1. Cloud seeding operations were conducted from 2003-2006 over Moscow and St. Petersburg to modify weather conditions during major events.
2. Four concepts were used: dispersing stratiform clouds, destroying convective clouds dynamically, initiating rainfall upwind to form a "rain shadow", and overseeding rain-producing clouds to weaken precipitation.
3. Up to 12 aircraft equipped for cloud seeding dispensed reagents like liquid nitrogen and silver iodide into clouds. Operations were managed using radar systems.
1. The document proposes a method for flood mapping from COSMO-SkyMED SAR data using electromagnetic scattering models, fuzzy logic, and mathematical morphology.
2. It applies this method to map two case study floods in Italy, segmenting multi-temporal image data and analyzing backscatter trends over time to delineate flooded areas.
3. The results show the potential of the approach to monitor flood evolution using the high spatial and temporal resolution of COSMO-SkyMED imagery.
This document describes enhancements made to the SnowTran-3D model to simulate complex snow distributions in windy environments globally. The key improvements include: (1) an improved wind sub-model to account for varied topography, (2) a two-layer sub-model allowing the snow transport threshold to vary spatially and temporally, and (3) implementation of a three-dimensional drift profile sub-model forcing the snow accumulations to match observed profiles over time. These enhancements allow SnowTran-3D to simulate snow transport processes across different landscapes and climates. The model is also coupled to high-resolution meteorological and snow evolution models to provide more realistic forcing data and simulate snow distributions over entire seasons.
Effects of Uncertainty in Cloud Microphysics on Passive Microwave Rainfall Me...grssieee
This study examines how uncertainties in cloud microphysics schemes impact passive microwave rainfall measurements. Six microphysics schemes are used to build a priori databases in a cloud resolving model, which are then input into a parametric rainfall retrieval algorithm to estimate rainfall from satellite observations. The different schemes produce varying amounts of hydrometeors like graupel and snow that impact the databases and retrieved rainfall distributions and intensities. The results suggest that uncertainties in microphysics significantly affect passive microwave rainfall measurements, especially for extreme rain events, with some schemes like WDM6 and WSM6 performing better than others like PLIN and THOMPSON.
A knowledge-based model for identifying and mapping tropical wetlands and pea...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Thomas Gumbricht, from Center for International Forestry Research – Indonesia, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document describes experiments simulating volcanic flooding on the Moon using lunar topography data. Three similarly sized regions were artificially flooded: 1) heavily cratered terrain, 2) Hertzsprung basin, and 3) the Central Highlands. As flooding progressed, small craters were buried first followed by larger craters. Comparing the results from point source and ubiquitous flooding showed little difference in the volume of lava added or changes to crater size distributions over time. The experiments provide insights into estimating lava volumes involved in large scale resurfacing events on terrestrial planets.
The document presents a method for detecting estuary wetlands in SAR images using the spatial chaotic model (SCM). SCM models the fractal geometry of SAR signals using fractal dimension. Wetland areas like mud flats have lower fractal dimensions than other land types. The method estimates fractal dimension across the image then applies thresholding to the fractal dimension values to detect wetland pixels. It was tested on a SAR image of a nature reserve site containing sandy beaches, marshes and mud flats, with preliminary results finding mud flats were detectable using this approach.
The document provides information about the Skolkovo Innovation Center and its Nuclear&Radiation Technologies Cluster. The cluster aims to support commercialization of research in the nuclear industry and identify breakthrough growth areas. It focuses on developing new materials, mechanical engineering, electronics, nuclear medicine, agriculture, and complex systems. Key areas of focus include attracting participants, helping residents commercialize technologies, and supporting projects in areas like monitoring and non-destructive testing.
This document outlines operational procedures for cloud research using a Braa King Air aircraft. It discusses objectives such as characterizing aerosols, cloud droplets, drizzle development, and ice phase processes. Flight strategies are described to accomplish instrumentation testing, ambient aerosol surveys, cloud microstructure documentation, exploratory seeding flights, and coordinated seeding research. Potential seeding strategies and hypotheses involving hygroscopic and glaciogenic techniques are summarized. The assessment of seeding effects will be based on physical measurements, case studies of seeding signatures, randomized seeding studies, and modeling results. Tables provide details on the characteristics of flares used for seeding and planned seeding actions.
1. The document proposes a method for flood mapping from COSMO-SkyMED SAR data using electromagnetic scattering models, fuzzy logic, and mathematical morphology.
2. It applies this method to map two case study floods in Italy, segmenting multi-temporal image data and analyzing backscatter trends over time to delineate flooded areas.
3. The results show the potential of the approach to monitor flood evolution using the high spatial and temporal resolution of COSMO-SkyMED imagery.
This document describes enhancements made to the SnowTran-3D model to simulate complex snow distributions in windy environments globally. The key improvements include: (1) an improved wind sub-model to account for varied topography, (2) a two-layer sub-model allowing the snow transport threshold to vary spatially and temporally, and (3) implementation of a three-dimensional drift profile sub-model forcing the snow accumulations to match observed profiles over time. These enhancements allow SnowTran-3D to simulate snow transport processes across different landscapes and climates. The model is also coupled to high-resolution meteorological and snow evolution models to provide more realistic forcing data and simulate snow distributions over entire seasons.
Effects of Uncertainty in Cloud Microphysics on Passive Microwave Rainfall Me...grssieee
This study examines how uncertainties in cloud microphysics schemes impact passive microwave rainfall measurements. Six microphysics schemes are used to build a priori databases in a cloud resolving model, which are then input into a parametric rainfall retrieval algorithm to estimate rainfall from satellite observations. The different schemes produce varying amounts of hydrometeors like graupel and snow that impact the databases and retrieved rainfall distributions and intensities. The results suggest that uncertainties in microphysics significantly affect passive microwave rainfall measurements, especially for extreme rain events, with some schemes like WDM6 and WSM6 performing better than others like PLIN and THOMPSON.
A knowledge-based model for identifying and mapping tropical wetlands and pea...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Thomas Gumbricht, from Center for International Forestry Research – Indonesia, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document describes experiments simulating volcanic flooding on the Moon using lunar topography data. Three similarly sized regions were artificially flooded: 1) heavily cratered terrain, 2) Hertzsprung basin, and 3) the Central Highlands. As flooding progressed, small craters were buried first followed by larger craters. Comparing the results from point source and ubiquitous flooding showed little difference in the volume of lava added or changes to crater size distributions over time. The experiments provide insights into estimating lava volumes involved in large scale resurfacing events on terrestrial planets.
The document presents a method for detecting estuary wetlands in SAR images using the spatial chaotic model (SCM). SCM models the fractal geometry of SAR signals using fractal dimension. Wetland areas like mud flats have lower fractal dimensions than other land types. The method estimates fractal dimension across the image then applies thresholding to the fractal dimension values to detect wetland pixels. It was tested on a SAR image of a nature reserve site containing sandy beaches, marshes and mud flats, with preliminary results finding mud flats were detectable using this approach.
The document provides information about the Skolkovo Innovation Center and its Nuclear&Radiation Technologies Cluster. The cluster aims to support commercialization of research in the nuclear industry and identify breakthrough growth areas. It focuses on developing new materials, mechanical engineering, electronics, nuclear medicine, agriculture, and complex systems. Key areas of focus include attracting participants, helping residents commercialize technologies, and supporting projects in areas like monitoring and non-destructive testing.
This document outlines operational procedures for cloud research using a Braa King Air aircraft. It discusses objectives such as characterizing aerosols, cloud droplets, drizzle development, and ice phase processes. Flight strategies are described to accomplish instrumentation testing, ambient aerosol surveys, cloud microstructure documentation, exploratory seeding flights, and coordinated seeding research. Potential seeding strategies and hypotheses involving hygroscopic and glaciogenic techniques are summarized. The assessment of seeding effects will be based on physical measurements, case studies of seeding signatures, randomized seeding studies, and modeling results. Tables provide details on the characteristics of flares used for seeding and planned seeding actions.
1) Aerosols can both decrease and increase rainfall through their effects on cloud microphysics and radiation. They slow the conversion of cloud droplets to raindrops but can invigorate deep convective clouds under certain conditions.
2) Observational studies show that aerosols can completely suppress precipitation from shallow clouds but do not generally reduce rainfall amounts from all cloud types. Heavy aerosol loading has been observed to both suppress rainfall from tropical clouds and invigorate deep convective clouds with warm cloud bases.
3) The document proposes a conceptual model to explain how slowing droplet conversion through increased aerosols can enhance rainfall in deep convective clouds by increasing latent heat release and upward heat transport
Cloud seeding involves introducing substances like silver iodide or dry ice into clouds to modify their development and increase precipitation. It is used to address water stress as populations and industries grow. India is vulnerable to rainfall variations due to its infrastructure and agriculture. Cloud seeding works by providing particles for cloud droplets and ice crystals to form on. There are different types of cloud seeding that introduce particles in different ways. Monitoring equipment like radar and networks are needed to analyze seeded clouds. Studies in India have used software to compare parameters of seeded and unseeded clouds to evaluate cloud seeding effectiveness. Both benefits and disadvantages exist regarding its ability to augment water resources versus costs and uncertainties.
This study analyzes how aerosol size and concentration can impact precipitation by serving as cloud condensation nuclei. Data on aerosol particle size distribution from AERONET and vertical profiles from a ceilometer were collected in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico during storms in May and June 2013 that produced over 50 mm of rain. The results suggest that fine aerosols can suppress precipitation while coarse aerosols can trigger more rainfall, as larger particles contain heavier droplets. Clouds with a higher concentration of smaller aerosolic particles rose higher with a greater cloud base height, while clouds with fewer but larger particles produced precipitation earlier.
The document discusses an automated cleaning system for removing dust from solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. Dust accumulation reduces light transmission and PV performance. The system uses a combination of mechanical cleaning methods like water jets, air jets, and module vibration on an 8 kW pilot-scale PV testbed in Saudi Arabia. Preliminary results found that water jets were most effective at increasing array power output by over 27% by removing sand, while air jets and vibration were less effective. The testbed allows testing different cleaning combinations and solutions to minimize water and energy use for cleaning large-scale PV arrays.
The document describes models developed to predict soiling-caused photovoltaic (PV) power output degradation in Doha, Qatar based on environmental variables. Field data on PV performance and dust concentration, wind speed, and relative humidity were collected. A linear model and a semi-physical model were developed to correlate daily changes in PV performance (∆CI) with the daily average environmental conditions. The semi-physical model, which considers dust deposition and resuspension processes, predicted daily ∆CI slightly more accurately than the linear model based on R-squared values. However, both models performed roughly the same in predicting ∆CI over longer periods. The results suggest it is possible to use the models to estimate PV
The present research shows the effect of dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules, which cause losses in their output power. We got 28% of losses in output power at Madinah city during 60 days of dust accumulation. Two ways were used to study the effect of dust on the PV modules of type monocrystalline silicon: the quantitative and the qualitative approaches respectively. A model based on dust density is used to determine the losses of output PV power. We propose to add an important parameter noted dust accumulation coefficient (%/mg.cm-2), in data sheet of PV modules manufacturer. In addition, an intelligent cleaning system is proposed, using the notion of dust density, to start cleaning when an admissible value of power losses is reached. This process allows minimizing the effect of dust.
Cloud Seeding Technology Developed by Indian Private Rocket DEsign Manufacturing Company. A Rocket Based Technology which was successfully put to the test for Maharashtra in 2015
The document provides background information on the COPE field campaign and the goals and instrumentation of the COPE-MED research project. The COPE campaign studied convective storms in southwest England through aircraft and ground-based radar observations. COPE-MED aims to investigate microphysical pathways and entrainment effects on precipitation formation. Key goals are to analyze cloud liquid water content and droplet number concentration measurements from the campaign and examine droplet spectral characteristics during non-precipitating cloud penetrations.
PM10 CONCENTRATION CHANGES AS A RESULT OF WIDESPRING PRECIPITATION IN AGRAIRJET Journal
1) A study was conducted in Agra, India from 2021-2022 to examine the impact of widespread precipitation on decreasing PM10 concentrations.
2) The average PM10 concentration was lower during periods of precipitation (101.1μg/m3) compared to periods without precipitation (184.8μg/m3), showing precipitation helps reduce PM10 levels.
3) The greatest decrease in PM10 concentration occurred after 6 hours of continuous light to moderate intensity rain, especially during the warm season.
The effect of dust storms on some meteorological elements over Baghdad , Iraq...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
- Dust can both positively and negatively impact rainfall over the Red Sea coast. Using a WRF-Chem model, the study finds dust enhances extreme rainfall events but suppresses normal rainfall.
- For normal rainfall, dust's suppressing direct effect, from weakening sea breezes due to SW cooling, is dominant. For extreme rainfall events, diverse synoptic processes are more influential than sea breezes.
- The study highlights both problems with dust for air quality but also its positive role in modulating rain, with implications for regional water management and cloud seeding practices over dusty regions.
The document describes an icing map of Sweden created using a mesoscale weather model. The map shows the average number of icing hours per year from 2000-2011 at a resolution of 50m x 50m grid cells. The map is available online and can help with siting new wind farms by analyzing potential icing conditions and estimated production losses at different locations. It also categorizes areas into 5 icing classes defined by the IEA to aid in site classification for wind energy projects.
This document discusses the problems caused by dust ingestion in aircraft jet engines. Dust particles can cause erosion and corrosion damage to engine components. The authors propose using dust forecasting and modeling to quantify dust concentrations along flight paths to calculate dust mass ingested and inform maintenance procedures. Both experimental and theoretical approaches are needed to understand dust particle impacts and predict contaminated areas.
Presentation on Aerosols, cloud properties Esayas Meresa
This slide was prepared for the course Applications of GIS and RS for water resources in Mekelle University, Institute of Geo-information and earth observation Science(I-GEOS) by Mr. Esayas Meresa.
The document describes the CSIRO-MK3 climate system model. The MK3 model consists of the CSIRO spectral atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to the GFDL MOM2.2 ocean model. The MK3.0 and MK3.5 versions contributed output to CMIP3. The MK3.0 model was improved over MK2 with enhanced parameterizations and less climate drift. The MK3.5 model included further physical improvements such as ocean eddy transport and improved river routing.
1) Satellites provide a new tool for monitoring extreme rainfall events globally, including over oceans where gauges are sparse.
2) Analysis of TRMM satellite data shows that the relationship between maximum rainfall and duration (the Jennings law) exhibits two slopes for short and long durations, unlike the single slope seen in gauge data.
3) Satellites allow identifying regions experiencing the most extreme rainfall over timescales from days to years, such as Vietnam, Northeast India, and Colombia's Pacific coast.
From Global satellite water cycle products to field scale satellite water statesSalvatore Manfreda
The document proposes downscaling global satellite soil moisture and evapotranspiration products to field scale using various methods. It involves (1) downscaling satellite data using in-situ observations, Sentinel data, and UAS data, (2) deriving root zone soil moisture from surface measurements using models, and (3) characterizing spatial distribution of soil moisture and evapotranspiration at multiple sites. Current progress includes field data collection, UAS surveys, and generating 1km soil moisture data using random forest regression.
Snow precipitation on Mars driven by cloud-induced night-time convectionSérgio Sacani
Although it contains less water vapour than Earth’s atmosphere, the Martian atmosphere hosts clouds. These clouds,
composed of water-ice particles, influence the global transport of water vapour and the seasonal variations of ice deposits.
However, the influence of water-ice clouds on local weather is unclear: it is thought that Martian clouds are devoid of moist
convective motions, and snow precipitation occurs only by the slow sedimentation of individual particles. Here we present
numerical simulations of the meteorology in Martian cloudy regions that demonstrate that localized convective snowstorms
can occur on Mars. We show that such snowstorms—or ice microbursts—can explain deep night-time mixing layers detected
from orbit and precipitation signatures detected below water-ice clouds by the Phoenix lander. In our simulations, convective
snowstorms occur only during the Martian night, and result from atmospheric instability due to radiative cooling of water-ice
cloud particles. This triggers strong convective plumes within and below clouds, with fast snow precipitation resulting from
the vigorous descending currents. Night-time convection in Martian water-ice clouds and the associated snow precipitation
lead to transport of water both above and below the mixing layers, and thus would aect Mars’ water cycle past and present,
especially under the high-obliquity conditions associated with a more intense water cycle.
This is a MUST READ for anyone suffering from a CHRONIC staph infection. (vancomycin-resistant!)
Both community-associated and hospital-acquired infections with Staphylococcus aureus have increased in the past 20 years, and the rise in incidence has been accompanied by a rise in antibiotic-resistant strains—in particular, methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and, more recently, vancomycin-resistant strains.
Essential update: Adult vancomycin dosing nomograms inadequate for older pediatric patients.
info from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-overview
Imported Fukushima Radioactive Contaminated Food, OK'd for consumption in Canada.
Uploaded to slideshare, just encase it DISAPPEARS from the inteRweb.
Kendall letter.pdf
1) Aerosols can both decrease and increase rainfall through their effects on cloud microphysics and radiation. They slow the conversion of cloud droplets to raindrops but can invigorate deep convective clouds under certain conditions.
2) Observational studies show that aerosols can completely suppress precipitation from shallow clouds but do not generally reduce rainfall amounts from all cloud types. Heavy aerosol loading has been observed to both suppress rainfall from tropical clouds and invigorate deep convective clouds with warm cloud bases.
3) The document proposes a conceptual model to explain how slowing droplet conversion through increased aerosols can enhance rainfall in deep convective clouds by increasing latent heat release and upward heat transport
Cloud seeding involves introducing substances like silver iodide or dry ice into clouds to modify their development and increase precipitation. It is used to address water stress as populations and industries grow. India is vulnerable to rainfall variations due to its infrastructure and agriculture. Cloud seeding works by providing particles for cloud droplets and ice crystals to form on. There are different types of cloud seeding that introduce particles in different ways. Monitoring equipment like radar and networks are needed to analyze seeded clouds. Studies in India have used software to compare parameters of seeded and unseeded clouds to evaluate cloud seeding effectiveness. Both benefits and disadvantages exist regarding its ability to augment water resources versus costs and uncertainties.
This study analyzes how aerosol size and concentration can impact precipitation by serving as cloud condensation nuclei. Data on aerosol particle size distribution from AERONET and vertical profiles from a ceilometer were collected in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico during storms in May and June 2013 that produced over 50 mm of rain. The results suggest that fine aerosols can suppress precipitation while coarse aerosols can trigger more rainfall, as larger particles contain heavier droplets. Clouds with a higher concentration of smaller aerosolic particles rose higher with a greater cloud base height, while clouds with fewer but larger particles produced precipitation earlier.
The document discusses an automated cleaning system for removing dust from solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. Dust accumulation reduces light transmission and PV performance. The system uses a combination of mechanical cleaning methods like water jets, air jets, and module vibration on an 8 kW pilot-scale PV testbed in Saudi Arabia. Preliminary results found that water jets were most effective at increasing array power output by over 27% by removing sand, while air jets and vibration were less effective. The testbed allows testing different cleaning combinations and solutions to minimize water and energy use for cleaning large-scale PV arrays.
The document describes models developed to predict soiling-caused photovoltaic (PV) power output degradation in Doha, Qatar based on environmental variables. Field data on PV performance and dust concentration, wind speed, and relative humidity were collected. A linear model and a semi-physical model were developed to correlate daily changes in PV performance (∆CI) with the daily average environmental conditions. The semi-physical model, which considers dust deposition and resuspension processes, predicted daily ∆CI slightly more accurately than the linear model based on R-squared values. However, both models performed roughly the same in predicting ∆CI over longer periods. The results suggest it is possible to use the models to estimate PV
The present research shows the effect of dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules, which cause losses in their output power. We got 28% of losses in output power at Madinah city during 60 days of dust accumulation. Two ways were used to study the effect of dust on the PV modules of type monocrystalline silicon: the quantitative and the qualitative approaches respectively. A model based on dust density is used to determine the losses of output PV power. We propose to add an important parameter noted dust accumulation coefficient (%/mg.cm-2), in data sheet of PV modules manufacturer. In addition, an intelligent cleaning system is proposed, using the notion of dust density, to start cleaning when an admissible value of power losses is reached. This process allows minimizing the effect of dust.
Cloud Seeding Technology Developed by Indian Private Rocket DEsign Manufacturing Company. A Rocket Based Technology which was successfully put to the test for Maharashtra in 2015
The document provides background information on the COPE field campaign and the goals and instrumentation of the COPE-MED research project. The COPE campaign studied convective storms in southwest England through aircraft and ground-based radar observations. COPE-MED aims to investigate microphysical pathways and entrainment effects on precipitation formation. Key goals are to analyze cloud liquid water content and droplet number concentration measurements from the campaign and examine droplet spectral characteristics during non-precipitating cloud penetrations.
PM10 CONCENTRATION CHANGES AS A RESULT OF WIDESPRING PRECIPITATION IN AGRAIRJET Journal
1) A study was conducted in Agra, India from 2021-2022 to examine the impact of widespread precipitation on decreasing PM10 concentrations.
2) The average PM10 concentration was lower during periods of precipitation (101.1μg/m3) compared to periods without precipitation (184.8μg/m3), showing precipitation helps reduce PM10 levels.
3) The greatest decrease in PM10 concentration occurred after 6 hours of continuous light to moderate intensity rain, especially during the warm season.
The effect of dust storms on some meteorological elements over Baghdad , Iraq...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
- Dust can both positively and negatively impact rainfall over the Red Sea coast. Using a WRF-Chem model, the study finds dust enhances extreme rainfall events but suppresses normal rainfall.
- For normal rainfall, dust's suppressing direct effect, from weakening sea breezes due to SW cooling, is dominant. For extreme rainfall events, diverse synoptic processes are more influential than sea breezes.
- The study highlights both problems with dust for air quality but also its positive role in modulating rain, with implications for regional water management and cloud seeding practices over dusty regions.
The document describes an icing map of Sweden created using a mesoscale weather model. The map shows the average number of icing hours per year from 2000-2011 at a resolution of 50m x 50m grid cells. The map is available online and can help with siting new wind farms by analyzing potential icing conditions and estimated production losses at different locations. It also categorizes areas into 5 icing classes defined by the IEA to aid in site classification for wind energy projects.
This document discusses the problems caused by dust ingestion in aircraft jet engines. Dust particles can cause erosion and corrosion damage to engine components. The authors propose using dust forecasting and modeling to quantify dust concentrations along flight paths to calculate dust mass ingested and inform maintenance procedures. Both experimental and theoretical approaches are needed to understand dust particle impacts and predict contaminated areas.
Presentation on Aerosols, cloud properties Esayas Meresa
This slide was prepared for the course Applications of GIS and RS for water resources in Mekelle University, Institute of Geo-information and earth observation Science(I-GEOS) by Mr. Esayas Meresa.
The document describes the CSIRO-MK3 climate system model. The MK3 model consists of the CSIRO spectral atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to the GFDL MOM2.2 ocean model. The MK3.0 and MK3.5 versions contributed output to CMIP3. The MK3.0 model was improved over MK2 with enhanced parameterizations and less climate drift. The MK3.5 model included further physical improvements such as ocean eddy transport and improved river routing.
1) Satellites provide a new tool for monitoring extreme rainfall events globally, including over oceans where gauges are sparse.
2) Analysis of TRMM satellite data shows that the relationship between maximum rainfall and duration (the Jennings law) exhibits two slopes for short and long durations, unlike the single slope seen in gauge data.
3) Satellites allow identifying regions experiencing the most extreme rainfall over timescales from days to years, such as Vietnam, Northeast India, and Colombia's Pacific coast.
From Global satellite water cycle products to field scale satellite water statesSalvatore Manfreda
The document proposes downscaling global satellite soil moisture and evapotranspiration products to field scale using various methods. It involves (1) downscaling satellite data using in-situ observations, Sentinel data, and UAS data, (2) deriving root zone soil moisture from surface measurements using models, and (3) characterizing spatial distribution of soil moisture and evapotranspiration at multiple sites. Current progress includes field data collection, UAS surveys, and generating 1km soil moisture data using random forest regression.
Snow precipitation on Mars driven by cloud-induced night-time convectionSérgio Sacani
Although it contains less water vapour than Earth’s atmosphere, the Martian atmosphere hosts clouds. These clouds,
composed of water-ice particles, influence the global transport of water vapour and the seasonal variations of ice deposits.
However, the influence of water-ice clouds on local weather is unclear: it is thought that Martian clouds are devoid of moist
convective motions, and snow precipitation occurs only by the slow sedimentation of individual particles. Here we present
numerical simulations of the meteorology in Martian cloudy regions that demonstrate that localized convective snowstorms
can occur on Mars. We show that such snowstorms—or ice microbursts—can explain deep night-time mixing layers detected
from orbit and precipitation signatures detected below water-ice clouds by the Phoenix lander. In our simulations, convective
snowstorms occur only during the Martian night, and result from atmospheric instability due to radiative cooling of water-ice
cloud particles. This triggers strong convective plumes within and below clouds, with fast snow precipitation resulting from
the vigorous descending currents. Night-time convection in Martian water-ice clouds and the associated snow precipitation
lead to transport of water both above and below the mixing layers, and thus would aect Mars’ water cycle past and present,
especially under the high-obliquity conditions associated with a more intense water cycle.
This is a MUST READ for anyone suffering from a CHRONIC staph infection. (vancomycin-resistant!)
Both community-associated and hospital-acquired infections with Staphylococcus aureus have increased in the past 20 years, and the rise in incidence has been accompanied by a rise in antibiotic-resistant strains—in particular, methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and, more recently, vancomycin-resistant strains.
Essential update: Adult vancomycin dosing nomograms inadequate for older pediatric patients.
info from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-overview
Imported Fukushima Radioactive Contaminated Food, OK'd for consumption in Canada.
Uploaded to slideshare, just encase it DISAPPEARS from the inteRweb.
Kendall letter.pdf
WI-FI ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS EXERT GENDER RELATED ALTERATIONS ON EEGNot Relevant
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of electromagnetic fields, similar to that emitted by Wi-Fi system, on brain activity. Fifteen female and fifteen male subjects performed a short memory task (Wechsler test), both without and with exposure to a 2.4GHz Wi-Fi signal. For each subject, radiation condition and electrode, the amplitude in the frequency domain of the EEG signal was calculated from the recordings of 30 scalp electrodes, using the Fourier transform.
The presence of radiation had no effect on the energies of alpha and beta band of male subjects, while it reduced these energies of female subjects, resulting in significantly lower energies, as compared to those of males.
Delta and theta band energies did not experience any noteworthy effect from gender, radiation condition and their interaction. Conversely, there was a significant interaction effect (gender x radiation) on the energies of alpha and beta rhythms.
Interestingly, this pattern was observed for a number of electrodes, which formed two distinct clusters. one located at right- anterior and the second at occipital brain areas.
The present data support the idea that Wi-Fi signal may influence normal physiology through changes in gender related cortical excitability, as reflected by alpha and beta EEG frequencies.
:UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Sebaceous Carcinoma Masquerading As Chronic BlepharoconjunctivitisNot Relevant
This document describes a case of conjunctival sebaceous carcinoma that initially masqueraded as chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in a 74-year old woman. Her symptoms were unresponsive to medical treatment and a biopsy revealed the underlying malignancy. Sebaceous carcinoma can spread intraepithelially and be difficult to diagnose, often leading to delays in treatment and poorer outcomes. All cases of persistent external ocular inflammation should be thoroughly evaluated to rule out malignancy as an underlying cause.
"CSIS is able to participate in close collaboration with the private sector on a legal
and practical level. First and most significantly, the CS1S Act, developed in a different
era with a different threat environment, expressly does not permit the sharing of
intelligence with the private sector. Although operational policies have been developed
to govern the sharing of information with the private sector."
Electric utility industry experience with geomagnetic disturbancesNot Relevant
This document summarizes the impacts of geomagnetic disturbances on electric power systems. It examines utility experience during geomagnetic storms, analyzes measured data on effects to system components, and considers power system impacts. Key findings include:
1) Severe geomagnetic storms can cause problems for electric power systems by inducing geomagnetically induced currents.
2) Vulnerability has increased as transmission lines have become more interconnected over longer distances and systems are operated closer to limits.
3) Geomagnetically induced potentials as small as 1 V/km can adversely impact transformers and other electric grid components.
1. Eyewall replacement cycles occur naturally in intense hurricanes when an outer ring of thunderstorms forms and contracts inward, weakening the inner eyewall by reducing its moisture and momentum. This causes the storm to initially weaken before the outer eyewall replaces the inner one.
2. Project Stormfury in the 1960s aimed to artificially trigger this process by seeding storms, but it was later found that eyewall replacement can occur naturally due to hurricane dynamics.
3. Nearly half of all major hurricanes undergo at least one eyewall replacement cycle, during which the storm may fluctuate between categories before re-intensifying with a new eyewall.
Planned canadian forces projects - WikiNot Relevant
The document summarizes various planned projects for the Canadian Forces, including:
- Upgrades to combat uniforms, small arms, rocket launchers, howitzers, armored vehicles, and infantry fighting vehicles for the Canadian Army
- Acquisition of helicopters, transport aircraft, search and rescue aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles for the Royal Canadian Air Force
- Many of the projects aim to replace aging equipment and extend the lifespan of existing systems through to 2035
Unethical human experimentation in the United States - WikiNot Relevant
Unethical human experimentation in the United States included deliberately infecting people with diseases, exposing people to biological and chemical weapons, performing surgical experiments without anesthesia, and injecting people with toxic substances. Many of these experiments were performed on children, prisoners, or the mentally ill without their consent. The experiments were often funded by the U.S. government and military and kept secret for many years, leading to public outcry and congressional investigations when revealed.
This document appears to contain a serial number or identification code consisting of letters and numbers. It does not provide enough contextual information on its own to form a multi-sentence summary. The code NNJ04JA83C is the main information given.
This document summarizes research on the impacts of radiation from the Chernobyl disaster on wildlife. It describes the Chernobyl Research Initiative started in 2000 by Timothy Mousseau and Anders Møller to study natural populations of birds, insects, microbes and plants near Chernobyl. It lists 39 scientific publications by the initiative studying topics like mutation rates, DNA methylation, sperm morphology, and population declines of various species. The research aims to document long-term adaptation and impacts of elevated radiation on population processes in the Chernobyl region.
Eight of the 10 epidemiological studies identified found increased prevalence of adverse neurological symptoms or cancer in populations living within 500 meters of mobile phone base stations, despite exposures being below international guidelines. The studies consistently pointed to possible health risks from base station radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. However, limitations included potential for bias, self-reporting, exposure misclassification from not directly measuring fields, and short latency periods in some cancer studies. Comprehensive long-term research directly measuring exposures is needed to understand health impacts.
Belfort Group - Case Orange - Debunked!?Not Relevant
Aircraft emissions, and it's effects on weather and climate.
?Debunked??
According to the fine Folk's at Metabunk.org, the Belfort Group has been fully Debunked.
http://metabunk.org/threads/95-Debunked-Belfort-Group-quot-Case-Orange-quot-conclusions-amp-recommendations
Regardless(Debunked 0R-Not) Case Orange still makes for a interesting read!
- for: REFERENCE and COMPARISON ONLY!
EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - EMF Sensitivity Not Relevant
The document discusses the immune system and its response to electromagnetic fields. It provides background on the basic components and functions of the immune system. It then discusses how the immune system can have hypersensitivity reactions to environmental substances, including electromagnetic fields. It notes several types of hypersensitivity reactions and cells involved. Finally, it discusses natural and human-made sources of electromagnetic fields and how different frequencies interact with the body.
EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - EMF Sensitivity
Koloskov Russia.pdf
1. CLOUD SEEDING OPERATIONS TO MODIFY WEATHER CONDITIONS OVER
CITIES: 2003-2006
Koloskov, B.P. (1)., Korneev V.P. (1)., Petrov V.V.(1), Beryulev G.P.(2), Danelyan B.G.(2), Chernikov A.A.(2) ,
Shchukin G.G.(3)
(1)
Agency of Atmospheric Technologies (Agency ATTEX, ROSHYDROMET)
Novovagankovsky per. 8, Moscow, 123242, RUSSIA
Tel: +7(095)255-2372; Fax: +7(095)255-2134; e-mail: attech@mail.ru
(2)
Central Aerological Observatory (CAO)
Pervomayskaya 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, RUSSIA
(3)
Research Center for Atmospheric Remote Sensing,
St. Petersburg, Russia
Abstract
Some results of activities on cloud seeding operations to modify weather conditions over Moscow
and St.Petersburg (Russia) conducted during 2003-2006 are presented. 18 operational works on
improvement of weather conditions were executed during this period. The main purpose of these works
was the dissipation of clouds and reduction or stopping of precipitations over the protected cities during
the large social, sporting or other special events.
Four basic concepts of cloud dissipation and precipitation redistribution were applied to improve the
weather conditions depending on a weather conditions, type of clouds and intensity of precipitation
processes: 1) dispersion of stratiform clouds; 2) destruction of convective clouds by a dynamic method;
3) premature rainfall initiation windward of the city with the purpose of the formation of a “rain shadow”
(i.e. reduced rain) and 4) intensive seeding of the rain-producing cloud layers with the purpose of
“overseeding”.
Up to 12 aircraft, such as Il-18, Аn-12, An-72, An-30, Аn-26, An-28, An-32 and M-101 “Gzhel”,
specially equipped with the meteorological equipment, data acquisition systems, “Land – Aircraft – Land”
data transmission system and means for cloud seeding have been prepared for fulfillment of the works.
Liquid nitrogen, granulated carbonic acid (“dry” ice), meteorological silver iodide cartridges and
packages with coarse-dispersion powder were used as reagents for seeding of clouds. Management of
works and the control of results were carried out with the help of the automated radar systems MRL-5 –
AKSOPRI in Moscow and MRL-5 – MERCOM in St.Petersburg.
1. Introduction et al. 1996, Korneev et al. 2003/. The main
purpose of these activities was the dissipation of
In weather modification research in Russia,
clouds and reduction or stopping of precipitations
special attention was given to the development of
over the protected cities.
methods and technical means for dissipating
clouds of some forms and preventing or 2. Main cloud seeding concepts
substantially reducing precipitation amount. The
Four basic concepts of cloud dissipation and
practical objectives were to change radiation
precipitation redistribution are generally used
balance and to increase the income of solar
depending on a weather conditions, type of clouds
radiation, to reduce municipal expenses for snow
and intensity of precipitation processes:
removal and clearing the roads and streets in large
1. Dissipation of cold stratiform clouds.
cities, to create favorable meteorological conditions
2. Prevention or reduction of the intensity of
for carrying out social programs, sporting
shower rains and thunderstorms by a dynamic
competitions or some other situations when the
technique.
necessity may arise to reduce the rainfall. The first
3. Premature rainfall initiation from cloud
experiment on practical application of these
systems windward side of the target area with the
opportunities was carried out during eliminating the
purpose of formation of a “rain shadow”, i.e.
consequences of Chernobyl disaster in 1986
reduction of precipitation over the given site.
/Beriulev et al. 1990/. Since 1995 the organizations
4. Reduction of rainfall intensity over the given
of ROSHYDROMET conducted more than 30
site by intensive seeding the rain-producing cloud
works on improvement of weather conditions in
layers moving toward it, aimed at weakening the
areas of the large cities – Moscow and
mechanism of precipitation generation through the
St.Petersburg (Russia), Tashkent (Uzbekistan),
“overseeding” of clouds, i.e. creating excessive
Astana (Kazakstan) /Bedritsky et al. 1996, Belyaev
concentrations of ice crystals.
2. All these methods are based on the unstable same as the distance of a half-hour or one-hour
state of atmospheric processes. Of the various wind transport of clouds.
types of instability, those with most potential for
local modification of precipitation and cloud- 3. Technical means
formation processes are the phase stage of cloud
water (existence of supercooled liquid water) and The described methods were realized using
the convective instability of the atmosphere. specially instrumented aircraft of different types. In
The feature that the first and the last two complementation to the Velocity of ascent types,
concepts have in common is the use of ice- used in 1995 – 2002 (Il-18, An-12, An-30, An-26
producing agents and An-72), three new types of aircraft – An-28,
The first concept was to dissipate stratiform An-32 and M-101T "Gzhel" were used in weather
clouds or to reduce precipitation falling from them modification activities in 2003 – 2006.
over the target site. Studies have shown that in An-32 aircraft (Fig. 1) differs from An-26
certain conditions seeding of stratiform clouds with aircraft, used in works to modify weather conditions
an ice-forming agent (“dry ice” or liquefied over cities, of the greater velocity of ascent and the
nitrogen) and aerosols (silver iodide) either leads greater carrying capacity, and also higher practical
to their dispersal or enhances precipitation from ceiling of flight (more than 9000 m).
them over a certain period, followed by a further
relative reduction of the intensity and amount of
precipitation (“rain shadow”). Thus, by causing a
relative increase in precipitation at an appropriate
distance windward from the target area it is
possible to ensure that the dispersal or “rain
shadow” zones are located over it.
The second concept was to suppress the
development of convective clouds using coarse
powders. The methods to destroy developing
convective clouds, using artificially generated
downdrafts, were theoretically justified and Figure 1. Aircraft Аn-32
thoroughly tested under laboratory and field
conditions /Petrov 1986, Belyaev et al. 1987/. It is For carrying out of cloud seeding operations
based on artificial initiation of downdrafts in the Аn-32 aircraft was equipped by: the device for
convective clouds by releasing powdered agents dropping the packages with coarse-dispersion
into their tops. As was shown in CAO experiments powders, means for cloud seeding using dry ice
/Belyaev et al. 1987/, this method has proved and liquid nitrogen generator GMCHL-A.
sufficiently effective – up to 90% for single-cell The aircraft of the middle class, Ан-28 (Fig. 2),
isolated air-mass clouds, and 60-65% for frontal as well as Ан-32, for the first time has been used in
clouds. works to modify weather conditions over cities in
The other two methods (third and fourth 2006.
concepts) use weather modification techniques
similar to that employed in the first method aimed
at the dissipation of clouds.
In both cases it is possible to estimate the
distance of advance seeding relative to the
protected territory so as to prevent undesirable
clouds and precipitation from reaching it.
The fourth concept of cloud modification aimed
at reducing precipitation over target area consist in
seeding rain-producing cloud systems on the
windward side of protected territory with above-
normal quantities of ice-forming agent.
Overseeding, i.e. producing ice crystals inside Figure 2. Aircraft Аn-28
clouds in concentrations many times those of
naturally generated ice, brings about a situation an The charge of fuel of An-28 aircraft is 350
abrupt increase of the number of simultaneously kg/hour. The weight of useful loading of the plane
growing precipitation particles is accompanied by a makes 1800 kg that has allowed simultaneously
marked slowdown in their growth and a reduction with four members of crew, to place onboard of the
of their falling speed. This, in turn, leads to plane a nitrogen generator and 20 packages with
noticeable temporary reduction of precipitation. In coarse-dispersion powders.
cloud overseeding operations, the distance of Aircraft M-101T "Gzhel" (Fig. 3) is intended for
seeding paths from the borders of the protected performance of works on cloud seeding. This
territory is chosen so as to be approximately the aircraft has the low charge of fuel (100 kg/hour).
3. with on-board kit of this system. In the control center
the Base kit of this system was installed (Fig. 6).
Figure 3. Aircraft M-101T "Gzhel"
The M-101T "Gzhel" aircraft is equipped with
easily removable onboard complex of the measuring
equipment and technical means for cloud seeding.
The means for seeding include the nitrogen
generator of ice particles (Fig. 4) and a system to
Figure 6. Data transmission system.
release 256 silver iodide pyrotechnic PV-26 flares
(Fig. 5). As an example, trajectories of airplanes
imposed on the radar-tracking image of the top
clouds are presented on Fig. 7.
Figure 4. The nitrogen generator of ice particles,
installed onboard of M-101T "Gzhel" aircraft
Figure 7. The trajectories of aircrafts imposed on the
radar-tracking image of the top cloads.
Management of works and the control of results
were carried out with the help of two wavelengths
MRL-5 meteorological radar, equipped with the
automated radar system AKSOPRI, installed in
Moscow (Krylatskoye) and the system MERCOM in
St. Petersburg.
4. Results of an improvement of weather
conditions
Figure 5. A system for shooting pyrotechnic PV-26 flares All the methods and technical aids described
above were employed successfully in the activities
associated with eliminating the consequences of
In 2004 information-measuring system, used for
Chernobyl disaster in 1986, and improving weather
weather modification activities, was complemented
condition in Moscow (in 1995-2002), Tashkent (in
by data transmission system “Land – Aircraft –Land”
1994-2002), and Astana (in 1998) /Korneev et al.,
/Petrov, et al., 2007/. This system allows to display
2003/. Some characteristics and results of an
the locations and flight paths of aircrafts on monitor
improvement of weather conditions in Moscow and
of the automated radar system, as well as send
St.Petersburg cities conducted during 2003-2006
aboard the aircrafts radar maps of distribution of
are presented in Table 1.
cloud and precipitation in region of works. Each
The seeding effect was monitored using the
aircraft participated in these activities was equipped
network of four automated radar systems MRL-5 –
4. AKSOPRI in Moscow area and radar system MRL-5 decrease of intensity and amount of precipitation
– MERCOM in St.Petersburg, and raingauge data. over the protected territories in comparison with rain
Analysis of these information showed that due to fallen upwind and in its nearest surroundings, thus
cloud seeding it was possible: 1) to attain the demonstrating the effectiveness of cloud seeding
destruction of stratiform and precipitating convective operations, conducted in Moscow and St.Petersburg
clouds, or 2) to obtain the considerable, 2-10 times during 2003-2006.
Table 1. Characteristics of cloud seeding operations on an improvement of weather conditions
over Moscow and St.Petersburg (Russia) conducted during 2003-2006.
Number Precipitation
of Number of flights,
Event Date duration of flights
aircrafts target area neighborhood
Day of the Victory (Moscow)
2003 9 May 10 aircraft 1 flight, 5 h 10 min no rain no rain
2004 9 May 10 aircraft 13 flights, 65 h 05 min to 1-2 mm to 4-5 mm
2005 7- 9 May 12 aircraft 35 flights, 214 h 08 min 7 – no rain 7 – to 0.2 mm
8 – to 0.2 mm 8 – to 2-3 mm
9 – no rain 9 – to 1-2 mm
2006 9 May 11 aircraft 14 flights, 80 h 39 min to 0.5-1 mm to 3-4 mm
Day of Russia (Moscow)
2003 12 June 10 aircraft 10 flights, 53 h 51 min no rain to 0.5-1 mm
2004 12 June 10 aircraft 1 flight, 8 h 30 min no rain no rain
2005 12 June 10 aircraft 14 flights, 80 h 56 min no rain to 0.3-0.5 mm
2006 12 June 7 aircraft 9 flights, 48 h 57 min to 0.3-0.5 mm to 2-3 mm
Day of Moscow city
2003 6-7 Sept 10 aircraft 11 flights, 64 h 33 min 6 – to 0.3 mm 6 – to 2-3 mm
7 – no rain 7 – no rain
2004 4-5 Sept 10 aircraft 5 flights, 31 h 38 min no rain no rain
2005 4 Sept 10 aircraft 6 flights, 49 h 06 min no rain no rain
2006 2 Sept 11 aircraft 6 flights, 26 h 07 min no rain to 0.2-0.3 mm
300th anniversary of 30-31 7 aircraft 18 flights, 91 h 57 min 30–to 0.5-1 mm 30 – to 2 mm
St.Petersburg, 2003 May 31– to 0.2 mm 31 – to 0.5 mm
The International tournament on
athletics “Moscow challenge”, 20 Sept 10 aircraft 4 flights, 21 h 42 min no rain to 0.5-1 mm
2003
The sixth Moscow festival of
beer, 2004 10 July 10 aircraft 1 flight, 5 h 00 min no rain no rain
Day of the Railwayman
(Moscow), 2006 6 Aug 8 aircraft 8 flights, 23 h 24 min no rain to 2 mm
“Scarlet sails” open air festival 23-24
(St.Petersburg), 2006 June 6 aircraft 6 flights, 45 h 14 min no rain to 5-10 mm
The Summit of “The big eight” 15 – no rain 15 – no rain
(St.Petersburg), 2006 15-17 11 aircraft 20 flights, 138 h 10 min 16 – to 4-5 mm 16– to 30-40 mm
July 17 – to 0.5 mm 17 – to 4-5 mm
Union Russian Conference, L., Hydrometeoizdat, 233-
References 238, (in Russian).
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to protect Moscow from rain on 9 May 1995 - WMO Stasenko V.N., Beriulev G.P., Koloskov B.P.,
Bulletin, Vol. 45, No 1, 60-64. Chernikov A.A., 2003: Results of cloud seeding
Belyaev V.P., Zatsepina L.P., Zontov L.B., Petrov V.V., operations to modify weather conditions over cities.
Seregin Yu.A., 1987: Some results of field Proc. of Eight WMO Scientific Conference on Wea.
experiments designed to reduce convective activity of Mod. (Casablanca, Morocco, 7-12 April 2003),
multi-tower clouds. - Trudy CAO, issue 164, 3-10, (in WMO/TD-No.1146, 227-230.
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Belyaev V.P., Beriulev G.P., Vlasyuk M.P., Danelyan horizontal wind field near convective cloud tops
B.G., Koloskov B.P., Korneev V.P., Melnichuk Yu.V., seeded with powders in a coarsely dispersed aerosol.
Chernikov A.A., 1996: A case study of cloud seeding -Trudy CAO, issue 162, 49-57, (in Russian).
over Moscow on 9 May 1995. – Russian Meteorology Petrov V., Egorov O., Melnik S. and Skuratov S., 2007:
and Hydrology, No.5, pp.47-55. “Land – Aircraft – Land” data transmission system.
th
Beriulev G.P., Zatsepina L.P., Zontov L.B., Sergeev Proc. of 9 WMO Conf. on Weather Modification, 22-24
B.N., Seregin Yu.A., Chernikov А.А., Kornienko E.E., October 2007, Antalia, Turkey.
Maksimov V.S., Khusid S.V., 1990: An experience of
artificial regulation of precipitations with the purposes
of eliminating the consequences of disaster on
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on hydrometeorological processes. Proc. of the All-