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LANDMARKS 12
                                              FALL/WINTER




Newsletter for Kachemak Heritage Land Trust

HIGHLIGHTS
Drying Wetlands
Anchor River Project
2012 Successes
Salmon in the Hills
Director’s Column                                  Join us on Facebook!
                                                   Search for “Kachemak Heritage Land Trust.”
                                                                                                      KHLT Board Members
                                                                                                      Dotti Harness-Foster, President
                                                                                                      John Mouw, Vice President
                                                   Each of our board members reviewed draft           Larsen Klingel, Treasurer
                                                                                                      Scott Connelly, Secretary
                                                   policy and presented it to their peers on the      Donna Robertson Aderhold
                                                   board. Our Accreditation Team, a smaller           Marian Beck
                                                   group of board and staff, met regularly to         Nancy Lee-Evans
                                                                                                      Rachel Lord
                                                   review policy and ensure that we met each          Sam Means
                                                   deadline. We reviewed our historic financial
                                                   records, raised funds to pay for the staff time    KHLT Staff
                                                   and the application fee, had a financial audit,    Marie McCarty, Executive Director
                                                   revised our entire policy and procedures           Mandy Bernard, Conservation Director
                                                   manual, and we have been scanning our              Anne Cain, Development Coordinator
                                                                                                      Rick Cline, Accounting/Grant Manager
                                                   most significant financial records and all of      Patrick Miller, Stewardship Coordinator
                                                   our land records. We have cloud storage for
                                                   our documents, have a new office server            KHLT Contact Information
                                                   with offsite backup, and have a finely tuned       Kachemak Heritage Land Trust
Marie McCarty
                                                   recordkeeping policy and implementation            315 Klondike Avenue
Executive Director                                 system. While none of this is tied to              Homer, AK 99603
                                                                                                      (907) 235-5263 | (907) 235-1503 (fax)
                                                   protecting a specific property, adhering to        www.KachemakLandTrust.org
                                                   best management practices directly ties to
                                                   our ability to fulfill our perpetual stewardship   Credits
                                                   responsibilities.                                  Cover photo © KHLT, M. Bernard


O      ur Conservation Director, Mandy
       Bernard, carted three fat flat-rate boxes
to the post office on September 1 to submit
                                                   Our hard work was supported by people like
                                                   you who understand what it means to be a
                                                                                                      Layout Design | Debi Bodett


                                                                                                          CONTENTS
our accreditation application to the National      steward of land forever. While there is the on-    DIRECTOR’S COLUMN.. . . . . . . . . . 1
Land Trust Accreditation Commission. The           the-ground component of monitoring land
                                                                                                      THANK YOU FOR YOUR SERVICE
boxes represent 2 years’ work, and we’re           to ensure it is not harmed over time, there is     WELCOME TO KHLT!. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
feeling a suite of emotions—happy, relieved,       also the paperwork required to ensure that
tired, and excited—as we apply to become           each parcel we promise to protect has both         DRYING WETLANDS
a nationally accredited land trust. Becoming       the funds for stewardship and the paperwork        ON THE KENAI PENINSULA. . . . . . 3
accredited will be the formal recognition that     necessary to defend it over time.                  ANCHOR RIVER PROJECT
Kachemak Heritage Land Trust meets national                                                           PROTECTING OUR WATER
quality standards within the land trust            So while our accreditation work resulted in        AND SALMON HABITAT. . . . . . . . . 6
community. There are 1,700 land trusts across      three fat flat-rate boxes, it really represents
                                                                                                      WHAT MOVES
the country and 181 of these are accredited        our promise to you to preserve land forever.
                                                                                                      YOUR HEART?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
thus far.                                          We’re excited to move into the next phase
                                                   of providing the Kenai Peninsula with our          SALMON IN THE HILLS.. . . . . . . . . 9
For me, the most profound piece of our             professional land conservation services
                                                                                                      LAND CONSERVATION
accreditation process was how hard the             and again, thank you for believing in our
                                                                                                      LAST FOREVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
board and staff worked together to put our         mission. It’s an exciting time to be part of
application together. The ability of both our      Kachemak Heritage Land Trust, and I invite         KHLT ANNUAL MEETING
board and staff to work hand-in-hand on this       you to consider increasing your support for        OF THE MEMBERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
and all other aspects of our organization is a     our work, as we work to increase the pace of       THANK YOU TO
powerful indication to me of the strength of       strategic private land conservation.              OUR BUSINESS MEMBERS.. . . . . . 10
Kachemak Heritage Land Trust and our belief
in the organization’s mission and direction.                                                          THANK YOU TO
                                                                                                      OUR FUNDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
You, as a supporter of Kachemak Heritage
Land Trust, likewise play a key role in our        Marie McCarty, Executive Director                  KHLT APPLIES FOR
success.                                                                                              LAND ACCREDITATION . . BACK COVER


1                                                   www.KachemakLandTrust.org
Thank You for Your Service                                  Welcome to KHLT!
T    hank you to Sheryl Ohlsen.
     Sheryl served as our
Accounting Manager, working
                                                            W      elcome to Donna Robertson
                                                                   Aderhold, our newest Board member.
                                                            Donna is an environmental scientist
diligently   and     cheerfully                             for an engineering and environmental
on KHLT’s finances, and she                                 consulting firm, providing guidance on the
led our Accreditation Team                                  regulatory process for a variety of proposed
through the submission of our                               development projects throughout Alaska.
comprehensive      application                              As a wildlife biologist she believes that
to the national land trust                                  land conservation is one of the most
Accreditation     Commission.           Sheryl Ohlsen       important things humans can do to ensure Donna Robertson Aderhold
We are pleased that she is           Accounting Manager     maintenance of healthy ecosystems for            Board of Directors

remaining on our Budget and Investment Committee,           future generations. Donna is on the Kachemak Bay Research Reserve’s
and appreciate her continuing keen eye for financial        Community Council, the Homer library’s landscaping committee, and
details. Many thanks for all of your hard work, and we      is a member of the professional organizations The Wildlife Society
wish you the best wishes in all of your endeavors.          and Society of Wetland Scientists. Donna has served on various KHLT
                                                            committees.


T    hank you to Jamie Grant.
     Jamie served as our
Development       Coordinator,                              W       elcome to Anne Cain. Anne is our
                                                                    new Development Coordinator.
working hard with our                                       Anne first appeared on the Alaska scene in
Development Committee and                                   1964, attending Homer High School when
staff on both our fundraising                               her parents moved her from Texas as a
and outreach efforts.      Her                              teenager.  During her stay, she developed
keen graphic design eye and                                 an intense love of Alaska, and has returned
her background in business                                  numerous times.  Anne has B.A. in English/
brought a new touch to                  Jamie Grant         History from Texas A&M University-Corpus
KHLT, and one that we really      Development Coordinator   Christi, and majored in Secondary Education          Anne Cain
                                                                                                           Development Coordinator
appreciated and will continue to incorporate in our work.   at The University of Texas at Austin. After an
Much luck at your new position with the State, we wish      early, voluntary retirement from her Technical Editor/Writer position
you all the best.           		                             with UT’s College of Engineering in 2005, she moved to Alaska to
                                                            work publications contracts with Anchorage engineering firms (three
                                                            Native Corporations, Crowley Maritime, and CH2M Hill), as well as
                                                            Nuka Research and Planning Group on the Alaska Department of
                                                            Environmental Conservation’s Risk Assessment Project.



                                                            W      elcome to Rick Cline. Rick is our new
                                                                   Accounting and Grants Manager.
                                                            Before finding Alaska Rick earned his
                                                            Bachelor of Arts in Finance at the University
                                                            of Santa Clara, worked as a Financial Analyst
                                                            for ESL (a subsidiary of TRW), and taught
                                                            English in Sapporo, Japan, while pursuing
                                                            martial arts training in Kobayashi-ryu.
                                                            Arriving in Homer, Alaska by motorcycle
                                                            in 1992, he was captured by the beauty            Rick Cline
                                                            of Kachemak Bay. For the past eight years, Accounting/Grant Manager
                                                            he and his wife Charlene have owned and run the outstanding
                                                            Homestead Restaurant. 			                     		                 


                        LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012                                2
                                                                                                                              2
A transect sample of 192 black spruce trees in this photo showed that the median tree age was 32 years. These trees are growing in a drying fen
underlain by more than 16 feet of Sphagnum peat. The peat contained no logs, stumps or woody shrub roots, indicating that this is a “first time” forest
growing on a formerly soggy peatland. Similar wood-free peatlands have been dated elsewhere in the central Peninsula to more than 18,000 years.
Photo shows the Coal Creek wetlands south of Soldotna, looking southeast from the Sterling Highway.
                                                                                                                                    photo © Ed Berg




Drying Wetlands
on the Kenai Peninsula
By Ed Berg, PhD.
Ed retired recently from the US Fish & Wildlife Service, where he served as the ecologist at the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge in
Soldotna since 1993.




I  n the mid-1990’s I began seeing some large-scale ecological
   changes on the Kenai Peninsula. The most striking change
was the massive die-off of mature upland spruce forests
                                                                              In my fieldwork I used two sets of USGS quad maps, one set
                                                                              dating from the 1950s and a more recent set from 1986. My
                                                                              first awareness of the landscape drying came from noticing that
due to the spruce bark beetle infestation, especially on the                  many of the small ponds shown in blue on the 1950s maps no
southern Kenai. More subtle, however, was a general drying                    longer appeared on the 1986 maps and were now grass-filled
of the landscape. As part of my work as the ecologist at the                  pans. I ran transects through some of these pans, and mapped
Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, I spent a lot of time exploring               the small spruce and hardwood seedlings popping up among
the two million acres of the Refuge, which spans the western                  the grass.
Kenai from Turnagain Arm to the south side of Kachemak Bay.


3                                                          www.KachemakLandTrust.org
Old timers in the area confirmed my observations. A horse           showed a strong “woodification” of the landscape with trees
packer for moose hunters in the Mystery Hills described how it      and shrubs colonizing previously open and wetland areas.
was hard to find water nowadays for his horses; his traditional
streamlets and water holes had dried up. Others described           For her MS thesis Kacy McDonnell Hillman did a similar aerial
how it was possible to drive 4WD pickups in the summer across       photo study, this time adding 1968 photos. Using GIS she
wetlands in the Caribou Hills that had previously only been         measured the open (treeless) wetland area at 11 sites, and found
crossable by snow machine in the winter. Residents along the        that open wetland loss between 1951 and 1968 was 6.2% per
south leg of K-Beach Road described a shrub invasion of their       decade, and was 11.1% between 1968 and 1996. This indicated
wetlands that greatly improved berry picking. Those wetlands        that the wetland drying was accelerating, almost doubling on
were now dry enough that berry pickers didn’t need rubber           a decadal scale.
boots anymore.

Workers at the Marathon gas field have been driving Marathon
Road northeast of the Kenai airport for decades; they described
the vigorous expansion of black spruce “islands” in the large
6500-acre wetland complex between the airport and Beaver                     Old timers in the area confirmed
Creek. I compared the 1950s and 1996 aerial photos and
saw that the black spruce islands were growing like rapidly
                                                                             my observations. A horse packer
expanding patches of mold on bread.                                          for moose hunters in the Mystery Hills
Many wetlands on the Kenai have halos of small black spruce
                                                                             described how it was hard to find water
around their perimeters. I was curious to know if these small                nowadays for his horses; his traditional
trees were old stunted dwarfs, growing at the limit of their
water tolerance, or were they young recruits now growing on                  streamlets and water holes had dried up.
a drier substrate? We ran 2-meter wide transects through three
of these wetland perimeter halos, digging up all the seedlings
and saplings and coring the larger trees with an increment
borer to get tree-ring samples. In the digging process we
discovered that there was no dead wood under these forests;         To look at the drying and woodification processes on a much
no stumps or buried logs. These were “first time” forests.          longer time scale we took peat soil cores at 18 sites from Nikiski
Furthermore, the trees were young and vigorous, not stunted         to Homer. Allana DeRuwe Drossus used these cores for her
old guys. The median ages of trees at Marathon Road were 65         MS thesis on volcanic ash, but they also provided a look at
years, at Coal Creek 32 years (see photo), and at Brown’s Lake      the vegetation history of the wetlands which extended back
east of Funny River 76 years. The very oldest trees dated back to   more than 18,000 years. Most of the cores showed that these
the 1850’s, which was the end of the Little Ice Age and the time    wetlands had been soggy fens dominated by Sphagnum moss
when glaciers on the west side of the Kenai Mountains, such as      and sedges; all the woody material was at the top of the cores,
Grewingk, began to retreat.                                         consisting of mostly live roots of surface shrubs. We aged the
                                                                    stems of one of the most abundant shrubs, dwarf birch, at three
I became curious about the long-term scale of these changes:        sites and found that their median age was 14 years. The fact
were we really seeing something new or were we simply in            that there were few dead shrub roots or stems down in the peat
rather dry period, as part of a natural climatic cycle? Three       indicated that these shrub patches, like the black spruce halos,
graduate thesis projects with Prof. Roman Dial at Alaska Pacific    were “first time” colonists.
University provided strong evidence that these changes are
new, and that they reflect the general climate warming and          Ice from the last major glaciation began to retreat from the
drying occurring throughout Alaska and other northern               central Kenai lowlands about 18,000 years ago, and our oldest
latitude areas. For his MS thesis project Eric Klein picked 1113    peat cores document peat accumulation starting at this time.
random points on aerial photos from the 1950s and 1996. He          There has been at least one major warm period since then,
classified the vegetation at each point as being wooded, open,      called the Hypsithermal or Holocene Thermal Maximum
wet or water. In the 40+ years between photos the wooded            occurring 9-11,500 years, and a general cooling of the climate
points increased from 57% to 73%, open points shrank from           over the last 5-6,000 years. Even the warm period, however, was
31% to 20%, wet from 5% to 1%, and water from 7% to 6%. This        not sufficiently dry to bring trees or shrubs into these


                         LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012                                 4
(A) This graph shows the mean decline of 3.8 inches of “available water” after the 1968-69 drought. Available water is the water
utilizable for rivers and lakes, plant and animal growth, and groundwater recharging. One can think of this water as the spendable
part of the water budget, calculated as the income (precipitation or P) minus expenditures (potential evapotranspiration or PET).

(B) Gray bars show the changes in the two components (P and PET) of available water. Black bar shows the change in available


	                                                                                                           	
water (P – PET). The primary cause for declining available water is 12% less annual rainfall (by 2.3 inches); the secondary cause is
warmer summers with 10% more evapotranspiration (by 1.4 inches). Data are from the Kenai airport.




soggy fens; tree and shrub invasion has only occurred since the        where the drying is most intense due to the strong rain shadow
end of the Little Ice Age, and especially since the 1970s.             of the Kenai Mountains. The black spruce colonizing the
                                                                       wetlands is a highly flammable fuel type. Wetlands that in the
Weather records from the Kenai airport show a distinct turning         past were firebreaks separating beetle-killed spruce uplands will
point following a drought in 1968-69 (see graph). Basically the        in time become fuel bridges that allow more rapid propagation
central Kenai has never recovered from this drought, and the           of fire across the landscape. Add warmer air temperatures and
continuing drought has accelerated the drying process which            drier fuels, and you have a recipe for more frequent and much
started at the end of the Little Ice Age.                              larger fires. Reduced available water means less streamflow
                                                                       and groundwater recharge, so communities such as Nikiski,
People often ask me if the filling in of ponds and the growth          Homer and Anchor Point that depend on streams and wells will
of forests in wetlands isn’t just a natural process of plant           find their drinking water supply reduced.
succession? Ecology textbooks describe classical pond-to-
forest succession starting with an open pond, then emergent            The observed changes described here are small compared
aquatic plants and sedimentation, then peat formation in a wet         to the changes forecasted by climate models for the end of
fen, and finally trees and shrubs recruiting on the peat soil. My      the century and beyond, but they can serve as warnings to
answer is, yes, this is classical succession but why is it happening   land stewards and resource managers that the landscape is
now, at an accelerating rate, after 18,000 years of stable wet         changing and that resources such as water should not be taken
fens? Indeed, the same question can be asked anywhere in               for granted.
Alaska. Similar studies on the North Slope and in the Interior are
documenting a variety of new processes that haven’t occurred
for thousands of years such as melting permafrost, retreating
glaciers, shrinkage of the Arctic icecap, and alder invasion of the    Further information: Berg, E.E., K.D. McDonnell, R. Dial, and A.
tundra. These are the faces of climate change in Alaska.               DeRuwe. 2009. Recent woody invasion of wetlands on the Kenai
                                                                       Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska: a major regime shift
There will be some practical consequences of the Kenai’s drying        after 18 000 years of wet Sphagnum–sedge peat recruitment.
landscape, especially on the central and northern lowlands             Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39(11): 2033– 2046.   	 


5                                                      www.KachemakLandTrust.org
Cold Water is Critical.
                                                                                 The survival and persistence of salmon is
                                                                                 highly dependent on water temperature.
                                                                                 Research on the Anchor River identifies
                                                                                 critical salmon habitat.



                                                                                 Thermal infrared imagery (left) with corresponding aerial
                                                                                 image (right) showing cold water inputs (purple) to the
                                                                                 mainstem of the Anchor River (orange).
                                                    photo © Cook Inletkeeper

Anchor River Project
Protecting our Water Quality and Salmon Habitat
By Sue Mauger, Cook Inletkeeper

A       s water temperatures get warmer in many of Cook Inlet’s
        streams in the years ahead, cold water areas within a
stream which are persistently colder than adjacent areas – will
                                                                     south fork of the Anchor River. This exciting technology is
                                                                     an effective method for mapping small-scale temperature
                                                                     patterns in streams. The TIR imagery provides a snapshot of
be critical to the survival and persistence of salmon. Cold-water    stream temperatures at the time of the survey. And although
fish, like salmon and trout, get stressed out in warm water and      temperature values change year-to-year, groundwater-fed
become increasingly vulnerable to pollution, predation, and          cool water areas remain persistent over time. Even in the cool
disease. Deep pools, overhanging vegetation and undercut             summer of 2010, the location and thermal influence of 18
banks can be important cold-water habitats. Stream areas             tributaries, 23 seeps and springs, 11 sloughs, and 9 small side
with groundwater interactions (i.e. springs and seeps) may           channels and drains is apparent in the imagery.
also result in measurably cooler water. Mapping these cold-
water stepping stones that are needed for salmon to make             In 2012, Cook Inletkeeper will collect even more imagery along
their way up and down otherwise warming streams is the first         30 miles on the north fork Anchor River and 12 miles on the
step towards protecting critical salmon habitat in this time of      lower Ninilchik River. With a treasure map of these cold spots,
thermal change.                                                      Kachemak Heritage Land Trust will then be able to identify land
                                                                     parcels with critical Chinook and Coho salmon habitat.
Cook Inletkeeper, in collaboration with the Homer Soil and
Water Conservation District and the Alaska Department of Fish        These parcels will be the focus for permanent conservation
and Game, began identifying critical habitat conditions for          work. This goal can only be achieved through partnerships
cool water along the Anchor River in 2006. Based on in-stream        with willing landowners. A partnership of local organizations
surveys, overhanging vegetation, which provided shade during         working together with individuals in the community provides
the mid to late afternoon, provides some of the most significant     a unique opportunity to link state-or-the-art science with
cool water habitat for juvenile salmon.                              conservation planning and land protection strategies designed
                                                                     for perpetual habitat conservation to protect our way of life and
In 2010, Cook Inletkeeper expanded this effort and incorporated      a valuable and precious resource that connects all life on the
state-of-the-art technology to map cold-water habitat using          peninsula- the salmon.		                                       
airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imagery along 34 miles of the


                         LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012                                          6
7   www.KachemakLandTrust.org
What Moves
Your Heart?
P    eople like places they love to remain the same forever, whether
     it’s the network of Forest Preserves near a childhood home or
property Kachemak Heritage Land Trust owns along the Anchor
River. For many, it’s about ensuring there are always places of
refuge. There aren’t many organizations like KHLT set up to imagine
so far into the future. It’s that long-term vision that forms the heart
of KHLT, and as a KHLT supporter, one that likely is important to you.

This past summer, we received a huge vote of confidence in the form
of a gift of $25,000 from a wonderful supporter. This anonymous
donor wants the gift to be a catalyst to others to increase the pace of
our ability to preserve land. This donor understands that permanent
land protection takes money; and with this large financial
commitment, this donor has cast a strong vote of confidence in
KHLT.

To honor this generous gift, we’ve set a fundraising goal to raise
an additional $25,000 to support conserving the places that give
meaning to all our lives. Please join our generous supporter by
sending in an additional year-end gift to help us meet this goal.
Your gift will show how one great gift can encourage others and help                   Your year-end contribution
us increase the pace of land conservation on the Kenai Peninsula!
                                                                                       will enable us to permanently
It’s KHLT’s role to make sure treasured places remain intact for the                   protect important Kenai
future, providing places to simply sit and think, play, or remain wild.
                                                                                       Peninsula fish and wildlife
Your year-end contribution will enable us to permanently protect                       habitat and provide
important Kenai Peninsula fish and wildlife habitat and provide
professional conservation services to landowners on the Kenai                          professional conservation
Peninsula. Please use the enclosed remittance envelope to
donate today. Whatever amount you and your family choose to
                                                                                       services to landowners on the
contribute will be greatly appreciated.                                               Kenai Peninsula.

photo © KHLT, G. Goforth                                                  photo © KHLT, M. Bernard

                           LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012                  8
Leading research points to juvenile salmon in unassuming places

Salmon in the Hills                                                                                 		
By Coowe Walker, Kachemak Bay Research Reserve

L   ook at the picture below. Do you notice the small stream
    meandering through the wildflower meadow? Would you
guess that hundreds of young
                                                                     traffic and development. Do you have property where there is
                                                                     a headwater stream? If so, then you likely have salmon in your
                                                                     hills.
salmon are living there?
                                                                     With the new science that is emerging, KHLT and willing
                                                                     landowners can take steps to ensure that essential elements
                                                                     of the landscape are maintained to keep our headwaters, and
                                                                     salmon, healthy.

                                                                     Why are the landscapes of the lower Kenai Peninsula so
                                                                     productive as salmon habitat? Our research on nutrients and
                                                                     streamside vegetation, shows that nitrogen coming from
                                                                     alders in the surrounding area is a significant driver of stream
                                                                     productivity. Alder is a ‘nitrogen-fixer’, which means that the
                                                                     root systems of alder are able to take atmospheric nitrogen
Since 2006, the Kachemak                                             and convert it into a form that is biologically useful. Not many
Bay Research Reserve has                                             plants in our landscapes can do this. As nitrogen is typically in
been leading research efforts                                        short supply in our aquatic systems, inputs of this basic nutrient
to learn about these often                            photo © KBRR   become very important to promoting algal growth, which fuels
remote, and previously unstudied areas. We have learned that         stream insect (mayflies, caddisflies, etc.) production, which in
these tiny streams at the uppermost reaches of our watersheds        turn moves up through the foodweb as food for young salmon.
are, in fact, very important nurseries for juvenile salmon. These    We now know that alder is important keeping our headwaters
streams are the headwaters that are the origin of our rivers.        healthy.

Did you know that the headwater streams for many of the              Our research has also shown that the tall grasses that grow next
Rivers along the Lower Kenai Peninsula are unique areas to find      to the headwaters are an important food base. The grass flops
thriving salmon habitat? Most headwater streams are too small,       over into the stream, where it becomes the framework for algae
steep, and quickly flowing and are not conducive to juvenile fish    to grow on, which the insects then eat, ultimately becoming
rearing. Our headwater streams are critical to juvenile salmon       food for young salmon. We call this ‘grass fed salmon’!
habitat. We have found more than ¼ million juvenile salmonids
that are using these streams!                                        This research is unraveling how our landscapes are connected
                                                                     to headwater streams. Alders in the surrounding area provide
What is so important about the headwater streams of the lower        important nutrients; grass by the streamside provides a
Kenai Peninsula?                                                     foundation for the food web. We are continuing our research,
                                                                     and as we learn, we will share our findings. By understanding
In most places, headwaters have been considered fishless             how our landscapes are connected to headwaters, we can
because headwaters in most regions are small, steep, quickly         make sure that we protect the essential elements of the
flowing systems that aren’t conducive to fish. The headwaters        landscape that are most important to young salmon. As an
of the Anchor River, Deep Creek, Stariski Creek and Ninilchik        informed landowner, you are important for maintaining healthy
River are quite different in that they are important fish rearing    headwater nurseries for young salmon.			                   
habitat. They are also predominantly located on private
property, which makes them susceptible to impacts from high


9                                                    www.KachemakLandTrust.org
Land Conservation Lasts Forever                                     Thank to our Business Members                                  	

P   lease consider making a lasting gift to Kachemak Heritage
    Land Trust in your estate plans, included either through
your will or trust, or through a gift of life insurance.
                                                                    »»
                                                                    »»
                                                                    »»
                                                                         2-2 Tango
                                                                         Alaska Rivers Company
                                                                         Alaska Timberframe
                                                                                                        »» Law Offices of Daniel

                                                                                                        »»
                                                                                                             Westerburg
                                                                                                             Loopy Lupine Distribution
                                                                    »»   Alderfer Group                      LLC
For more information on how to make a legacy gift to Kachemak       »»   Applied Archaeology            »»   Marine Services of Alaska
Heritage Land Trust please call or email Marie McCarty at (907)          International                  »»   Moose Run Metalsmiths
235-5263, marie@kachemaklandtrust.org.                              »»   Annette and Marvin Bellamy     »»   Wilderness Garden Day Spa
                                                                    »»   Best Western Bidarka Inn       »»   North Wind Home
                                                                    »»   Bobcat Services                     Collection
                                                                         Chihuly’s Charters                  Oasis Environmental, Inc./
KHLT Annual Meeting of the Members                                  »»
                                                                    »»   Cosmic Kitchen, Inc.
                                                                                                        »»
                                                                                                             ERM
                                                                    »»   Derry and Associates           »»   Preventive Dental Services

T   his year’s KHLT Annual Meeting of Members will take place
    on November 29th at the Islands and Ocean Visitor Center
beginning at 5:30 PM.
                                                                    »»
                                                                    »»
                                                                         Eayrs Plumbing and Heating
                                                                         ERA Aviation
                                                                                                        »»
                                                                                                        »»
                                                                                                             Seaman’s Adventures
                                                                                                             Seaside Farms
                                                                    »»   Grant Aviation                 »»   SeaULater Charters Alaska
                                                                    »»   Andrew Haas and Terri          »»   Seldovia Bay Ferry
We will hold our Annual Meeting, finish the voting process,
                                                                         Spigelmyer Law Offices         »»   Spenard Builders Supply
and hold a Board of Directors meeting. The two issues that
                                                                    »»   Hallo Bay Wilderness Camp      »»   Ulmer’s Drug and Hardware
require voting are the Board Director re-election and Bylaw
                                                                    »»   HDR Engineering, Alaska        »»   Wild North Photography
amendment. Marian Beck and Larsen Klingel are each running
                                                                    »»   Home Run Oil
again for a seat on the Board of Directors.
                                                                    »»   Homer Electric Association
                                                                    »»   Homer Saw and Cycle
The theme for this year’s Annual Meeting is: “Local Conservation,
                                                                    »»   Homer Veterinary Clinic
Global Impact: How Birds Tie Alaska to the World.” Our speaker
                                                                    »»   Homer’s Jeans
will be Melanie Smith, Landscape Ecologist with Audubon
                                                                    »»   Jay-Brant General
Alaska. The event will focus on current issues facing Homer and
                                                                         Contractors
the Kenai Peninsula’s bird populations, and how these issues tie
                                                                    »»   Kachemak Bay Ferry, Inc.
into broader global bird issues. 				                          
                                                                    »»   Janet Klein

                                                                    Thank to our Funders	 	                            	       	
                                                                    »»   Alaska Community Foundation
                                                                    »»   Alaska State Historic Preservation Office
                                                                    »»   Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund
                                                                    »»   Bullitt Foundation
                                                                    »»   Community Foundation Boulder County
                                                                    »»   ESRI
                                                                    »»   Homer Foundation, City of Homer
                                                                    »»   Homer Foundation, KLEP Fund
                                                                    »»   Homer Foundation, Tin Roof Fund
                                                                    »»   Land Trust Alliance
                                                                    »»   Pikes Peak Foundation, the Webb Family Fund
                                                                    »»   People’s Garden, USDA
                                                                    »»   Pacific Coast Joint Venture
                                                                    »»   Rasmuson Foundation
                                                                    »»   True North Foundation
                                                                    »»   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Coastal Program
                                                                    »»   US Fish and Wildlife Services Partners for Wildlife
Roger Pearson, former KHLT Board member             photo © KHLT    »»   Vanguard Foundation


                         LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012                                    10
Non-Profit
                                                                                                                  PRESORT
                                                                                                                  STANDARD
                                                                                                                 U.S. Postage
                                                                                                                     PAID
                                                                                                                 Homer, Alaska
                                                                                                                  Permit #67
315 Klondike Avenue
Homer, Alaska 99603




Preserving, for public benefit, land on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula
with significant natural, recreational, or cultural values
by working with willing landowners.

www.KachemakLandTrust.org
                                                                                               Printed on 50% recycled paper.




                                                                   KHLT Applies for Land Accreditation! 	
                                                                   K achemak Heritage Land Trust, a regional land
                                                                   trust founded in 1989, is pleased to be applying
                                                                   for accreditation with the Land Trust Accreditation
                                                                   Commission. The land trust accreditation program
                                                                   recognizes organizations that meet national quality
                                                                   standards for protecting natural places and working
                                                                   land forever.

                                                                   For more information:
                                                                   Please read the Public Notice of Application For Land
  photo © KHLT                                                     Trust Alliance Accreditation @ www.KHLT.org

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KHLT FALL 2012 NEWSLETTER

  • 1. LANDMARKS 12 FALL/WINTER Newsletter for Kachemak Heritage Land Trust HIGHLIGHTS Drying Wetlands Anchor River Project 2012 Successes Salmon in the Hills
  • 2. Director’s Column Join us on Facebook! Search for “Kachemak Heritage Land Trust.” KHLT Board Members Dotti Harness-Foster, President John Mouw, Vice President Each of our board members reviewed draft Larsen Klingel, Treasurer Scott Connelly, Secretary policy and presented it to their peers on the Donna Robertson Aderhold board. Our Accreditation Team, a smaller Marian Beck group of board and staff, met regularly to Nancy Lee-Evans Rachel Lord review policy and ensure that we met each Sam Means deadline. We reviewed our historic financial records, raised funds to pay for the staff time KHLT Staff and the application fee, had a financial audit, Marie McCarty, Executive Director revised our entire policy and procedures Mandy Bernard, Conservation Director manual, and we have been scanning our Anne Cain, Development Coordinator Rick Cline, Accounting/Grant Manager most significant financial records and all of Patrick Miller, Stewardship Coordinator our land records. We have cloud storage for our documents, have a new office server KHLT Contact Information with offsite backup, and have a finely tuned Kachemak Heritage Land Trust Marie McCarty recordkeeping policy and implementation 315 Klondike Avenue Executive Director system. While none of this is tied to Homer, AK 99603 (907) 235-5263 | (907) 235-1503 (fax) protecting a specific property, adhering to www.KachemakLandTrust.org best management practices directly ties to our ability to fulfill our perpetual stewardship Credits responsibilities. Cover photo © KHLT, M. Bernard O ur Conservation Director, Mandy Bernard, carted three fat flat-rate boxes to the post office on September 1 to submit Our hard work was supported by people like you who understand what it means to be a Layout Design | Debi Bodett CONTENTS our accreditation application to the National steward of land forever. While there is the on- DIRECTOR’S COLUMN.. . . . . . . . . . 1 Land Trust Accreditation Commission. The the-ground component of monitoring land THANK YOU FOR YOUR SERVICE boxes represent 2 years’ work, and we’re to ensure it is not harmed over time, there is WELCOME TO KHLT!. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 feeling a suite of emotions—happy, relieved, also the paperwork required to ensure that tired, and excited—as we apply to become each parcel we promise to protect has both DRYING WETLANDS a nationally accredited land trust. Becoming the funds for stewardship and the paperwork ON THE KENAI PENINSULA. . . . . . 3 accredited will be the formal recognition that necessary to defend it over time. ANCHOR RIVER PROJECT Kachemak Heritage Land Trust meets national PROTECTING OUR WATER quality standards within the land trust So while our accreditation work resulted in AND SALMON HABITAT. . . . . . . . . 6 community. There are 1,700 land trusts across three fat flat-rate boxes, it really represents WHAT MOVES the country and 181 of these are accredited our promise to you to preserve land forever. YOUR HEART?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 thus far. We’re excited to move into the next phase of providing the Kenai Peninsula with our SALMON IN THE HILLS.. . . . . . . . . 9 For me, the most profound piece of our professional land conservation services LAND CONSERVATION accreditation process was how hard the and again, thank you for believing in our LAST FOREVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 board and staff worked together to put our mission. It’s an exciting time to be part of application together. The ability of both our Kachemak Heritage Land Trust, and I invite KHLT ANNUAL MEETING board and staff to work hand-in-hand on this you to consider increasing your support for OF THE MEMBERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 and all other aspects of our organization is a our work, as we work to increase the pace of THANK YOU TO powerful indication to me of the strength of strategic private land conservation.  OUR BUSINESS MEMBERS.. . . . . . 10 Kachemak Heritage Land Trust and our belief in the organization’s mission and direction. THANK YOU TO OUR FUNDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 You, as a supporter of Kachemak Heritage Land Trust, likewise play a key role in our Marie McCarty, Executive Director KHLT APPLIES FOR success. LAND ACCREDITATION . . BACK COVER 1 www.KachemakLandTrust.org
  • 3. Thank You for Your Service Welcome to KHLT! T hank you to Sheryl Ohlsen. Sheryl served as our Accounting Manager, working W elcome to Donna Robertson Aderhold, our newest Board member. Donna is an environmental scientist diligently and cheerfully for an engineering and environmental on KHLT’s finances, and she consulting firm, providing guidance on the led our Accreditation Team regulatory process for a variety of proposed through the submission of our development projects throughout Alaska. comprehensive application As a wildlife biologist she believes that to the national land trust land conservation is one of the most Accreditation Commission. Sheryl Ohlsen important things humans can do to ensure Donna Robertson Aderhold We are pleased that she is Accounting Manager maintenance of healthy ecosystems for Board of Directors remaining on our Budget and Investment Committee, future generations. Donna is on the Kachemak Bay Research Reserve’s and appreciate her continuing keen eye for financial Community Council, the Homer library’s landscaping committee, and details. Many thanks for all of your hard work, and we is a member of the professional organizations The Wildlife Society wish you the best wishes in all of your endeavors. and Society of Wetland Scientists. Donna has served on various KHLT committees. T hank you to Jamie Grant. Jamie served as our Development Coordinator, W elcome to Anne Cain. Anne is our new Development Coordinator. working hard with our Anne first appeared on the Alaska scene in Development Committee and 1964, attending Homer High School when staff on both our fundraising her parents moved her from Texas as a and outreach efforts. Her teenager.  During her stay, she developed keen graphic design eye and an intense love of Alaska, and has returned her background in business numerous times.  Anne has B.A. in English/ brought a new touch to Jamie Grant History from Texas A&M University-Corpus KHLT, and one that we really Development Coordinator Christi, and majored in Secondary Education Anne Cain Development Coordinator appreciated and will continue to incorporate in our work. at The University of Texas at Austin. After an Much luck at your new position with the State, we wish early, voluntary retirement from her Technical Editor/Writer position you all the best.  with UT’s College of Engineering in 2005, she moved to Alaska to work publications contracts with Anchorage engineering firms (three Native Corporations, Crowley Maritime, and CH2M Hill), as well as Nuka Research and Planning Group on the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation’s Risk Assessment Project. W elcome to Rick Cline. Rick is our new Accounting and Grants Manager. Before finding Alaska Rick earned his Bachelor of Arts in Finance at the University of Santa Clara, worked as a Financial Analyst for ESL (a subsidiary of TRW), and taught English in Sapporo, Japan, while pursuing martial arts training in Kobayashi-ryu. Arriving in Homer, Alaska by motorcycle in 1992, he was captured by the beauty Rick Cline of Kachemak Bay. For the past eight years, Accounting/Grant Manager he and his wife Charlene have owned and run the outstanding Homestead Restaurant.  LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012 2 2
  • 4. A transect sample of 192 black spruce trees in this photo showed that the median tree age was 32 years. These trees are growing in a drying fen underlain by more than 16 feet of Sphagnum peat. The peat contained no logs, stumps or woody shrub roots, indicating that this is a “first time” forest growing on a formerly soggy peatland. Similar wood-free peatlands have been dated elsewhere in the central Peninsula to more than 18,000 years. Photo shows the Coal Creek wetlands south of Soldotna, looking southeast from the Sterling Highway. photo © Ed Berg Drying Wetlands on the Kenai Peninsula By Ed Berg, PhD. Ed retired recently from the US Fish & Wildlife Service, where he served as the ecologist at the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge in Soldotna since 1993. I n the mid-1990’s I began seeing some large-scale ecological changes on the Kenai Peninsula. The most striking change was the massive die-off of mature upland spruce forests In my fieldwork I used two sets of USGS quad maps, one set dating from the 1950s and a more recent set from 1986. My first awareness of the landscape drying came from noticing that due to the spruce bark beetle infestation, especially on the many of the small ponds shown in blue on the 1950s maps no southern Kenai. More subtle, however, was a general drying longer appeared on the 1986 maps and were now grass-filled of the landscape. As part of my work as the ecologist at the pans. I ran transects through some of these pans, and mapped Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, I spent a lot of time exploring the small spruce and hardwood seedlings popping up among the two million acres of the Refuge, which spans the western the grass. Kenai from Turnagain Arm to the south side of Kachemak Bay. 3 www.KachemakLandTrust.org
  • 5. Old timers in the area confirmed my observations. A horse showed a strong “woodification” of the landscape with trees packer for moose hunters in the Mystery Hills described how it and shrubs colonizing previously open and wetland areas. was hard to find water nowadays for his horses; his traditional streamlets and water holes had dried up. Others described For her MS thesis Kacy McDonnell Hillman did a similar aerial how it was possible to drive 4WD pickups in the summer across photo study, this time adding 1968 photos. Using GIS she wetlands in the Caribou Hills that had previously only been measured the open (treeless) wetland area at 11 sites, and found crossable by snow machine in the winter. Residents along the that open wetland loss between 1951 and 1968 was 6.2% per south leg of K-Beach Road described a shrub invasion of their decade, and was 11.1% between 1968 and 1996. This indicated wetlands that greatly improved berry picking. Those wetlands that the wetland drying was accelerating, almost doubling on were now dry enough that berry pickers didn’t need rubber a decadal scale. boots anymore. Workers at the Marathon gas field have been driving Marathon Road northeast of the Kenai airport for decades; they described the vigorous expansion of black spruce “islands” in the large 6500-acre wetland complex between the airport and Beaver Old timers in the area confirmed Creek. I compared the 1950s and 1996 aerial photos and saw that the black spruce islands were growing like rapidly my observations. A horse packer expanding patches of mold on bread. for moose hunters in the Mystery Hills Many wetlands on the Kenai have halos of small black spruce described how it was hard to find water around their perimeters. I was curious to know if these small nowadays for his horses; his traditional trees were old stunted dwarfs, growing at the limit of their water tolerance, or were they young recruits now growing on streamlets and water holes had dried up. a drier substrate? We ran 2-meter wide transects through three of these wetland perimeter halos, digging up all the seedlings and saplings and coring the larger trees with an increment borer to get tree-ring samples. In the digging process we discovered that there was no dead wood under these forests; To look at the drying and woodification processes on a much no stumps or buried logs. These were “first time” forests. longer time scale we took peat soil cores at 18 sites from Nikiski Furthermore, the trees were young and vigorous, not stunted to Homer. Allana DeRuwe Drossus used these cores for her old guys. The median ages of trees at Marathon Road were 65 MS thesis on volcanic ash, but they also provided a look at years, at Coal Creek 32 years (see photo), and at Brown’s Lake the vegetation history of the wetlands which extended back east of Funny River 76 years. The very oldest trees dated back to more than 18,000 years. Most of the cores showed that these the 1850’s, which was the end of the Little Ice Age and the time wetlands had been soggy fens dominated by Sphagnum moss when glaciers on the west side of the Kenai Mountains, such as and sedges; all the woody material was at the top of the cores, Grewingk, began to retreat. consisting of mostly live roots of surface shrubs. We aged the stems of one of the most abundant shrubs, dwarf birch, at three I became curious about the long-term scale of these changes: sites and found that their median age was 14 years. The fact were we really seeing something new or were we simply in that there were few dead shrub roots or stems down in the peat rather dry period, as part of a natural climatic cycle? Three indicated that these shrub patches, like the black spruce halos, graduate thesis projects with Prof. Roman Dial at Alaska Pacific were “first time” colonists. University provided strong evidence that these changes are new, and that they reflect the general climate warming and Ice from the last major glaciation began to retreat from the drying occurring throughout Alaska and other northern central Kenai lowlands about 18,000 years ago, and our oldest latitude areas. For his MS thesis project Eric Klein picked 1113 peat cores document peat accumulation starting at this time. random points on aerial photos from the 1950s and 1996. He There has been at least one major warm period since then, classified the vegetation at each point as being wooded, open, called the Hypsithermal or Holocene Thermal Maximum wet or water. In the 40+ years between photos the wooded occurring 9-11,500 years, and a general cooling of the climate points increased from 57% to 73%, open points shrank from over the last 5-6,000 years. Even the warm period, however, was 31% to 20%, wet from 5% to 1%, and water from 7% to 6%. This not sufficiently dry to bring trees or shrubs into these LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012 4
  • 6. (A) This graph shows the mean decline of 3.8 inches of “available water” after the 1968-69 drought. Available water is the water utilizable for rivers and lakes, plant and animal growth, and groundwater recharging. One can think of this water as the spendable part of the water budget, calculated as the income (precipitation or P) minus expenditures (potential evapotranspiration or PET). (B) Gray bars show the changes in the two components (P and PET) of available water. Black bar shows the change in available water (P – PET). The primary cause for declining available water is 12% less annual rainfall (by 2.3 inches); the secondary cause is warmer summers with 10% more evapotranspiration (by 1.4 inches). Data are from the Kenai airport. soggy fens; tree and shrub invasion has only occurred since the where the drying is most intense due to the strong rain shadow end of the Little Ice Age, and especially since the 1970s. of the Kenai Mountains. The black spruce colonizing the wetlands is a highly flammable fuel type. Wetlands that in the Weather records from the Kenai airport show a distinct turning past were firebreaks separating beetle-killed spruce uplands will point following a drought in 1968-69 (see graph). Basically the in time become fuel bridges that allow more rapid propagation central Kenai has never recovered from this drought, and the of fire across the landscape. Add warmer air temperatures and continuing drought has accelerated the drying process which drier fuels, and you have a recipe for more frequent and much started at the end of the Little Ice Age. larger fires. Reduced available water means less streamflow and groundwater recharge, so communities such as Nikiski, People often ask me if the filling in of ponds and the growth Homer and Anchor Point that depend on streams and wells will of forests in wetlands isn’t just a natural process of plant find their drinking water supply reduced. succession? Ecology textbooks describe classical pond-to- forest succession starting with an open pond, then emergent The observed changes described here are small compared aquatic plants and sedimentation, then peat formation in a wet to the changes forecasted by climate models for the end of fen, and finally trees and shrubs recruiting on the peat soil. My the century and beyond, but they can serve as warnings to answer is, yes, this is classical succession but why is it happening land stewards and resource managers that the landscape is now, at an accelerating rate, after 18,000 years of stable wet changing and that resources such as water should not be taken fens? Indeed, the same question can be asked anywhere in for granted. Alaska. Similar studies on the North Slope and in the Interior are documenting a variety of new processes that haven’t occurred for thousands of years such as melting permafrost, retreating glaciers, shrinkage of the Arctic icecap, and alder invasion of the Further information: Berg, E.E., K.D. McDonnell, R. Dial, and A. tundra. These are the faces of climate change in Alaska. DeRuwe. 2009. Recent woody invasion of wetlands on the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska: a major regime shift There will be some practical consequences of the Kenai’s drying after 18 000 years of wet Sphagnum–sedge peat recruitment. landscape, especially on the central and northern lowlands Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39(11): 2033– 2046.    5 www.KachemakLandTrust.org
  • 7. Cold Water is Critical. The survival and persistence of salmon is highly dependent on water temperature. Research on the Anchor River identifies critical salmon habitat. Thermal infrared imagery (left) with corresponding aerial image (right) showing cold water inputs (purple) to the mainstem of the Anchor River (orange). photo © Cook Inletkeeper Anchor River Project Protecting our Water Quality and Salmon Habitat By Sue Mauger, Cook Inletkeeper A s water temperatures get warmer in many of Cook Inlet’s streams in the years ahead, cold water areas within a stream which are persistently colder than adjacent areas – will south fork of the Anchor River. This exciting technology is an effective method for mapping small-scale temperature patterns in streams. The TIR imagery provides a snapshot of be critical to the survival and persistence of salmon. Cold-water stream temperatures at the time of the survey. And although fish, like salmon and trout, get stressed out in warm water and temperature values change year-to-year, groundwater-fed become increasingly vulnerable to pollution, predation, and cool water areas remain persistent over time. Even in the cool disease. Deep pools, overhanging vegetation and undercut summer of 2010, the location and thermal influence of 18 banks can be important cold-water habitats. Stream areas tributaries, 23 seeps and springs, 11 sloughs, and 9 small side with groundwater interactions (i.e. springs and seeps) may channels and drains is apparent in the imagery. also result in measurably cooler water. Mapping these cold- water stepping stones that are needed for salmon to make In 2012, Cook Inletkeeper will collect even more imagery along their way up and down otherwise warming streams is the first 30 miles on the north fork Anchor River and 12 miles on the step towards protecting critical salmon habitat in this time of lower Ninilchik River. With a treasure map of these cold spots, thermal change. Kachemak Heritage Land Trust will then be able to identify land parcels with critical Chinook and Coho salmon habitat. Cook Inletkeeper, in collaboration with the Homer Soil and Water Conservation District and the Alaska Department of Fish These parcels will be the focus for permanent conservation and Game, began identifying critical habitat conditions for work. This goal can only be achieved through partnerships cool water along the Anchor River in 2006. Based on in-stream with willing landowners. A partnership of local organizations surveys, overhanging vegetation, which provided shade during working together with individuals in the community provides the mid to late afternoon, provides some of the most significant a unique opportunity to link state-or-the-art science with cool water habitat for juvenile salmon. conservation planning and land protection strategies designed for perpetual habitat conservation to protect our way of life and In 2010, Cook Inletkeeper expanded this effort and incorporated a valuable and precious resource that connects all life on the state-of-the-art technology to map cold-water habitat using peninsula- the salmon.  airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imagery along 34 miles of the LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012 6
  • 8. 7 www.KachemakLandTrust.org
  • 9. What Moves Your Heart? P eople like places they love to remain the same forever, whether it’s the network of Forest Preserves near a childhood home or property Kachemak Heritage Land Trust owns along the Anchor River. For many, it’s about ensuring there are always places of refuge. There aren’t many organizations like KHLT set up to imagine so far into the future. It’s that long-term vision that forms the heart of KHLT, and as a KHLT supporter, one that likely is important to you. This past summer, we received a huge vote of confidence in the form of a gift of $25,000 from a wonderful supporter. This anonymous donor wants the gift to be a catalyst to others to increase the pace of our ability to preserve land. This donor understands that permanent land protection takes money; and with this large financial commitment, this donor has cast a strong vote of confidence in KHLT. To honor this generous gift, we’ve set a fundraising goal to raise an additional $25,000 to support conserving the places that give meaning to all our lives. Please join our generous supporter by sending in an additional year-end gift to help us meet this goal. Your gift will show how one great gift can encourage others and help Your year-end contribution us increase the pace of land conservation on the Kenai Peninsula! will enable us to permanently It’s KHLT’s role to make sure treasured places remain intact for the protect important Kenai future, providing places to simply sit and think, play, or remain wild. Peninsula fish and wildlife Your year-end contribution will enable us to permanently protect habitat and provide important Kenai Peninsula fish and wildlife habitat and provide professional conservation services to landowners on the Kenai professional conservation Peninsula. Please use the enclosed remittance envelope to donate today. Whatever amount you and your family choose to services to landowners on the contribute will be greatly appreciated.  Kenai Peninsula. photo © KHLT, G. Goforth photo © KHLT, M. Bernard LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012 8
  • 10. Leading research points to juvenile salmon in unassuming places Salmon in the Hills By Coowe Walker, Kachemak Bay Research Reserve L ook at the picture below. Do you notice the small stream meandering through the wildflower meadow? Would you guess that hundreds of young traffic and development. Do you have property where there is a headwater stream? If so, then you likely have salmon in your hills. salmon are living there? With the new science that is emerging, KHLT and willing landowners can take steps to ensure that essential elements of the landscape are maintained to keep our headwaters, and salmon, healthy. Why are the landscapes of the lower Kenai Peninsula so productive as salmon habitat? Our research on nutrients and streamside vegetation, shows that nitrogen coming from alders in the surrounding area is a significant driver of stream productivity. Alder is a ‘nitrogen-fixer’, which means that the root systems of alder are able to take atmospheric nitrogen Since 2006, the Kachemak and convert it into a form that is biologically useful. Not many Bay Research Reserve has plants in our landscapes can do this. As nitrogen is typically in been leading research efforts short supply in our aquatic systems, inputs of this basic nutrient to learn about these often photo © KBRR become very important to promoting algal growth, which fuels remote, and previously unstudied areas. We have learned that stream insect (mayflies, caddisflies, etc.) production, which in these tiny streams at the uppermost reaches of our watersheds turn moves up through the foodweb as food for young salmon. are, in fact, very important nurseries for juvenile salmon. These We now know that alder is important keeping our headwaters streams are the headwaters that are the origin of our rivers. healthy. Did you know that the headwater streams for many of the Our research has also shown that the tall grasses that grow next Rivers along the Lower Kenai Peninsula are unique areas to find to the headwaters are an important food base. The grass flops thriving salmon habitat? Most headwater streams are too small, over into the stream, where it becomes the framework for algae steep, and quickly flowing and are not conducive to juvenile fish to grow on, which the insects then eat, ultimately becoming rearing. Our headwater streams are critical to juvenile salmon food for young salmon. We call this ‘grass fed salmon’! habitat. We have found more than ¼ million juvenile salmonids that are using these streams! This research is unraveling how our landscapes are connected to headwater streams. Alders in the surrounding area provide What is so important about the headwater streams of the lower important nutrients; grass by the streamside provides a Kenai Peninsula? foundation for the food web. We are continuing our research, and as we learn, we will share our findings. By understanding In most places, headwaters have been considered fishless how our landscapes are connected to headwaters, we can because headwaters in most regions are small, steep, quickly make sure that we protect the essential elements of the flowing systems that aren’t conducive to fish. The headwaters landscape that are most important to young salmon. As an of the Anchor River, Deep Creek, Stariski Creek and Ninilchik informed landowner, you are important for maintaining healthy River are quite different in that they are important fish rearing headwater nurseries for young salmon.  habitat. They are also predominantly located on private property, which makes them susceptible to impacts from high 9 www.KachemakLandTrust.org
  • 11. Land Conservation Lasts Forever Thank to our Business Members P lease consider making a lasting gift to Kachemak Heritage Land Trust in your estate plans, included either through your will or trust, or through a gift of life insurance. »» »» »» 2-2 Tango Alaska Rivers Company Alaska Timberframe »» Law Offices of Daniel »» Westerburg Loopy Lupine Distribution »» Alderfer Group LLC For more information on how to make a legacy gift to Kachemak »» Applied Archaeology »» Marine Services of Alaska Heritage Land Trust please call or email Marie McCarty at (907) International »» Moose Run Metalsmiths 235-5263, marie@kachemaklandtrust.org. »» Annette and Marvin Bellamy »» Wilderness Garden Day Spa »» Best Western Bidarka Inn »» North Wind Home »» Bobcat Services Collection Chihuly’s Charters Oasis Environmental, Inc./ KHLT Annual Meeting of the Members »» »» Cosmic Kitchen, Inc. »» ERM »» Derry and Associates »» Preventive Dental Services T his year’s KHLT Annual Meeting of Members will take place on November 29th at the Islands and Ocean Visitor Center beginning at 5:30 PM. »» »» Eayrs Plumbing and Heating ERA Aviation »» »» Seaman’s Adventures Seaside Farms »» Grant Aviation »» SeaULater Charters Alaska »» Andrew Haas and Terri »» Seldovia Bay Ferry We will hold our Annual Meeting, finish the voting process, Spigelmyer Law Offices »» Spenard Builders Supply and hold a Board of Directors meeting. The two issues that »» Hallo Bay Wilderness Camp »» Ulmer’s Drug and Hardware require voting are the Board Director re-election and Bylaw »» HDR Engineering, Alaska »» Wild North Photography amendment. Marian Beck and Larsen Klingel are each running »» Home Run Oil again for a seat on the Board of Directors. »» Homer Electric Association »» Homer Saw and Cycle The theme for this year’s Annual Meeting is: “Local Conservation, »» Homer Veterinary Clinic Global Impact: How Birds Tie Alaska to the World.” Our speaker »» Homer’s Jeans will be Melanie Smith, Landscape Ecologist with Audubon »» Jay-Brant General Alaska. The event will focus on current issues facing Homer and Contractors the Kenai Peninsula’s bird populations, and how these issues tie »» Kachemak Bay Ferry, Inc. into broader global bird issues.  »» Janet Klein Thank to our Funders »» Alaska Community Foundation »» Alaska State Historic Preservation Office »» Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund »» Bullitt Foundation »» Community Foundation Boulder County »» ESRI »» Homer Foundation, City of Homer »» Homer Foundation, KLEP Fund »» Homer Foundation, Tin Roof Fund »» Land Trust Alliance »» Pikes Peak Foundation, the Webb Family Fund »» People’s Garden, USDA »» Pacific Coast Joint Venture »» Rasmuson Foundation »» True North Foundation »» U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Coastal Program »» US Fish and Wildlife Services Partners for Wildlife Roger Pearson, former KHLT Board member photo © KHLT »» Vanguard Foundation LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012 10
  • 12. Non-Profit PRESORT STANDARD U.S. Postage PAID Homer, Alaska Permit #67 315 Klondike Avenue Homer, Alaska 99603 Preserving, for public benefit, land on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula with significant natural, recreational, or cultural values by working with willing landowners. www.KachemakLandTrust.org Printed on 50% recycled paper. KHLT Applies for Land Accreditation! K achemak Heritage Land Trust, a regional land trust founded in 1989, is pleased to be applying for accreditation with the Land Trust Accreditation Commission. The land trust accreditation program recognizes organizations that meet national quality standards for protecting natural places and working land forever. For more information: Please read the Public Notice of Application For Land photo © KHLT Trust Alliance Accreditation @ www.KHLT.org