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ื”ื’ื“ืจืช   ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ  ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ  ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ .  ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ .  ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืก ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ,  ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื .  ื›ืชืฃ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช  ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ ,  ื . ( 1970 )  ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ,  ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ :  ื’ื•ืžื .   ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ 0.3 %  ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 0.8 %  ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 3.5 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 5 %  ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 13..5 %  ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 29.4 %  ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 38 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชืื™ ื ื•ืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื ืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ - ื—ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ - ืกื™ืœืื•ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืกื™ืœื•ื•ืืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชืื™ ื ื•ืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ A  -  ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ,  ืงื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ B -  ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ  ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืชืŸ ,  ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ,  ืขืœ - ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ,  ื›ืงื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”  C -  ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื—ืชืŸ ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ,  ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช .   D -  ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ,  ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” . ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ โ€“ ื—ืงืจ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื  -  ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80  ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ืช  2005.  ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ 1968 2006 ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80 2005 ืกื” " ื› ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืฅ 20  ื“ื•ื ื 20  ื“ื•ื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 19 24 ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ ,  ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข  ( foot print ) 1.5  ื“ื•ื ื  ( 7%) 3.5  ื“ื•ื ื  (18%) ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 1.8  ื“ื•ื ื  ( 9% ) 2.1  ื“ื•ื ื  (10%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 18.5  ื“ื•ื ื  (93%) 13.5  ื“ื•ื ื  (67%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 16.7  ื“ื•ื ื  ( 84% ) 11.4  ื“ื•ื ื  (57%) ื›ืกื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 80  ืž " ืจ 144  ืž " ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข 1* ( ืื˜ืœืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื  1973 ) 3
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ,  ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ,  ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื . ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ โ€“ ื—ืงืจ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื  - 1974  ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ืช  2006.  ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ 1974 2006 1974 2006 ืกื” " ื› ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืฅ 53  ื“ื•ื ื 53  ื“ื•ื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 47 86 ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ ,  ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข  ( foot print ) 5  ื“ื•ื ื  ( 10%) 14  ื“ื•ื ื  (26%) ืฉื˜ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื 1.5  ื“ื•ื ื  (3%) 1.3  ื“ื•ื ื  (2.5%) ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 16  ื“ื•ื ื  (30%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 46.5  ื“ื•ื ื  (87%) 37.7  ื“ื•ื ื  (71.5%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช -  21.7  ื“ื•ื ื  (41.5%) ื›ืกื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 110  ืž " ืจ 160  ืž " ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข 1* ( ืื˜ืœืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื  1973 ) 3  ืงื•ืžื•ืช
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ โ€“ ื—ืงืจ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืื“ื™ ื’ ' ื•ื– ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื  -  ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1968  ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ืช  2006.  ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ 1968 2006 1968 2006 ืกื” " ื› ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืฅ 41  ื“ื•ื ื 41  ื“ื•ื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 31 37 ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ ,  ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข  ( foot print ) 9.5  ื“ื•ื ื  ( 23%) 11.5  ื“ื•ื ื  (28%) ื—ืงืœืื•ืช - - ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื— 30.5  ื“ื•ื ื  (74.5  ืื—ื•ื– ) 26.6  ื“ื•ื ื  (65%) ืฉื˜ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื 1  ื“ื•ื ื  (2.5  ืื—ื•ื– ) 2.9  ื“ื•ื ื  (7%) ื›ืกื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 285  ืž " ืจ 300  ืž " ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข 2  ืงื•ืžื•ืช  ( ืื˜ืœืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื  1973 ) 4  ืงื•ืžื•ืช
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ 1900 ? ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืฆืคื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืกื” " ื› ื› -50  ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ืชืฃ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืจื ืงื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž ?
ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช  /  ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืื“ื™ cottage industries  โ€“  ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช : ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื™ื“  -  ืืจื™ื’ื” ,  ืจืงืžื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ,  ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ืช ,  ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ :  ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช . ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž ืคืจื•ื’ืจืžื” : ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ  ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฆืจื›ื ื™ ืงืจืงืข
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช โ€“ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฆืœื™ื™ื ื•ืช ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],eco-tourism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ  ื•ืฉื•ืช '  ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช  ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
ย 

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Kidron river

  • 1. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 2. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 3. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 4. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ . ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ . ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืก ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” , ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื . ื›ืชืฃ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 5. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 6. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ , ื . ( 1970 ) ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” , ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ืžื . ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 7. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 8. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ 0.3 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 9. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 0.8 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 10. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 3.5 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 11. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 5 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 12. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 13..5 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 13. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 29.4 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 14. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ 38 % ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 15. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 16. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชืื™ ื ื•ืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื ืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 17. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ - ื—ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ - ืกื™ืœืื•ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืกื™ืœื•ื•ืืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 18. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืชืื™ ื ื•ืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 19. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ A - ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” , ืงื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ B - ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืชืŸ , ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช , ืขืœ - ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช , ื›ืงื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” C - ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื—ืชืŸ ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” , ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช . D - ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืจืืฉ , ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” . ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 20. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ โ€“ ื—ืงืจ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื - ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80 ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ืช 2005. ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ 1968 2006 ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -80 2005 ืกื” " ื› ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืฅ 20 ื“ื•ื ื 20 ื“ื•ื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 19 24 ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ , ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ( foot print ) 1.5 ื“ื•ื ื ( 7%) 3.5 ื“ื•ื ื (18%) ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 1.8 ื“ื•ื ื ( 9% ) 2.1 ื“ื•ื ื (10%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 18.5 ื“ื•ื ื (93%) 13.5 ื“ื•ื ื (67%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 16.7 ื“ื•ื ื ( 84% ) 11.4 ื“ื•ื ื (57%) ื›ืกื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 80 ืž " ืจ 144 ืž " ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข 1* ( ืื˜ืœืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 1973 ) 3
  • 21. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 22. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืงื˜ื ื•ืช , ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื , ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื . ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 23. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ โ€“ ื—ืงืจ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื - 1974 ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ืช 2006. ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ 1974 2006 1974 2006 ืกื” " ื› ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืฅ 53 ื“ื•ื ื 53 ื“ื•ื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 47 86 ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ , ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ( foot print ) 5 ื“ื•ื ื ( 10%) 14 ื“ื•ื ื (26%) ืฉื˜ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื 1.5 ื“ื•ื ื (3%) 1.3 ื“ื•ื ื (2.5%) ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 16 ื“ื•ื ื (30%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 46.5 ื“ื•ื ื (87%) 37.7 ื“ื•ื ื (71.5%) ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช - 21.7 ื“ื•ื ื (41.5%) ื›ืกื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 110 ืž " ืจ 160 ืž " ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข 1* ( ืื˜ืœืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 1973 ) 3 ืงื•ืžื•ืช
  • 24. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 25. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ โ€“ ื—ืงืจ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืื“ื™ ื’ ' ื•ื– ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื - ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1968 ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ืช 2006. ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ 1968 2006 1968 2006 ืกื” " ื› ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืฅ 41 ื“ื•ื ื 41 ื“ื•ื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 31 37 ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ , ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ( foot print ) 9.5 ื“ื•ื ื ( 23%) 11.5 ื“ื•ื ื (28%) ื—ืงืœืื•ืช - - ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื— 30.5 ื“ื•ื ื (74.5 ืื—ื•ื– ) 26.6 ื“ื•ื ื (65%) ืฉื˜ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื 1 ื“ื•ื ื (2.5 ืื—ื•ื– ) 2.9 ื“ื•ื ื (7%) ื›ืกื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ 285 ืž " ืจ 300 ืž " ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข 2 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ( ืื˜ืœืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 1973 ) 4 ืงื•ืžื•ืช
  • 26. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ 1900 ? ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 27. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 28. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 29. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 30. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืฆืคื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืกื” " ื› ื› -50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ืชืฃ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 31.
  • 32. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืจื ืงื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž ?
  • 33. ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช / ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืื“ื™ cottage industries โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช : ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื™ื“ - ืืจื™ื’ื” , ืจืงืžื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช , ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ืช , ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ : ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช . ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž ืคืจื•ื’ืจืžื” : ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฆืจื›ื ื™ ืงืจืงืข
  • 34. ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ ื - ื ืืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช ' ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข " ืž
  • 35.
  • 36. ย