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KHLT FALL 2012 NEWSLETTER
1. LANDMARKS 12
FALL/WINTER
Newsletter for Kachemak Heritage Land Trust
HIGHLIGHTS
Drying Wetlands
Anchor River Project
2012 Successes
Salmon in the Hills
3. Thank You for Your Service Welcome to KHLT!
T hank you to Sheryl Ohlsen.
Sheryl served as our
Accounting Manager, working
W elcome to Donna Robertson
Aderhold, our newest Board member.
Donna is an environmental scientist
diligently and cheerfully for an engineering and environmental
on KHLT’s finances, and she consulting firm, providing guidance on the
led our Accreditation Team regulatory process for a variety of proposed
through the submission of our development projects throughout Alaska.
comprehensive application As a wildlife biologist she believes that
to the national land trust land conservation is one of the most
Accreditation Commission. Sheryl Ohlsen important things humans can do to ensure Donna Robertson Aderhold
We are pleased that she is Accounting Manager maintenance of healthy ecosystems for Board of Directors
remaining on our Budget and Investment Committee, future generations. Donna is on the Kachemak Bay Research Reserve’s
and appreciate her continuing keen eye for financial Community Council, the Homer library’s landscaping committee, and
details. Many thanks for all of your hard work, and we is a member of the professional organizations The Wildlife Society
wish you the best wishes in all of your endeavors. and Society of Wetland Scientists. Donna has served on various KHLT
committees.
T hank you to Jamie Grant.
Jamie served as our
Development Coordinator, W elcome to Anne Cain. Anne is our
new Development Coordinator.
working hard with our Anne first appeared on the Alaska scene in
Development Committee and 1964, attending Homer High School when
staff on both our fundraising her parents moved her from Texas as a
and outreach efforts. Her teenager. During her stay, she developed
keen graphic design eye and an intense love of Alaska, and has returned
her background in business numerous times. Anne has B.A. in English/
brought a new touch to Jamie Grant History from Texas A&M University-Corpus
KHLT, and one that we really Development Coordinator Christi, and majored in Secondary Education Anne Cain
Development Coordinator
appreciated and will continue to incorporate in our work. at The University of Texas at Austin. After an
Much luck at your new position with the State, we wish early, voluntary retirement from her Technical Editor/Writer position
you all the best. with UT’s College of Engineering in 2005, she moved to Alaska to
work publications contracts with Anchorage engineering firms (three
Native Corporations, Crowley Maritime, and CH2M Hill), as well as
Nuka Research and Planning Group on the Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation’s Risk Assessment Project.
W elcome to Rick Cline. Rick is our new
Accounting and Grants Manager.
Before finding Alaska Rick earned his
Bachelor of Arts in Finance at the University
of Santa Clara, worked as a Financial Analyst
for ESL (a subsidiary of TRW), and taught
English in Sapporo, Japan, while pursuing
martial arts training in Kobayashi-ryu.
Arriving in Homer, Alaska by motorcycle
in 1992, he was captured by the beauty Rick Cline
of Kachemak Bay. For the past eight years, Accounting/Grant Manager
he and his wife Charlene have owned and run the outstanding
Homestead Restaurant.
LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012 2
2
5. Old timers in the area confirmed my observations. A horse showed a strong “woodification” of the landscape with trees
packer for moose hunters in the Mystery Hills described how it and shrubs colonizing previously open and wetland areas.
was hard to find water nowadays for his horses; his traditional
streamlets and water holes had dried up. Others described For her MS thesis Kacy McDonnell Hillman did a similar aerial
how it was possible to drive 4WD pickups in the summer across photo study, this time adding 1968 photos. Using GIS she
wetlands in the Caribou Hills that had previously only been measured the open (treeless) wetland area at 11 sites, and found
crossable by snow machine in the winter. Residents along the that open wetland loss between 1951 and 1968 was 6.2% per
south leg of K-Beach Road described a shrub invasion of their decade, and was 11.1% between 1968 and 1996. This indicated
wetlands that greatly improved berry picking. Those wetlands that the wetland drying was accelerating, almost doubling on
were now dry enough that berry pickers didn’t need rubber a decadal scale.
boots anymore.
Workers at the Marathon gas field have been driving Marathon
Road northeast of the Kenai airport for decades; they described
the vigorous expansion of black spruce “islands” in the large
6500-acre wetland complex between the airport and Beaver Old timers in the area confirmed
Creek. I compared the 1950s and 1996 aerial photos and
saw that the black spruce islands were growing like rapidly
my observations. A horse packer
expanding patches of mold on bread. for moose hunters in the Mystery Hills
Many wetlands on the Kenai have halos of small black spruce
described how it was hard to find water
around their perimeters. I was curious to know if these small nowadays for his horses; his traditional
trees were old stunted dwarfs, growing at the limit of their
water tolerance, or were they young recruits now growing on streamlets and water holes had dried up.
a drier substrate? We ran 2-meter wide transects through three
of these wetland perimeter halos, digging up all the seedlings
and saplings and coring the larger trees with an increment
borer to get tree-ring samples. In the digging process we
discovered that there was no dead wood under these forests; To look at the drying and woodification processes on a much
no stumps or buried logs. These were “first time” forests. longer time scale we took peat soil cores at 18 sites from Nikiski
Furthermore, the trees were young and vigorous, not stunted to Homer. Allana DeRuwe Drossus used these cores for her
old guys. The median ages of trees at Marathon Road were 65 MS thesis on volcanic ash, but they also provided a look at
years, at Coal Creek 32 years (see photo), and at Brown’s Lake the vegetation history of the wetlands which extended back
east of Funny River 76 years. The very oldest trees dated back to more than 18,000 years. Most of the cores showed that these
the 1850’s, which was the end of the Little Ice Age and the time wetlands had been soggy fens dominated by Sphagnum moss
when glaciers on the west side of the Kenai Mountains, such as and sedges; all the woody material was at the top of the cores,
Grewingk, began to retreat. consisting of mostly live roots of surface shrubs. We aged the
stems of one of the most abundant shrubs, dwarf birch, at three
I became curious about the long-term scale of these changes: sites and found that their median age was 14 years. The fact
were we really seeing something new or were we simply in that there were few dead shrub roots or stems down in the peat
rather dry period, as part of a natural climatic cycle? Three indicated that these shrub patches, like the black spruce halos,
graduate thesis projects with Prof. Roman Dial at Alaska Pacific were “first time” colonists.
University provided strong evidence that these changes are
new, and that they reflect the general climate warming and Ice from the last major glaciation began to retreat from the
drying occurring throughout Alaska and other northern central Kenai lowlands about 18,000 years ago, and our oldest
latitude areas. For his MS thesis project Eric Klein picked 1113 peat cores document peat accumulation starting at this time.
random points on aerial photos from the 1950s and 1996. He There has been at least one major warm period since then,
classified the vegetation at each point as being wooded, open, called the Hypsithermal or Holocene Thermal Maximum
wet or water. In the 40+ years between photos the wooded occurring 9-11,500 years, and a general cooling of the climate
points increased from 57% to 73%, open points shrank from over the last 5-6,000 years. Even the warm period, however, was
31% to 20%, wet from 5% to 1%, and water from 7% to 6%. This not sufficiently dry to bring trees or shrubs into these
LANDMARKS • NEWSLETTER FOR KACHEMAK HERITAGE LAND TRUST • FALL/WINTER 2012 4
6. (A) This graph shows the mean decline of 3.8 inches of “available water” after the 1968-69 drought. Available water is the water
utilizable for rivers and lakes, plant and animal growth, and groundwater recharging. One can think of this water as the spendable
part of the water budget, calculated as the income (precipitation or P) minus expenditures (potential evapotranspiration or PET).
(B) Gray bars show the changes in the two components (P and PET) of available water. Black bar shows the change in available
water (P – PET). The primary cause for declining available water is 12% less annual rainfall (by 2.3 inches); the secondary cause is
warmer summers with 10% more evapotranspiration (by 1.4 inches). Data are from the Kenai airport.
soggy fens; tree and shrub invasion has only occurred since the where the drying is most intense due to the strong rain shadow
end of the Little Ice Age, and especially since the 1970s. of the Kenai Mountains. The black spruce colonizing the
wetlands is a highly flammable fuel type. Wetlands that in the
Weather records from the Kenai airport show a distinct turning past were firebreaks separating beetle-killed spruce uplands will
point following a drought in 1968-69 (see graph). Basically the in time become fuel bridges that allow more rapid propagation
central Kenai has never recovered from this drought, and the of fire across the landscape. Add warmer air temperatures and
continuing drought has accelerated the drying process which drier fuels, and you have a recipe for more frequent and much
started at the end of the Little Ice Age. larger fires. Reduced available water means less streamflow
and groundwater recharge, so communities such as Nikiski,
People often ask me if the filling in of ponds and the growth Homer and Anchor Point that depend on streams and wells will
of forests in wetlands isn’t just a natural process of plant find their drinking water supply reduced.
succession? Ecology textbooks describe classical pond-to-
forest succession starting with an open pond, then emergent The observed changes described here are small compared
aquatic plants and sedimentation, then peat formation in a wet to the changes forecasted by climate models for the end of
fen, and finally trees and shrubs recruiting on the peat soil. My the century and beyond, but they can serve as warnings to
answer is, yes, this is classical succession but why is it happening land stewards and resource managers that the landscape is
now, at an accelerating rate, after 18,000 years of stable wet changing and that resources such as water should not be taken
fens? Indeed, the same question can be asked anywhere in for granted.
Alaska. Similar studies on the North Slope and in the Interior are
documenting a variety of new processes that haven’t occurred
for thousands of years such as melting permafrost, retreating
glaciers, shrinkage of the Arctic icecap, and alder invasion of the Further information: Berg, E.E., K.D. McDonnell, R. Dial, and A.
tundra. These are the faces of climate change in Alaska. DeRuwe. 2009. Recent woody invasion of wetlands on the Kenai
Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska: a major regime shift
There will be some practical consequences of the Kenai’s drying after 18 000 years of wet Sphagnum–sedge peat recruitment.
landscape, especially on the central and northern lowlands Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39(11): 2033– 2046.
5 www.KachemakLandTrust.org