This study examines differences in worker welfare based on job search intensity in Makassar, Indonesia. A decomposition analysis found that workers who obtained jobs through word-of-mouth had higher welfare than those using more advanced technologies. Work experience and unemployment duration explained much of the difference, as longer work experience increases wages while longer unemployment lowers reservation wages. Workers searching less intensely expected welfare gains from changes in employment status or education level, while more intense searchers focused on status and education. In general, more intense searching was found to have a negative impact on welfare.
This paper explores the lived experiences and aspirational social constructions of call centre work and employment in India’s high profile IT Enabled Services–Business Process Outsourcing (ITES–BPO) industry; the ways in which they differ from those previously documented amongst call centre workers in the Global North (specifically the UK); and the consequences of that geographical reconfiguration of offshored call centre work for the replicability in India of workplace collective bargaining strategies successfully developed in some UK call centres. These issues are analysed using new empirical evidence from a
regional survey of 511 non-unionised ITES–BPO workers and 42 in-depth interviews in India’s National Capital Region. Based on this analysis, the paper then discusses the operation, outcomes and ongoing challenges faced by the newly formed ‘Union for ITES Professionals’ (UNITES Pro) in developing an alternative occupational organising model better suited to the particular needs, motivations and preferences of India’s young, mobile, call centre workers. The empirical analysis presented in the paper is located, therefore, within wider debates on the role of geographical context in shaping possibilities for organising
white-collar service workers at different ends of global service chains in the new economy.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Within occupation wage inequality and task dispersionGRAPE
Recent years, we witnessed an increase in wage dispersion at the occupation level, which cannot be explained by differences in workers' characteristics. In this presentation, we show how the task content of jobs can be used to improve our understanding on the topic
“Can Firm-specific idiosyncratic financial data provide a solution to the mac...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
This paper explores the lived experiences and aspirational social constructions of call centre work and employment in India’s high profile IT Enabled Services–Business Process Outsourcing (ITES–BPO) industry; the ways in which they differ from those previously documented amongst call centre workers in the Global North (specifically the UK); and the consequences of that geographical reconfiguration of offshored call centre work for the replicability in India of workplace collective bargaining strategies successfully developed in some UK call centres. These issues are analysed using new empirical evidence from a
regional survey of 511 non-unionised ITES–BPO workers and 42 in-depth interviews in India’s National Capital Region. Based on this analysis, the paper then discusses the operation, outcomes and ongoing challenges faced by the newly formed ‘Union for ITES Professionals’ (UNITES Pro) in developing an alternative occupational organising model better suited to the particular needs, motivations and preferences of India’s young, mobile, call centre workers. The empirical analysis presented in the paper is located, therefore, within wider debates on the role of geographical context in shaping possibilities for organising
white-collar service workers at different ends of global service chains in the new economy.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Within occupation wage inequality and task dispersionGRAPE
Recent years, we witnessed an increase in wage dispersion at the occupation level, which cannot be explained by differences in workers' characteristics. In this presentation, we show how the task content of jobs can be used to improve our understanding on the topic
“Can Firm-specific idiosyncratic financial data provide a solution to the mac...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
October 15, 2006Federal Reserve Bank of ClevelandUnder.docxcherishwinsland
October 15, 2006
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
Understanding Unemployment
by Guillaume Rocheteau
ISSN 0428-1276
Modern economists have built models
of the labor market, which isolate the
market’s key drivers and describe
the way these interact to produce
particular levels of unemployment.
One of the most popular models used
by macroeconomists today is the
search-matching model of equilibrium
unemployment. We explain this model,
and show how it can be applied to
understand the way various policies,
such as unemployment benefits, taxes,
or technological changes, can affect the
unemployment rate.
Adisturbing feature of the labor mar-
ket is its seeming inability to clear. At
each instant in time, there are both
workers without jobs and jobs without
workers. How can it be that productive
resources are left unemployed in a well-
functioning market economy?
Economists attribute the failure of the
labor market to instantly allocate work-
ers to jobs to various “frictions.” These
frictions arise because labor, unlike gold
or oil, is not a homogenous commodity.
The services provided by a plumber are
different from those provided by a
lawyer—and even lawyers differ in the
services they offer; some specialize in
constitutional law, others in private law.
To match jobs and workers is far from a
trivial problem. The heterogeneity of
labor services also makes it hard for
employers to distinguish productive
from unproductive workers. And to
complicate things even more, the mere
process of moving labor services from
one job to another is not costless.
Over the past 25 years, economists have
developed a theory of the labor market
that takes into account the heterogeneity
of labor services and that describes the
matching process of workers and firms.
The theory, sometimes called the search-
matching theory of unemployment, is the
description that most economists have in
the back of their mind when thinking
about the labor market. In this Commen-
tary, we review this theory and show
how it can be applied to address several
issues related to unemployment.
■ Three Building Blocks for a
Theory of Unemployment
The search model of unemployment
contains three elements. Each element
characterizes a different aspect of the
labor market, and the three elements
together determine the behavior of the
overall labor market. The first element
describes how wages are set. The second
determines the number of vacancies that
firms decide to open, and the third
describes the process through which
unemployed workers and vacancies are
brought together, that is, the process of
creating jobs.
Setting Wages
Not all labor markets work the same, but
in many, wages are determined through a
bargaining process between workers and
their employers. The outcome of the bar-
gaining process depends on two things:
the bargaining power of each party and
the outside options of each. The party
with the most bargaining power—the
worker or the firm—is the one that can
extract a l.
Wage Differentials and Industrial Disputes in Nigerian HospitalsIOSR Journals
The study examined medical and Para-medical staff perception of the impact of wage differential on industrial disputes in Nigerian hospitals. A sample of 1109 respondents were purposively selected from Primary, Secondary and Tertiary hospitals in South-South Geo-political Zone of Nigeria (SSGZN). Information was elicited from respondents via structured questionnaire. Elicited data was analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) and multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that wage differentials in terms of basic salary, hazard and fringe benefit allowance significantly influenced industrial disputes in Nigerian hospitals. The study further revealed that socio-demographic predictors such as sex, age, category of staff, educational qualification and rank could also influence the incidence of industrial disputes in Nigerian hospitals. We recommended among others policy reform options and the upward review of medical and para-medical staff wages in Nigeria.
Analysis of Factors Influencing the Income Level of Women Informal Sector Wor...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The informal sector is a broad sector that includes all fields that are not bound by agreements
or employment contracts, one of which is trade where everyone has the right to enter, especially women whose
participation has been increasing every year. The purpose of women entering the informal sector, specifically
trade, is to improve the welfare and living standards of their families. The variables that influence women's
income levels include education, migration status, work experience, and working hours. This research was
conducted in Nyanggelan Market, Denpasar, with a sample size of 104 people, using path analysis as the
method of analysis. The results obtained indicate a positive and significant influence of education, migration
status, and work experience on income. Additionally, working hours mediate the influence of education,
migration status, and work experience on income.
KEYWORDS : education, Informal Sector, migration status, working hours, work experience, income.
Economics selection wages and discriminationtondion
a thorough analysis of the relationships between wages, workforce and productivity - issues of how to cope with discrimination related to various categories of workers
This study investigates the role of adverse working conditions in the determination of individual wages and overall job satisfaction in the Finnish labour market. The potential influence of adverse working conditions on self-reported fairness of pay at the workplace is considered as an alternative, indirect measure of job satisfaction. The results show that working conditions have a very minor role in the determination of individual wages in the Finnish labour market. In contrast, adverse working conditions substantially increase the level of job dissatisfaction and the perception of unfairness of pay at the workplace
An Empirical Analysis of Wage Differentials Among Public Servants in Nigeriainventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1Thesis Statement The minimum wage, the least possible pa.docxvickeryr87
1
Thesis Statement
The minimum wage, the least possible payment an employer can pay their workers as enshrined in labor laws regarding a certain industry, should be changed based on the rapidly changing economic times and the fact that different professions keep changing with regards to skills desirable. This will be in furtherance with the spirit of conscious capitalism and a match to embracing the best ever conditions of employees across the globe.
Annotated Biography
Annotation Reference 1:
Tilly, C. (2017). From mobilization to revolution. In Collective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change (pp. 71-91). Routledge.
Annotation: The article addresses the various milestones and achievements arrived at by activists of social change in the past with regards improving universal employee remuneration schemes and other legislation loops that provided for employee exploitation based on poor payments. The author identifies the movement groups' movements and the factors that influenced their initiatives such as poor payments during the working hours and working for extra hours without extra pay. Tilly found out that the existing minimum wage was set as a culmination of radical labor movement activities and was based on the then prevailing economic conditions. The author recommends a continuous course of action to give employees their dignity through fair remuneration. This article will inform this research paper especially on appreciating the plight of employees subjected to exploitative constant minimum wage cutline in the face of the ever-rising cost of living. Secondly, the article will inform this paper on the foundational philosophies that inform the reasons that warrant a review of the minimum wage in the United States of America and to the extension of other parts of the world. Finally, this article will provide the basic economic parameters used in determining the frequency of employee remuneration schemes as well as their implications on the minimum salaries given to employees in all industries.
Annotation Reference 2:
Dube, A., Lester, T. W., & Reich, M. (2010). Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties. The review of economics and statistics, 92(4), 945- 964.
Annotation: The research work by the three authors sought to investigate the effects of the minimum wage concept on the productivity of employees with the different levels of economy. Dube, Lester, and Reich found that a constant minimum wage in the face of the dynamic nature of the other parameters of an economy demoralized employees in all industries based on poor working motivation, attracted few employees seeking to serve an institution with a minimum wage, resulted in low employee turn-over and skill retention while at the same time leading to poor personal development of employee with regards to increasing their skill capacity, reducing their productivity and consequently resulting in poor organizational performance. The re.
Muhammad Saud Kharal
PhD in Social Science,
Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
Organizational structure entails the direction of certain activities so that they can achieve the set goals in an organization. The activities consist of rules and responsibilities (Ehrenberg and Smith 2016, p111). The organizational structure is a determinant of the flow of information in all levels of an organization. The operations of the gig economy are structured in a way such that they operate with the help of an algorithm.
The organizational structure of the gig economy relies heavily on the scientific management theory. This theory has principles one being the replacement of rule of thumb and instead using a scientific method in studying work and determining the way that is most efficient in carrying out specific tasks (Barley, Bechky and Milliken 2017,p93). In the gig economy, the algorithm is used in the management of work and the employees. The algorithm is a scientific management tool that is used to manage work and the employees. In the gig economy, employees do not report to physical workplaces. Instead, they are employed scientifically by the algorithm.
References
Barley, S.R., Bechky, B.A. and Milliken, F.J., 2017. The changing nature of work: Careers, identities, and work lives in the 21st century.
Cherry, M.A. and Aloisi, A., 2016. Dependent contractors in the gig economy: A comparative approach. Am. UL Rev., 66, p.635.
De Stefano, V., 2015. Crowdsourcing, the Gig-Economy, and the Law. Comp. Lab. L. & Pol'y J., 37, p.461.
Dokko, J., Mumford, M. and Schanzenbach, D.W., 2015. Workers and the online gig economy. The Hamilton Project.
Drahokoupil, J. and Fabo, B., 2016. The platform economy and the disruption of the employment relationship.
Ehrenberg, R.G. and Smith, R.S., 2016. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Routledge.
Graham, M., Hjorth, I. and Lehdonvirta, V., 2017. Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(2), pp.135-162.
Kässi, O. and Lehdonvirta, V., 2018. Online labour index: measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological forecasting and social change, 137, pp.241-248.
Kuhn, K.M., 2016. The rise of the “Gig Economy” and implications for understanding work and workers. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), pp.157-162.
Means, B. and Seiner, J.A., 2015. Navigating the Uber Economy. UCDL Rev., 49, p.1511.
O’connor, S., 2016. When your boss is an algorithm,“. Financial Times, 7.
Pinsof, J., 2015. A New Take on an Old Problem: Employee Misclassification in the Modern Gig-Economy. Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev., 22, p.341.
Schor, J., 2015. The sharing economy: reports from stage one. unpublished paper, Boston College.
October 15, 2006Federal Reserve Bank of ClevelandUnder.docxcherishwinsland
October 15, 2006
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
Understanding Unemployment
by Guillaume Rocheteau
ISSN 0428-1276
Modern economists have built models
of the labor market, which isolate the
market’s key drivers and describe
the way these interact to produce
particular levels of unemployment.
One of the most popular models used
by macroeconomists today is the
search-matching model of equilibrium
unemployment. We explain this model,
and show how it can be applied to
understand the way various policies,
such as unemployment benefits, taxes,
or technological changes, can affect the
unemployment rate.
Adisturbing feature of the labor mar-
ket is its seeming inability to clear. At
each instant in time, there are both
workers without jobs and jobs without
workers. How can it be that productive
resources are left unemployed in a well-
functioning market economy?
Economists attribute the failure of the
labor market to instantly allocate work-
ers to jobs to various “frictions.” These
frictions arise because labor, unlike gold
or oil, is not a homogenous commodity.
The services provided by a plumber are
different from those provided by a
lawyer—and even lawyers differ in the
services they offer; some specialize in
constitutional law, others in private law.
To match jobs and workers is far from a
trivial problem. The heterogeneity of
labor services also makes it hard for
employers to distinguish productive
from unproductive workers. And to
complicate things even more, the mere
process of moving labor services from
one job to another is not costless.
Over the past 25 years, economists have
developed a theory of the labor market
that takes into account the heterogeneity
of labor services and that describes the
matching process of workers and firms.
The theory, sometimes called the search-
matching theory of unemployment, is the
description that most economists have in
the back of their mind when thinking
about the labor market. In this Commen-
tary, we review this theory and show
how it can be applied to address several
issues related to unemployment.
■ Three Building Blocks for a
Theory of Unemployment
The search model of unemployment
contains three elements. Each element
characterizes a different aspect of the
labor market, and the three elements
together determine the behavior of the
overall labor market. The first element
describes how wages are set. The second
determines the number of vacancies that
firms decide to open, and the third
describes the process through which
unemployed workers and vacancies are
brought together, that is, the process of
creating jobs.
Setting Wages
Not all labor markets work the same, but
in many, wages are determined through a
bargaining process between workers and
their employers. The outcome of the bar-
gaining process depends on two things:
the bargaining power of each party and
the outside options of each. The party
with the most bargaining power—the
worker or the firm—is the one that can
extract a l.
Wage Differentials and Industrial Disputes in Nigerian HospitalsIOSR Journals
The study examined medical and Para-medical staff perception of the impact of wage differential on industrial disputes in Nigerian hospitals. A sample of 1109 respondents were purposively selected from Primary, Secondary and Tertiary hospitals in South-South Geo-political Zone of Nigeria (SSGZN). Information was elicited from respondents via structured questionnaire. Elicited data was analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) and multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that wage differentials in terms of basic salary, hazard and fringe benefit allowance significantly influenced industrial disputes in Nigerian hospitals. The study further revealed that socio-demographic predictors such as sex, age, category of staff, educational qualification and rank could also influence the incidence of industrial disputes in Nigerian hospitals. We recommended among others policy reform options and the upward review of medical and para-medical staff wages in Nigeria.
Analysis of Factors Influencing the Income Level of Women Informal Sector Wor...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The informal sector is a broad sector that includes all fields that are not bound by agreements
or employment contracts, one of which is trade where everyone has the right to enter, especially women whose
participation has been increasing every year. The purpose of women entering the informal sector, specifically
trade, is to improve the welfare and living standards of their families. The variables that influence women's
income levels include education, migration status, work experience, and working hours. This research was
conducted in Nyanggelan Market, Denpasar, with a sample size of 104 people, using path analysis as the
method of analysis. The results obtained indicate a positive and significant influence of education, migration
status, and work experience on income. Additionally, working hours mediate the influence of education,
migration status, and work experience on income.
KEYWORDS : education, Informal Sector, migration status, working hours, work experience, income.
Economics selection wages and discriminationtondion
a thorough analysis of the relationships between wages, workforce and productivity - issues of how to cope with discrimination related to various categories of workers
This study investigates the role of adverse working conditions in the determination of individual wages and overall job satisfaction in the Finnish labour market. The potential influence of adverse working conditions on self-reported fairness of pay at the workplace is considered as an alternative, indirect measure of job satisfaction. The results show that working conditions have a very minor role in the determination of individual wages in the Finnish labour market. In contrast, adverse working conditions substantially increase the level of job dissatisfaction and the perception of unfairness of pay at the workplace
An Empirical Analysis of Wage Differentials Among Public Servants in Nigeriainventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1Thesis Statement The minimum wage, the least possible pa.docxvickeryr87
1
Thesis Statement
The minimum wage, the least possible payment an employer can pay their workers as enshrined in labor laws regarding a certain industry, should be changed based on the rapidly changing economic times and the fact that different professions keep changing with regards to skills desirable. This will be in furtherance with the spirit of conscious capitalism and a match to embracing the best ever conditions of employees across the globe.
Annotated Biography
Annotation Reference 1:
Tilly, C. (2017). From mobilization to revolution. In Collective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change (pp. 71-91). Routledge.
Annotation: The article addresses the various milestones and achievements arrived at by activists of social change in the past with regards improving universal employee remuneration schemes and other legislation loops that provided for employee exploitation based on poor payments. The author identifies the movement groups' movements and the factors that influenced their initiatives such as poor payments during the working hours and working for extra hours without extra pay. Tilly found out that the existing minimum wage was set as a culmination of radical labor movement activities and was based on the then prevailing economic conditions. The author recommends a continuous course of action to give employees their dignity through fair remuneration. This article will inform this research paper especially on appreciating the plight of employees subjected to exploitative constant minimum wage cutline in the face of the ever-rising cost of living. Secondly, the article will inform this paper on the foundational philosophies that inform the reasons that warrant a review of the minimum wage in the United States of America and to the extension of other parts of the world. Finally, this article will provide the basic economic parameters used in determining the frequency of employee remuneration schemes as well as their implications on the minimum salaries given to employees in all industries.
Annotation Reference 2:
Dube, A., Lester, T. W., & Reich, M. (2010). Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties. The review of economics and statistics, 92(4), 945- 964.
Annotation: The research work by the three authors sought to investigate the effects of the minimum wage concept on the productivity of employees with the different levels of economy. Dube, Lester, and Reich found that a constant minimum wage in the face of the dynamic nature of the other parameters of an economy demoralized employees in all industries based on poor working motivation, attracted few employees seeking to serve an institution with a minimum wage, resulted in low employee turn-over and skill retention while at the same time leading to poor personal development of employee with regards to increasing their skill capacity, reducing their productivity and consequently resulting in poor organizational performance. The re.
Muhammad Saud Kharal
PhD in Social Science,
Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
Organizational structure entails the direction of certain activities so that they can achieve the set goals in an organization. The activities consist of rules and responsibilities (Ehrenberg and Smith 2016, p111). The organizational structure is a determinant of the flow of information in all levels of an organization. The operations of the gig economy are structured in a way such that they operate with the help of an algorithm.
The organizational structure of the gig economy relies heavily on the scientific management theory. This theory has principles one being the replacement of rule of thumb and instead using a scientific method in studying work and determining the way that is most efficient in carrying out specific tasks (Barley, Bechky and Milliken 2017,p93). In the gig economy, the algorithm is used in the management of work and the employees. The algorithm is a scientific management tool that is used to manage work and the employees. In the gig economy, employees do not report to physical workplaces. Instead, they are employed scientifically by the algorithm.
References
Barley, S.R., Bechky, B.A. and Milliken, F.J., 2017. The changing nature of work: Careers, identities, and work lives in the 21st century.
Cherry, M.A. and Aloisi, A., 2016. Dependent contractors in the gig economy: A comparative approach. Am. UL Rev., 66, p.635.
De Stefano, V., 2015. Crowdsourcing, the Gig-Economy, and the Law. Comp. Lab. L. & Pol'y J., 37, p.461.
Dokko, J., Mumford, M. and Schanzenbach, D.W., 2015. Workers and the online gig economy. The Hamilton Project.
Drahokoupil, J. and Fabo, B., 2016. The platform economy and the disruption of the employment relationship.
Ehrenberg, R.G. and Smith, R.S., 2016. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Routledge.
Graham, M., Hjorth, I. and Lehdonvirta, V., 2017. Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(2), pp.135-162.
Kässi, O. and Lehdonvirta, V., 2018. Online labour index: measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological forecasting and social change, 137, pp.241-248.
Kuhn, K.M., 2016. The rise of the “Gig Economy” and implications for understanding work and workers. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), pp.157-162.
Means, B. and Seiner, J.A., 2015. Navigating the Uber Economy. UCDL Rev., 49, p.1511.
O’connor, S., 2016. When your boss is an algorithm,“. Financial Times, 7.
Pinsof, J., 2015. A New Take on an Old Problem: Employee Misclassification in the Modern Gig-Economy. Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev., 22, p.341.
Schor, J., 2015. The sharing economy: reports from stage one. unpublished paper, Boston College.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and Sales
Labor welfare based on the intensity of job search
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
77
Labor Welfare based on the Intensity of Job Search
Muhammad Jibril Tajibu1*
M. Umar Burhan2
, Ghozali Maski2
, Dwi Budi Santoso2
1
Graduate Program of Economics, Brawijaya University
2
Department of Economics Brawijaya University
Email of corresponding author: 0930201013@mail.ub.ac.id
Abstract
This study discusses the differences in welfare workforce as measured by the revelation of willingness to work
that describes the characteristics of the workforce offers and the variables that influence in the city of Makassar.
Job search intensity is added as a factor that distinguishes welfare workforce, and the decomposition analysis of
the 384 people sampled, and analytical results indicating that the workforce is getting job from word of mouth
information have better welfare than getting a job by using advanced technology.
Keywords: reservation wage, searching for job, technology, welfare
1. Introduction
Generally, human activities have economic objectives to get a good life, satisfactory, or welfare that can be
achieved when a person has the power to control all matters affecting their welfare. Efforts were made for
someone to get pleasure, satisfaction, or well-being described in economics as a form of production activities
and transactions that occur in some markets. Labor market is one form of a dynamic marketplace which is a
forum in which individual humans exert effort to get welfare. Effort is a potential deployment of human capital,
which will then be rewarded with a salary of a recipient of services in this company. Return for wages paid
workforce, comparable with the activities of exertion that is revenue that can be spent. Received a wage value of
labor-power can give him a chance to improve their living standards in order to achieve a higher level of
prosperity.
The concept of welfare used to determine the level of satisfaction with the individual using the concept of utility
parameters. As for other forms of satisfaction that builds individual satisfaction in the form of job satisfaction,
financial satisfaction, health satisfaction, housing satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, environment satisfaction,
social-life satisfaction, marriage satisfaction, general satisfaction.
New macro-economic outlook assumes a classic perfect labor market. People changing workforce offers
appropriate wage rate changes and interest rate, if they are unemployed because they do so voluntarily.
According to this flow, loss of income due to unemployment is deliberately chosen and those who are
unemployed do not enjoy the satisfaction (utility). In contrast, Keynesian macroeconomic diagnose the presence
of involuntary unemployment (involuntary), due to price and wage rigidity. People who are unemployed want a
job at the prevailing wage rate, but those who did not manage to find it and improves satisfaction.
Wage is the balance the result of the interaction between supply manpower with workforce demand in the labor
market. The reality of the prevailing wage rate is the wage that has been distorted due to the failure of the market
which makes it deviated from a perfect labor market wage rates. Differences in wage levels also reflect the
differences in accessibility to the labor market workforce. Basically workforce accessibility level is level
overview owned welfare workforce. The difference between the wage in a perfectly competitive market with
prevailing wage workforce shows the level of accessibility to the market. The smaller the difference, the higher
the level of accessibility of manpower and the higher level of welfare workforce, and vice versa.
Offer existing workforce, can be formed by using reservation wage, the lowest wage level where someone still
wants to work, or the highest wage rate in which a person is still unemployed. Offers workforce is represented by
characteristic reservation wage (reservation wage), is an important concept to model the dynamics of the labor
market. Reservation wage is the highest wage rate in which a person is not going to work. Wage rates below the
reservation wage will not change behavior, whereas when the wage rate is above the reservation wage then
someone decides to work (Walker, 2003).
Differences in accessibility due to differences in reservation wage workforce bring due to differences in wages.
This raises the issue of wage inequality of income distribution which also means that the distribution of welfare /
wealth. Distribution of wealth is important in economic development. Besides being a primary requirement for
human welfare, welfare assessment is always interesting to discuss because of a technical study on the welfare
measure labor market, particularly on the supply of labor-power has not been widely discussed.
This study discusses the differences in welfare workforce as measured by the revelation of willingness to work
that describes the characteristics of the workforce offers and the variables that influence in the city of Makassar.
Macroeconomic variables have a role in determining the reservation wage rate, aggregate demand (in this case
the derived demand workforce) may affect the distribution of offered wages (wage offer) and the arrival rate of
wages offered. Other variables that could also affect the duration of unemployment and depreciation is human
2. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
78
capital (human capital). This research will add variables in the information technology job search in Indonesia as
a new factor that also affects the reservation wage level. This is complementary to previous studies that have not
been factored technology, making it one of the currency of this study.
Reservation wage plays an important role in job search theory, supply manpower and labor market participation
in some previous studies on the importance of reservation wages by Sant (1977), Moller and Aldashev (2007),
Brown, Taylor, and Roberts (2011), and Arent and Nagl (2011).
The focus of the research is to answer the question of whether the factors that differentiate the welfare of
workers seeking jobs through word of mouth compare with workers welfare who seeking employment in a more
modern way.
2. Theoretical Model
Labor-supply function derived from the general model of consumer demand, in which a number of endowment
commodities remains divided into two parts sections, the first sold to the market and the other consumed directly.
This endowment in the form of a block of time (T) is subdivided into time to work (h) and time spent on other
leisure activities, (l), so that = ℎ + .
Demand for leisure , a rest period of time spent on other work activities. Someone with a characteristic (e.g. age
or gender) have a well behaved utility function (real-valued, continuous, and quasi-concave) with the intention to
consume commodity x, and worked (h):
= ( , ℎ; , ) (1)
where is a component of "taste" the individual, ε is a parameter that unobserved.
Partial derivatives of U with respect to x is assumed positive and the derivative with respect to h is negative and
the relative prices of commodities have not changed. Individuals sell services to consumers in product markets
either directly (self-employed) or indirectly when he worked at a company to produce the commodity. Total
individual compensation ( ) for the operation in the market depends positively on the amount of time allocated
for activities that: c = c (h). Every hour of work valued at a fixed rate that w and c (h) = wh. So the average
payment and marginal payment for the time allotted for the work is the same. If p is the price and the commodity
bundle y is income, then its budget constraint is linear and homogeneous in degree 0 in p, w, and y to form a
relationship:
= ℎ + (2)
Individuals are assumed to do the best with the constraints that it faces. Or, more formally, individuals choose
the value of x> 0 and h> 0 that maximizes equation (1) that satisfies the budget constraint equation (2).
According to Pencavel (1989) that when individuals choose the number of hours of work to be supplied to the
market (starting to work), the first order derivative terms to achieve maximum value requires that the
commodities consumed and hours of work must be chosen such that the negative value of the marginal rate of
substitution ( m) hours worked equals the real wage (w / p):
= − ( , ℎ; , ) = −
ℎ⁄
⁄
(3)
The reduced form equation when substituted into the budget constraint equation
= ( , , ; , )
ℎ = ℎ( , , ; , )
, if ℎ > 0
(4)
Interior solutions for working hours declared to the concept of individual reservation wage, ∗
. Real reservation
wage, ∗⁄ , is the slope of the indifference curve between commodity consumption and hours of work are
evaluated at h = 0. Reservation wage values vary for each person because reservation wages will depend on x
and y for each depends on the value of A and : ∗
( , , ). Reservation wage is also negative marginal rate of
substitution of the working hours are evaluated on the value of commodities
ℎ = 0: ∗⁄ = − ( , 0; , ). Reservation wage is the implicit value of time when the individual is between
participating or not participating in the labor market. If someone is on the boundary, the market value of his time,
w is greater than their individual values ∗
, then he would participate in the labor market and contribute a
positive amount of hours of work, namely:
if > ∗
, then ℎ = ℎ( , , ; , ) > 0 (5)
Conversely, if on the other hand, if the market value of his time, w is less than or equal to the value of individual
w ^ *, then he will not participate in the labor market or if
≤ ∗
, then ℎ = 0. (6)
3. Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
3. Data and Sampling Method
Sampling method using the sampling method (simple random sampling)
workforce in the city of Makassar to ensure that the people interviewed have sufficient ability to provide
accurate answers to the questions given.
In 2005 the labor force in the city of Makassar reached 490,050 people and
people (BPS, 2007). With a population of 1,272,349 people in 2009
500,000 from the city of Makassar in 2011. Assuming the number of manpower so then set the total sample of
348 people.
The type of data that will be used is the data taken directly from the answers to the questions submitted by the
respondents through questionnaires. Core questions include questions whose answers are expected to provide an
understanding of the reservation wage workforce.
4. Results and Analysis
The analysis of the welfare of the workforce groups that do not use information technology to the workf
have used information technology to conduct job searches via the decomposition technique, showed a significant
difference between the two groups with a coefficient value of
Manpower is looking for a job with a more intensive use had a lower level of wellbeing than those who use
simple technologies (eg information by word of mouth).
Table 1 Decomposition Analysis of Labour Welfare Based on the intensity of job search
Source: Data processed.Source of this difference is explained by unexplained factors with a significance level of
2 per cent, through the Work Experience variable (significant at the 8.4 percent level) and variable spell of
unemployed (significant at the 8.3 percent level). While unexpla
0565 (Online)
79
Sampling method using the sampling method (simple random sampling) of the population of the entire
workforce in the city of Makassar to ensure that the people interviewed have sufficient ability to provide
accurate answers to the questions given.
In 2005 the labor force in the city of Makassar reached 490,050 people and the work is as much as 421 259
. With a population of 1,272,349 people in 2009 (BPS, 2011) the estimated labor force of
0 from the city of Makassar in 2011. Assuming the number of manpower so then set the total sample of
The type of data that will be used is the data taken directly from the answers to the questions submitted by the
ires. Core questions include questions whose answers are expected to provide an
understanding of the reservation wage workforce.
The analysis of the welfare of the workforce groups that do not use information technology to the workf
have used information technology to conduct job searches via the decomposition technique, showed a significant
difference between the two groups with a coefficient value of -0.0447 at a significance level of 1.6 percent.
job with a more intensive use had a lower level of wellbeing than those who use
simple technologies (eg information by word of mouth).
Table 1 Decomposition Analysis of Labour Welfare Based on the intensity of job search
this difference is explained by unexplained factors with a significance level of
2 per cent, through the Work Experience variable (significant at the 8.4 percent level) and variable spell of
unemployed (significant at the 8.3 percent level). While unexplained factors explain the this difference as the
www.iiste.org
of the population of the entire
workforce in the city of Makassar to ensure that the people interviewed have sufficient ability to provide
the work is as much as 421 259
the estimated labor force of
0 from the city of Makassar in 2011. Assuming the number of manpower so then set the total sample of
The type of data that will be used is the data taken directly from the answers to the questions submitted by the
ires. Core questions include questions whose answers are expected to provide an
The analysis of the welfare of the workforce groups that do not use information technology to the workforce that
have used information technology to conduct job searches via the decomposition technique, showed a significant
0.0447 at a significance level of 1.6 percent.
job with a more intensive use had a lower level of wellbeing than those who use
Table 1 Decomposition Analysis of Labour Welfare Based on the intensity of job search
this difference is explained by unexplained factors with a significance level of
2 per cent, through the Work Experience variable (significant at the 8.4 percent level) and variable spell of
ined factors explain the this difference as the
4. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
80
significance level reached 86.9 percent.
Employee are doing job searches with low intensity, more expect an increase in the welfare of:
1. Employment status, that is they are expecting an increase in welfare through changes in the status of
manpower status does not remain a permanent status.
2. Work experience, point by increasing the length of their work, they expect a change and increase the wages
earned.
3. Spell of unemployed, the intention is that the more quickly they are absorbed into the workforce, will make
them earn a decent wage. That is because companies have a view that is not too good for too long idle
employee.
4. Education levels, the intention is the higher education workforce, it will be easier for them to get jobs with
high wages.
Motivations that encourage workforce to look for a new job is to get the status of permanent employment, even
though the monthly salary to be received later is smaller than the wage he received today. Benefits such as
pensions and insurance benefits received by the workforce remains a more intensive encourage them to find a
new job that can change their employment status.
While the workforce is doing more intensive job search, just expect an increase in the welfare of the employment
status and education level. This is consistent with the theory of man (human capital theory) as proposed by
Schultz (1970), which assumes that formal education is needed to increase the production capacity of the
population. In short human capital theorists argue that an educated society is a productive society because
education increases productivity and workforce efficiency through increased levels of human economic
production capacity.
Both of these variables are also the variables are the cause of the segregation between the two groups, but the
effect is smaller than the two that are unexplained variable work experience and the spell of unemployed, so in
general the unexplained variables become more dominant. These variables are more dominant in distinguishing
two groups of well-being. The effects of the coefficient difference of -0.04473 indicates that an increase in the
intensity of job search actually have negative effect on the welfare of manpower, because the longer the
unemployed, the lower the reservation wage, as well as the longer work experience higher wage will be received
so the effect will increase welfare.
While the employment status variables significantly affect the incidence of labor-power difference between the
two groups, with the status of permanent employment and higher education levels will have implications for the
further away the different levels of wellbeing.
5. Conclusions
Job search by using the advanced technology yet has better effectiveness than by word of mouth. This difference
has implications for their well-being, where the search for work from word of mouth information has higher
welfare than the workforce that getting information through advanced technology. Efforts to improve the well-
being through the use of advanced technology should be done by expanding the workforce accessibility to the
labor market so that firms have higher expectations for accessibility workforce so that more efficient markets can
be realized.
References
Arent, S., & Nagl, W. (2011). Unemployment Benefit and Wages: The Impact of the Labor Market Reform in
Germany on (Reservation) Wages. Ifo Working Paper No. 101. Retrieved from
http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/78586/diw_sp0085.pdf
BPS. (2007). Makassar Dalam Angka Tahun 2006. Makassar: Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Makassar.
BPS. (2011). Makassar Dalam Angka Tahun 2010. Makassar: Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Makassar.
Brown, S., Taylor, K., & Roberts, J. (2011). The Gender Reservation Wage Gap : Evidence form British Panel
Data.
Moller, J., & Aldashev, A. (2007). Wage Inequality, Reservation Wages and Labor Market Participation.
International Regional Science Review, 30(2), 120-151. doi: 10.1177/0160017606298431
Pencavel, J. (1989). Employment, Wages, and Unionism in a Model of the Aggregate Labor Market in Britain
NBER Working Papers.
Sant, D. T. (1977). Reservation Wage Rules and Learning Behavior. The Review of Economics and Statistics,
59(1), 43-49.
Schultz, T. W. (1970). Investment in human capital: the role of education and of research: Free Press.
Walker, R. (2003). Reservation Wages-Measurement and Determinants: Evidence from the KMP Survey:
Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
5. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar