineral types
specifically to oil, gas, and pooled specifically identified
natural gas liquids
57
58. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Scene 8:
Scene 8:
Is there supposed to be a pool of oil there?
58
59. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
8. Responding to accidents
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Operator must indemnify surface ‐ Operator must indemnify
owner against any claims related surface owner against any
to operator’s activities on claims related to operator’s
property [§4(c)] activities on property [§4(c)]
‐ Adequate operator bonding,
capitalization, and insurance
59
requirements
60. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
8. Responding to accidents (cont.)
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Operator must have and inform ‐ Operator must indemnify
surface owner of emergency surface owner against any
f i t
claims related to operator’s
response operation plans and
activities on property [§4(c)]
disclose details of all accidents
‐ Disclosure of hazardous
Disclosure of hazardous
‐ Disclosure of hazardous chemicals materials to emergency
used on or injected into land responders and regulators 60
61. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Scene 9:
Scene 9:
Honey, they’re just not listening to what I’m
saying.
saying
61
62. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
9. Dispute resolution process agreed upon
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Operator agrees in writing to best ‐ No dispute resolution
efforts to resolve dispute, procedures identified
mediation, then court proceedings
in county in which well located
62
63. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Scene 10:
Scene 10:
Then one day, the pump stopped.
63
64. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
10. Payments and renewals when operations are suspended
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Habendum (continuous ‐ No lease provision protecting
operations) clause releases shutting‐in of production
mineral estate when production
stops.
‐ If well shut‐in or flow reduced
temporarily, shut‐in royalties paid.
64
65. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Scene 11:
Scene 11:
When you were a little girl . . . .
65
66. Rules governing development and
production of pools
d i f l
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
11. Reclaiming and restoring land
Cox Lease Current State rules
‐ Detailed written reclamation and ‐ No reclamation plan
monitoring plan ‐ Requirement that operator
‐ Warranty of adequate operator provide financial assurance of
capitalization and operator well closure, reclamation,
bonding to cover reclamation and ongoing monitoring [§2(c)]
ongoing monitoring
66
67. Protecting Landowners in the Law
Protecting Landowners in the Law
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Conclusions
‐ Under current NC law, landowners compelled into a pool have
.
significantly fewer opportunities to protect themselves than
those who negotiate their leases.
those who negotiate their leases
‐ Compelling the granting of surface and subsurface easements
affects a wider range of landowner rights than compulsory
pooling alone.
67
68. Protecting Landowners in the Law
Protecting Landowners in the Law
Leased Cox Pooled Kelly
Unified Estate
Unified Estate Unified Estate
Unified Estate
Conclusions
‐ If a compulsory pooling rule that compels granting surface or
.
subsurface easements is implemented, the State should
integrate into pooling orders the full array of measures
integrate into pooling orders the full array of measures
generally available in oil and gas leases to protect owners of
any pooled mineral estate or appurtenant surface estate,
whether unified or severed.
h th ifi d d
68
69. Cox Homestead Kelly Farm
Compulsory Pooling & Landowner Protections
p y g
Presentation to Compulsory Pooling Study Group
of the North Caroling Mining & Energy Commission
John Humphrey
McSwain Agriculture Center
Sanford, NC The Humphrey Law Firm
January 11, 2013 107 S. West St., PMB 325
Alexandria, VA 22314
Alexandria VA 22314
humphrey.law@earthlink.net
703‐599‐7919
69