The document reports on the Kepler-47 system which consists of two planets orbiting an eclipsing binary star system. The inner planet has a radius of 3.0 Earth radii and orbits every 49.5 days, while the outer planet has a radius of 4.6 Earth radii and orbits every 303.2 days. Eighteen transits of the inner planet were observed, allowing for a detailed characterization of its orbit and that of the binary stars. The timing and duration of the transits vary, indicating the planets orbit both stars in the binary system. Kepler-47 establishes that circumbinary planetary systems can exist around close binary star systems.
1) The document reports the discovery of two new circumbinary planets, Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b, orbiting binary star systems.
2) Kepler-34b orbits two sun-like stars every 289 days, while Kepler-35b orbits a pair of smaller stars every 131 days.
3) Analysis of photometric and spectroscopic data confirms the planetary nature of the transiting bodies and determines system parameters like the planets' masses and radii.
1) New measurements of tungsten isotopes in lunar rocks indicate that the Moon formed later than previously thought, between 62-150 million years after the formation of the solar system, challenging current models of early planetary formation.
2) This later formation of the Moon requires revising our understanding of the timing of events like the giant impact that formed the Earth-Moon system and the solidification of the lunar magma ocean.
3) The new timeline suggests Earth's core may have formed independently of the giant impact and that magma oceans on Earth and other terrestrial planets took longer to solidify than models predicted.
A super earth transiting a naked-eye starSérgio Sacani
This document summarizes the detection of transits of an exoplanet orbiting the star 55 Cnc, using photometry from the MOST space telescope. The transits match the period, phase, duration, and depth predicted for the innermost planet of 55 Cnc, designated 55 Cnc e. Analysis of the transit data indicates the planet has a mass of 8.57 Earth masses, a radius of 1.63 Earth radii, and a dense composition of rock and iron. This makes 55 Cnc e similar to other dense super-Earth exoplanets in short orbits, unlike lower-density super-Earths further from their stars. The brightness of 55 Cnc will enable further study of this transiting exoplanet system.
This document summarizes the current understanding of the assembly and break-up of the late Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia based on geological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic evidence. Key points include:
- Rodinia assembled between 1300-900 Ma through worldwide orogenic events involving nearly all continental blocks. It lasted around 150 million years before breaking up.
- Laurentia is considered the core of Rodinia, with other continents proposed to have been located along its margins. However, the configurations of these continental connections remain controversial.
- The break-up of Rodinia occurred diachronously between ca. 825-740 Ma, associated with episodic mantle plume events
Color and albedo_heterogeneity_on_vestaSérgio Sacani
The document summarizes findings from the Dawn spacecraft about the composition and geology of Vesta. It found that Vesta's surface has significant heterogeneity in color and albedo. Spectroscopic data revealed variations in the mineralogy and composition, with the Oppia region showing differences possibly related to mass movements. Craters exposed layers with different mineral and chemical compositions, providing insights into Vesta's complex, stratified crust formed from magmatic processes during planetary differentiation.
Craters, boulders and regolith of (101955) Bennu indicative of an old and dyn...Sérgio Sacani
- NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission arrived at the near-Earth asteroid Bennu in December 2018 and obtained images revealing its shape and surface features.
- Bennu has a diameter of 492 meters and is classified as a rubble pile asteroid, consisting of loosely bound fragments with high porosity.
- Images show numerous large boulders on Bennu's surface, some over 50 meters in size, indicating impacts in its past. Fractured boulders and impact breccias further suggest a dynamic history.
- The surface shows signs of both ancient features from the main asteroid belt as well as more recent mass movement, with clusters of boulders in low areas and incomplete crater
In situ radiometric_and_exposure_age_dating_of_the_martian_surfaceSérgio Sacani
The document summarizes research on the Sheepbed mudstone sample collected by the Curiosity rover in Gale crater on Mars. Key points:
- Potassium-argon dating of the mudstone yielded an age of 4.21 ± 0.35 billion years, consistent with the expected antiquity of rocks in Gale crater.
- Cosmogenic neon-21, helium-3, and argon-36 isotopes in the mudstone yielded concordant surface exposure ages of 78 ± 30 million years, indicating recent exposure by wind erosion rather than during initial transport and deposition.
- The mudstone's composition and mineralogy suggest it has not been heated above 200°C and may preserve
1) The document reports the discovery of two new circumbinary planets, Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b, orbiting binary star systems.
2) Kepler-34b orbits two sun-like stars every 289 days, while Kepler-35b orbits a pair of smaller stars every 131 days.
3) Analysis of photometric and spectroscopic data confirms the planetary nature of the transiting bodies and determines system parameters like the planets' masses and radii.
1) New measurements of tungsten isotopes in lunar rocks indicate that the Moon formed later than previously thought, between 62-150 million years after the formation of the solar system, challenging current models of early planetary formation.
2) This later formation of the Moon requires revising our understanding of the timing of events like the giant impact that formed the Earth-Moon system and the solidification of the lunar magma ocean.
3) The new timeline suggests Earth's core may have formed independently of the giant impact and that magma oceans on Earth and other terrestrial planets took longer to solidify than models predicted.
A super earth transiting a naked-eye starSérgio Sacani
This document summarizes the detection of transits of an exoplanet orbiting the star 55 Cnc, using photometry from the MOST space telescope. The transits match the period, phase, duration, and depth predicted for the innermost planet of 55 Cnc, designated 55 Cnc e. Analysis of the transit data indicates the planet has a mass of 8.57 Earth masses, a radius of 1.63 Earth radii, and a dense composition of rock and iron. This makes 55 Cnc e similar to other dense super-Earth exoplanets in short orbits, unlike lower-density super-Earths further from their stars. The brightness of 55 Cnc will enable further study of this transiting exoplanet system.
This document summarizes the current understanding of the assembly and break-up of the late Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia based on geological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic evidence. Key points include:
- Rodinia assembled between 1300-900 Ma through worldwide orogenic events involving nearly all continental blocks. It lasted around 150 million years before breaking up.
- Laurentia is considered the core of Rodinia, with other continents proposed to have been located along its margins. However, the configurations of these continental connections remain controversial.
- The break-up of Rodinia occurred diachronously between ca. 825-740 Ma, associated with episodic mantle plume events
Color and albedo_heterogeneity_on_vestaSérgio Sacani
The document summarizes findings from the Dawn spacecraft about the composition and geology of Vesta. It found that Vesta's surface has significant heterogeneity in color and albedo. Spectroscopic data revealed variations in the mineralogy and composition, with the Oppia region showing differences possibly related to mass movements. Craters exposed layers with different mineral and chemical compositions, providing insights into Vesta's complex, stratified crust formed from magmatic processes during planetary differentiation.
Craters, boulders and regolith of (101955) Bennu indicative of an old and dyn...Sérgio Sacani
- NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission arrived at the near-Earth asteroid Bennu in December 2018 and obtained images revealing its shape and surface features.
- Bennu has a diameter of 492 meters and is classified as a rubble pile asteroid, consisting of loosely bound fragments with high porosity.
- Images show numerous large boulders on Bennu's surface, some over 50 meters in size, indicating impacts in its past. Fractured boulders and impact breccias further suggest a dynamic history.
- The surface shows signs of both ancient features from the main asteroid belt as well as more recent mass movement, with clusters of boulders in low areas and incomplete crater
In situ radiometric_and_exposure_age_dating_of_the_martian_surfaceSérgio Sacani
The document summarizes research on the Sheepbed mudstone sample collected by the Curiosity rover in Gale crater on Mars. Key points:
- Potassium-argon dating of the mudstone yielded an age of 4.21 ± 0.35 billion years, consistent with the expected antiquity of rocks in Gale crater.
- Cosmogenic neon-21, helium-3, and argon-36 isotopes in the mudstone yielded concordant surface exposure ages of 78 ± 30 million years, indicating recent exposure by wind erosion rather than during initial transport and deposition.
- The mudstone's composition and mineralogy suggest it has not been heated above 200°C and may preserve
NGTS-1b: A hot Jupiter transiting an M-dwarfSérgio Sacani
We present the discovery of NGTS-1b, a hot-Jupiter transiting an early M-dwarf
host (Teff,∗=3916 +71
−63 K) in a P = 2.647 d orbit discovered as part of the Next Generation
Transit Survey (NGTS). The planet has a mass of 0.812 +0.066
−0.075MJ and radius
of 1.33 +0.61
−0.33 RJ , making it the largest and most massive planet discovered transiting
any M-dwarf. NGTS-1b is the third transiting giant planet found around an M-dwarf,
reinforcing the notion that close-in gas giants can form and migrate similar to the
known population of hot Jupiters around solar type stars. The host star shows no
signs of activity, and the kinematics hint at the star being from the thick disk population.
With a deep (2.5%) transit around a K = 11.9 host, NGTS-1b will be a strong
candidate to probe giant planet composition around M-dwarfs via JWST transmission
spectroscopy.
Volatile and organic_composition_of_sedimentary_rocks_in_yellowknife_bay_gale...Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes the results of experiments analyzing the volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rock samples from Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater, Mars. The samples were obtained using the Curiosity rover's drill. Analysis found the samples released water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and other gases when heated. The water and oxygen releases suggest the presence of hydrated minerals like phyllosilicates and oxychlorine compounds. Small amounts of organic compounds, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, were also detected, though the carbon source is uncertain. The sediments appear to have preserved evidence of past environmental conditions and potential habitability in Yellowknife Bay.
Mineralogy of a_mudstone_at_yellowknife_bay_gale_crater_marsSérgio Sacani
The document summarizes the mineralogical analysis of two mudstone samples, John Klein and Cumberland, collected from Yellowknife Bay on Mars by the Curiosity rover. X-ray diffraction analysis found that the samples contain detrital basaltic minerals, calcium sulfates, iron oxides/hydroxides, iron sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral smectites. The smectite in John Klein has a basal spacing of ~10 Å indicating little water interlayer hydration, while Cumberland smectite has a spacing of ~13.2 Å, suggesting partial chloritization or interlayer ions that facilitate water retention. The mudstone minerals are similar to nearby eolian deposits but
The Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS)Sérgio Sacani
We describe the Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS), which is a ground-based
project searching for transiting exoplanets orbiting bright stars. NGTS builds on the
legacy of previous surveys, most notably WASP, and is designed to achieve higher
photometric precision and hence find smaller planets than have previously been de-
tected from the ground. It also operates in red light, maximising sensitivity to late
K and early M dwarf stars. The survey specifications call for photometric precision
of 0.1 per cent in red light over an instantaneous field of view of 100 square degrees,
enabling the detection of Neptune-sized exoplanets around Sun-like stars and super-
Earths around M dwarfs. The survey is carried out with a purpose-built facility at
Cerro Paranal, Chile, which is the premier site of the European Southern Observatory
(ESO). An array of twelve 20 cm f/2.8 telescopes fitted with back-illuminated deep-
depletion CCD cameras are used to survey fields intensively at intermediate Galactic
latitudes. The instrument is also ideally suited to ground-based photometric follow-up
of exoplanet candidates from space telescopes such as Gaia, TESS and PLATO. We
present observations that combine precise autoguiding and the superb observing con-
ditions at Paranal to provide routine photometric precision of 0.1 per cent in 1 hour
for stars with I-band magnitudes brighter than 13. We describe the instrument and
data analysis methods as well as the status of the survey, which achieved first light
in 2015 and began full survey operations in 2016. NGTS data will be made publicly
available through the ESO archive.
The document summarizes the elemental geochemistry of sedimentary rocks analyzed by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars. Key findings include:
1) The rocks have compositions similar to iron-rich basalt and contain elevated levels of iron, chlorine, and calcium sulfate compared to most Martian soils.
2) Mineralogical analysis found phyllosilicates, magnetite, calcium sulfates, and an amorphous component in the mudstones.
3) Geochemical evidence suggests magnetite is likely a diagenetic mineral that formed after deposition rather than a detrital mineral delivered from another source.
4) Ternary diagrams of elemental compositions indicate secondary alteration minerals
The kepler 10_planetary_system_revisited_by_harpsSérgio Sacani
This document discusses observations of the Kepler-10 planetary system made with the HARPS-N spectrograph. The observations resulted in improved precision for the masses of Kepler-10b and Kepler-10c. Kepler-10b's mass was determined to be 3.33 ± 0.49 Earth masses, confirming its rocky composition. Kepler-10c's mass of 17.2 ± 1.9 Earth masses makes it the first strong evidence of a class of more massive solid Neptune-sized planets with longer orbital periods. The improved mass measurements will help constrain models of the internal structure and composition of these planets.
This document summarizes observations of the debris disk around the subgiant star κ CrB using Herschel and Keck. Herschel spatially resolved images of the debris disk, the first such images of a disk around a subgiant star. Keck radial velocity monitoring provided evidence for a second planetary companion around κ CrB. Keck adaptive optics imaging placed an upper limit on the mass of this companion. Modeling of the Herschel images showed the dust is broadly distributed but could not distinguish between a single wide belt or two narrow belts. The observations are consistent with dynamical depletion or collisional erosion clearing the inner regions of the disk.
La historia de la vida en la Tierra y en otras plataformas planetarios potenciales portadoras de vida están profundamente ligadas a la historia del Universo. Puesto que la vida, tal como la conocemos, se basa en elementos químicos forjados en estrellas pesadas moribundas, el Universo tiene que ser lo suficientemente antiguo para que las estrellas se formaran y evolucionaran. La teoría cosmológica actual indica que el Universo es de 13,7 ± 0,13 mil millones de años y que las primeras estrellas se formaron cientos de millones de años después del Big Bang. En este trabajo, se argumenta que podemos dividir la historia cosmológica en cuatro edades, desde el Big Bang a la vida inteligente.
The document discusses the debate around defining what constitutes a galaxy versus a star cluster. It focuses on "ultra compact dwarf" (UCD) objects and ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies, which have properties intermediate between traditional galaxies and globular clusters. The document considers possible criteria to distinguish galaxies from clusters, such as minimum size, relaxation time, presence of dark matter or satellite systems. It aims to promote discussion on developing an accepted definition of a galaxy and invites readers to vote on their preferred definition.
Using Historical Roleplay to Teach Speaking and EmpathySeriousGamesAssoc
The document describes the debate around Pluto's classification as a planet that occurred from 1999-2006. It discusses key events like a 1999 panel debate at the American Museum of Natural History where Pluto's status was challenged. Later discoveries of larger objects like Eris led to an official International Astronomical Union vote in 2006 to define planets. The document outlines the different factions in the debate (Plutophiles wanting to keep Pluto as a planet vs. Populists seeing it as just another icy object) and the resolutions voted on which ultimately defined Pluto as a "dwarf planet".
Neowise observations of near earth objects- preliminary resultsSérgio Sacani
The NEOWISE survey observed near-Earth objects at infrared wavelengths, detecting over 130 new NEOs. Analysis of the 428 NEOs detected allows estimates of the total NEO population between 100m and 1km in size. The survey found an estimated 981±19 NEOs larger than 1km have been detected, meeting the Spaceguard goal of detecting 90% of objects this size. It also estimates 20,500±3000 NEOs larger than 100m. The cumulative size distribution is best represented by a broken power law.
The document summarizes two astronomy stories from the American Astronomical Society meeting.
1) Hubble images of very early galaxies from 600 million years after the Big Bang show they were tiny, only 5% the size of the Milky Way, but already had populations of older stars. This implies that the transition from the earliest stars to later populations occurred very quickly in the early universe.
2) A study of over 100 galaxies found their ratio of detectable "baryonic" matter to dark matter decreases with galaxy size, with the largest galaxies having up to 14% baryonic matter but the smallest dwarfs having less than 1%. This suggests larger galaxies were better able to retain their baryonic matter over time.
1. The document discusses the scientific discoveries that led to the development of the theory of seafloor spreading in the 1960s. These included findings that the ocean floor is much younger than originally thought, gets older further from mid-ocean ridges, and displays magnetic banding patterns that can be explained by the flipping of Earth's magnetic field during volcanic eruptions.
2. Harry Hess and Robert Dietz independently developed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain these patterns, proposing that new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads laterally over time.
3. Vine and Matthews combined the theory of seafloor spreading with the hypothesis
This document discusses the fine-tuned universe theory, which argues that the universe appears carefully designed to support life. It outlines several factors that must be precisely tuned for life, such as the organization of matter into atoms and precise mass relationships between subatomic particles. The document also reviews ideas about the origin of the universe, such as the Big Bang theory and biblical creation account. It provides illustrations of astronomical objects and facts about the immense scale of the universe.
“A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo”GOASA
- The Centaur object (10199) Chariklo was observed to occult a star, revealing the presence of two narrow rings around the object.
- The rings have widths of about 7 km and 3 km, and orbital radii of 391 km and 405 km from the center of Chariklo.
- Evidence supports the rings being composed of water ice and their geometry explaining the dimming and changing spectrum of Chariklo observed between 1997 and 2008. The discovery of rings around a minor planet is a first for the Solar System.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It outlines 8 pieces of scientific evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide currents, 4) widespread sedimentary deposits, 5) erosion rates too fast, 6) gaps in sediments, 7) incomplete ecosystems, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues these features are best explained by a global flood rather than slow, gradual processes over long periods of time.
The neowise discovered_comet_population_and_the_co_co2_production_ratesSérgio Sacani
Após o seu lançamento em 2009, a sonda NEOWISE da NASA já observou 163 cometas durante a missão primária WISE/NEOWISE. Essa amostra do telescópio espacial representa a maior pesquisa infravermelha de cometas já feitas até o momento. Os dados dessa pesquisa estão dando uma nova ideia sobre a poeira, o tamanho dos núcleos do cometa, e a taxa de produção dos gases difíceis de serem observados como dióxido de carbono e monóxido de carbono. Os resultados do censo do NEOWISE dos cometas foram recentemente publicados no Astrophysical Journal.
O monóxido de carbono (CO) e o dióxido de carbono (CO2) são moléculas comuns encontradas no ambiente do início do Sistema Solar, e nos cometas. Na maior parte das circunstâncias, a sublimação do gelo de água provavelmente guia a atividade nos cometas quando eles chegam perto do Sol, mas em distâncias maiores e em temperaturas mais frias, outras moléculas como o CO e o CO2 podem ser os principais guias. O dióxido e o monóxido de carbono são moléculas difíceis de serem detectadas da terra, devido a abundância dessas moléculas na própria atmosfera terrestre que podem obscurecer o sinal. A sonda NEOWISE vaga além da atmosfera da Terra, fazendo essas medidas dos gases emitidos pelos cometas possíveis.
“Essa é a primeira vez que nós observamos essa grande evidência estatística do monóxido de carbono obtida enquanto o gás do cometa é emitido quando ele está mais distante do Sol”, disse James Bauer, vice-principal pesquisador da missão NEOWISE do Laboratório de Propulsão a Jato da NASA em Pasadena, na Califórnia, e autor do artigo. “Emitindo o que é provavelmente monóxido de carbono além de 4 Unidades Astronômicas, ou seja, 600 milhões de quilômetros, isso nos mostra que os cometas podem ter guardado a maior parte dos gases quando eles se formaram, e ficaram ali guardados por bilhões de anos. A maioria dos cometas que nós observamos ativos além das 4 Unidades Astronômicas, são cometas de períodos longos, cometas com períodos orbitais maiores que 200 anos que gastam a maior parte da sua vida além da órbita de Netuno”.
The document analyzes data from the open star cluster M11 to determine its fundamental properties. Photometry of stars in M11 was performed using images taken through two filters with a telescope. A color-magnitude diagram was created and fit with theoretical models, revealing M11 to be around 250 million years old, located 5930 light years away, and having a similar iron-to-hydrogen ratio as the sun. Analysis of independent star clusters provides insights into patterns of galaxy formation and evolution.
The harps n-rocky_planet_search_hd219134b_transiting_rocky_planetSérgio Sacani
Usando o espectrógrafo HARPS-N acoplado ao Telescopio Nazionale Galileo no Observatório de Roque de Los Muchachos, nas Ilhas Canárias, os astrônomos descobriram três exoplanetas, classificados como Super-Terras e um gigante gasoso orbitando uma estrela próxima, chamada de HD 219134.
A HD 219134, também conhecida como HR 8832 é uma estrela do tipo anã-K de quinta magnitude, localizada a aproximadamente 21 anos-luz de distância da Terra, na constelação de Cassiopeia.
A estrela é levemente mais fria e menos massiva que o nosso sol. Ela é tão brilhante que pode ser observada a olho nu.
O sistema planetário HD 219134, abriga um planeta gigante gasoso externo e três planetas internos classificados como super-Terras, um dos quais transita em frente à estrela.
This document provides background information on a study analyzing a speleothem from Weybridge Cave in Vermont to reconstruct paleoclimate over the past 5,000 years. Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) were analyzed from drill samples of the speleothem to provide insights into past precipitation sources, amounts, and vegetation changes. The speleothem was dated using uranium-thorium dating and spans 4.8-1.5 thousand years ago. Preliminary data interpretation suggests δ18O fluctuations were historically controlled by precipitation source and seasonal distribution changes related to orbital variations influencing atmospheric circulation patterns over North America.
Detection of the_central_star_of_the_planetary_nebula_ngc6302Sérgio Sacani
This document reports on the first direct detection of the central star of the planetary nebula NGC 6302 using the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope. Photometry of the central star was obtained in two narrowband filters, F469N and F673N, from which the reddening was estimated to be c=3.1, corresponding to AV=6.6 magnitudes of extinction. Comparison to evolutionary tracks suggests the central star has a temperature of around 200,000 K, luminosity of 2000 L☉, and the nebula is around 2,200 years old. The high extinction from dust in the nebula had previously prevented direct detection of the central star.
This document appears to be a citation to a 1987 astronomical journal article with the volume number 93 and page number 1514 by an author with the last name Z. The citation is repeated multiple times but there is no other contextual information provided about the article itself.
NGTS-1b: A hot Jupiter transiting an M-dwarfSérgio Sacani
We present the discovery of NGTS-1b, a hot-Jupiter transiting an early M-dwarf
host (Teff,∗=3916 +71
−63 K) in a P = 2.647 d orbit discovered as part of the Next Generation
Transit Survey (NGTS). The planet has a mass of 0.812 +0.066
−0.075MJ and radius
of 1.33 +0.61
−0.33 RJ , making it the largest and most massive planet discovered transiting
any M-dwarf. NGTS-1b is the third transiting giant planet found around an M-dwarf,
reinforcing the notion that close-in gas giants can form and migrate similar to the
known population of hot Jupiters around solar type stars. The host star shows no
signs of activity, and the kinematics hint at the star being from the thick disk population.
With a deep (2.5%) transit around a K = 11.9 host, NGTS-1b will be a strong
candidate to probe giant planet composition around M-dwarfs via JWST transmission
spectroscopy.
Volatile and organic_composition_of_sedimentary_rocks_in_yellowknife_bay_gale...Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes the results of experiments analyzing the volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rock samples from Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater, Mars. The samples were obtained using the Curiosity rover's drill. Analysis found the samples released water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and other gases when heated. The water and oxygen releases suggest the presence of hydrated minerals like phyllosilicates and oxychlorine compounds. Small amounts of organic compounds, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, were also detected, though the carbon source is uncertain. The sediments appear to have preserved evidence of past environmental conditions and potential habitability in Yellowknife Bay.
Mineralogy of a_mudstone_at_yellowknife_bay_gale_crater_marsSérgio Sacani
The document summarizes the mineralogical analysis of two mudstone samples, John Klein and Cumberland, collected from Yellowknife Bay on Mars by the Curiosity rover. X-ray diffraction analysis found that the samples contain detrital basaltic minerals, calcium sulfates, iron oxides/hydroxides, iron sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral smectites. The smectite in John Klein has a basal spacing of ~10 Å indicating little water interlayer hydration, while Cumberland smectite has a spacing of ~13.2 Å, suggesting partial chloritization or interlayer ions that facilitate water retention. The mudstone minerals are similar to nearby eolian deposits but
The Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS)Sérgio Sacani
We describe the Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS), which is a ground-based
project searching for transiting exoplanets orbiting bright stars. NGTS builds on the
legacy of previous surveys, most notably WASP, and is designed to achieve higher
photometric precision and hence find smaller planets than have previously been de-
tected from the ground. It also operates in red light, maximising sensitivity to late
K and early M dwarf stars. The survey specifications call for photometric precision
of 0.1 per cent in red light over an instantaneous field of view of 100 square degrees,
enabling the detection of Neptune-sized exoplanets around Sun-like stars and super-
Earths around M dwarfs. The survey is carried out with a purpose-built facility at
Cerro Paranal, Chile, which is the premier site of the European Southern Observatory
(ESO). An array of twelve 20 cm f/2.8 telescopes fitted with back-illuminated deep-
depletion CCD cameras are used to survey fields intensively at intermediate Galactic
latitudes. The instrument is also ideally suited to ground-based photometric follow-up
of exoplanet candidates from space telescopes such as Gaia, TESS and PLATO. We
present observations that combine precise autoguiding and the superb observing con-
ditions at Paranal to provide routine photometric precision of 0.1 per cent in 1 hour
for stars with I-band magnitudes brighter than 13. We describe the instrument and
data analysis methods as well as the status of the survey, which achieved first light
in 2015 and began full survey operations in 2016. NGTS data will be made publicly
available through the ESO archive.
The document summarizes the elemental geochemistry of sedimentary rocks analyzed by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars. Key findings include:
1) The rocks have compositions similar to iron-rich basalt and contain elevated levels of iron, chlorine, and calcium sulfate compared to most Martian soils.
2) Mineralogical analysis found phyllosilicates, magnetite, calcium sulfates, and an amorphous component in the mudstones.
3) Geochemical evidence suggests magnetite is likely a diagenetic mineral that formed after deposition rather than a detrital mineral delivered from another source.
4) Ternary diagrams of elemental compositions indicate secondary alteration minerals
The kepler 10_planetary_system_revisited_by_harpsSérgio Sacani
This document discusses observations of the Kepler-10 planetary system made with the HARPS-N spectrograph. The observations resulted in improved precision for the masses of Kepler-10b and Kepler-10c. Kepler-10b's mass was determined to be 3.33 ± 0.49 Earth masses, confirming its rocky composition. Kepler-10c's mass of 17.2 ± 1.9 Earth masses makes it the first strong evidence of a class of more massive solid Neptune-sized planets with longer orbital periods. The improved mass measurements will help constrain models of the internal structure and composition of these planets.
This document summarizes observations of the debris disk around the subgiant star κ CrB using Herschel and Keck. Herschel spatially resolved images of the debris disk, the first such images of a disk around a subgiant star. Keck radial velocity monitoring provided evidence for a second planetary companion around κ CrB. Keck adaptive optics imaging placed an upper limit on the mass of this companion. Modeling of the Herschel images showed the dust is broadly distributed but could not distinguish between a single wide belt or two narrow belts. The observations are consistent with dynamical depletion or collisional erosion clearing the inner regions of the disk.
La historia de la vida en la Tierra y en otras plataformas planetarios potenciales portadoras de vida están profundamente ligadas a la historia del Universo. Puesto que la vida, tal como la conocemos, se basa en elementos químicos forjados en estrellas pesadas moribundas, el Universo tiene que ser lo suficientemente antiguo para que las estrellas se formaran y evolucionaran. La teoría cosmológica actual indica que el Universo es de 13,7 ± 0,13 mil millones de años y que las primeras estrellas se formaron cientos de millones de años después del Big Bang. En este trabajo, se argumenta que podemos dividir la historia cosmológica en cuatro edades, desde el Big Bang a la vida inteligente.
The document discusses the debate around defining what constitutes a galaxy versus a star cluster. It focuses on "ultra compact dwarf" (UCD) objects and ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies, which have properties intermediate between traditional galaxies and globular clusters. The document considers possible criteria to distinguish galaxies from clusters, such as minimum size, relaxation time, presence of dark matter or satellite systems. It aims to promote discussion on developing an accepted definition of a galaxy and invites readers to vote on their preferred definition.
Using Historical Roleplay to Teach Speaking and EmpathySeriousGamesAssoc
The document describes the debate around Pluto's classification as a planet that occurred from 1999-2006. It discusses key events like a 1999 panel debate at the American Museum of Natural History where Pluto's status was challenged. Later discoveries of larger objects like Eris led to an official International Astronomical Union vote in 2006 to define planets. The document outlines the different factions in the debate (Plutophiles wanting to keep Pluto as a planet vs. Populists seeing it as just another icy object) and the resolutions voted on which ultimately defined Pluto as a "dwarf planet".
Neowise observations of near earth objects- preliminary resultsSérgio Sacani
The NEOWISE survey observed near-Earth objects at infrared wavelengths, detecting over 130 new NEOs. Analysis of the 428 NEOs detected allows estimates of the total NEO population between 100m and 1km in size. The survey found an estimated 981±19 NEOs larger than 1km have been detected, meeting the Spaceguard goal of detecting 90% of objects this size. It also estimates 20,500±3000 NEOs larger than 100m. The cumulative size distribution is best represented by a broken power law.
The document summarizes two astronomy stories from the American Astronomical Society meeting.
1) Hubble images of very early galaxies from 600 million years after the Big Bang show they were tiny, only 5% the size of the Milky Way, but already had populations of older stars. This implies that the transition from the earliest stars to later populations occurred very quickly in the early universe.
2) A study of over 100 galaxies found their ratio of detectable "baryonic" matter to dark matter decreases with galaxy size, with the largest galaxies having up to 14% baryonic matter but the smallest dwarfs having less than 1%. This suggests larger galaxies were better able to retain their baryonic matter over time.
1. The document discusses the scientific discoveries that led to the development of the theory of seafloor spreading in the 1960s. These included findings that the ocean floor is much younger than originally thought, gets older further from mid-ocean ridges, and displays magnetic banding patterns that can be explained by the flipping of Earth's magnetic field during volcanic eruptions.
2. Harry Hess and Robert Dietz independently developed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain these patterns, proposing that new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads laterally over time.
3. Vine and Matthews combined the theory of seafloor spreading with the hypothesis
This document discusses the fine-tuned universe theory, which argues that the universe appears carefully designed to support life. It outlines several factors that must be precisely tuned for life, such as the organization of matter into atoms and precise mass relationships between subatomic particles. The document also reviews ideas about the origin of the universe, such as the Big Bang theory and biblical creation account. It provides illustrations of astronomical objects and facts about the immense scale of the universe.
“A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo”GOASA
- The Centaur object (10199) Chariklo was observed to occult a star, revealing the presence of two narrow rings around the object.
- The rings have widths of about 7 km and 3 km, and orbital radii of 391 km and 405 km from the center of Chariklo.
- Evidence supports the rings being composed of water ice and their geometry explaining the dimming and changing spectrum of Chariklo observed between 1997 and 2008. The discovery of rings around a minor planet is a first for the Solar System.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It outlines 8 pieces of scientific evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide currents, 4) widespread sedimentary deposits, 5) erosion rates too fast, 6) gaps in sediments, 7) incomplete ecosystems, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues these features are best explained by a global flood rather than slow, gradual processes over long periods of time.
The neowise discovered_comet_population_and_the_co_co2_production_ratesSérgio Sacani
Após o seu lançamento em 2009, a sonda NEOWISE da NASA já observou 163 cometas durante a missão primária WISE/NEOWISE. Essa amostra do telescópio espacial representa a maior pesquisa infravermelha de cometas já feitas até o momento. Os dados dessa pesquisa estão dando uma nova ideia sobre a poeira, o tamanho dos núcleos do cometa, e a taxa de produção dos gases difíceis de serem observados como dióxido de carbono e monóxido de carbono. Os resultados do censo do NEOWISE dos cometas foram recentemente publicados no Astrophysical Journal.
O monóxido de carbono (CO) e o dióxido de carbono (CO2) são moléculas comuns encontradas no ambiente do início do Sistema Solar, e nos cometas. Na maior parte das circunstâncias, a sublimação do gelo de água provavelmente guia a atividade nos cometas quando eles chegam perto do Sol, mas em distâncias maiores e em temperaturas mais frias, outras moléculas como o CO e o CO2 podem ser os principais guias. O dióxido e o monóxido de carbono são moléculas difíceis de serem detectadas da terra, devido a abundância dessas moléculas na própria atmosfera terrestre que podem obscurecer o sinal. A sonda NEOWISE vaga além da atmosfera da Terra, fazendo essas medidas dos gases emitidos pelos cometas possíveis.
“Essa é a primeira vez que nós observamos essa grande evidência estatística do monóxido de carbono obtida enquanto o gás do cometa é emitido quando ele está mais distante do Sol”, disse James Bauer, vice-principal pesquisador da missão NEOWISE do Laboratório de Propulsão a Jato da NASA em Pasadena, na Califórnia, e autor do artigo. “Emitindo o que é provavelmente monóxido de carbono além de 4 Unidades Astronômicas, ou seja, 600 milhões de quilômetros, isso nos mostra que os cometas podem ter guardado a maior parte dos gases quando eles se formaram, e ficaram ali guardados por bilhões de anos. A maioria dos cometas que nós observamos ativos além das 4 Unidades Astronômicas, são cometas de períodos longos, cometas com períodos orbitais maiores que 200 anos que gastam a maior parte da sua vida além da órbita de Netuno”.
The document analyzes data from the open star cluster M11 to determine its fundamental properties. Photometry of stars in M11 was performed using images taken through two filters with a telescope. A color-magnitude diagram was created and fit with theoretical models, revealing M11 to be around 250 million years old, located 5930 light years away, and having a similar iron-to-hydrogen ratio as the sun. Analysis of independent star clusters provides insights into patterns of galaxy formation and evolution.
The harps n-rocky_planet_search_hd219134b_transiting_rocky_planetSérgio Sacani
Usando o espectrógrafo HARPS-N acoplado ao Telescopio Nazionale Galileo no Observatório de Roque de Los Muchachos, nas Ilhas Canárias, os astrônomos descobriram três exoplanetas, classificados como Super-Terras e um gigante gasoso orbitando uma estrela próxima, chamada de HD 219134.
A HD 219134, também conhecida como HR 8832 é uma estrela do tipo anã-K de quinta magnitude, localizada a aproximadamente 21 anos-luz de distância da Terra, na constelação de Cassiopeia.
A estrela é levemente mais fria e menos massiva que o nosso sol. Ela é tão brilhante que pode ser observada a olho nu.
O sistema planetário HD 219134, abriga um planeta gigante gasoso externo e três planetas internos classificados como super-Terras, um dos quais transita em frente à estrela.
This document provides background information on a study analyzing a speleothem from Weybridge Cave in Vermont to reconstruct paleoclimate over the past 5,000 years. Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) were analyzed from drill samples of the speleothem to provide insights into past precipitation sources, amounts, and vegetation changes. The speleothem was dated using uranium-thorium dating and spans 4.8-1.5 thousand years ago. Preliminary data interpretation suggests δ18O fluctuations were historically controlled by precipitation source and seasonal distribution changes related to orbital variations influencing atmospheric circulation patterns over North America.
Detection of the_central_star_of_the_planetary_nebula_ngc6302Sérgio Sacani
This document reports on the first direct detection of the central star of the planetary nebula NGC 6302 using the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope. Photometry of the central star was obtained in two narrowband filters, F469N and F673N, from which the reddening was estimated to be c=3.1, corresponding to AV=6.6 magnitudes of extinction. Comparison to evolutionary tracks suggests the central star has a temperature of around 200,000 K, luminosity of 2000 L☉, and the nebula is around 2,200 years old. The high extinction from dust in the nebula had previously prevented direct detection of the central star.
This document appears to be a citation to a 1987 astronomical journal article with the volume number 93 and page number 1514 by an author with the last name Z. The citation is repeated multiple times but there is no other contextual information provided about the article itself.
Models of the_intergalactic_gas_in_stephan_quintetSérgio Sacani
This document summarizes a numerical simulation study of the intergalactic gas in Stephan's Quintet galaxy group. The simulation uses smoothed particle hydrodynamics to model the formation of hot X-ray gas, large-scale shocks, and emission line gas seen in observations, as NGC 7318b collides with the group. The simulation reproduces the general morphology of the group, but requires adjustments to better match velocities and temperatures seen in radio, X-ray, and infrared observations. Future work will fine-tune the model parameters and cooling processes to improve agreement with multi-wavelength data.
This document discusses a study that used difference imaging techniques to search for variable stars and microlensing events in the elliptical galaxy Centaurus A. The study obtained deep photometric data over almost two months using the Wide Field Imager on the ESO/MPG 2.2 m telescope. It detected 271 variable stars in Centaurus A with a detection limit of magnitude 24.5. Based on a simple model of Centaurus A's halo, the study estimated it could detect around 4 microlensing events per year, but a higher sensitivity is needed for a meaningful microlensing survey. The spatial distribution of any microlensing events could help constrain the shape of Centaurus A's dark matter halo.
Three newly discovered_globular_clusters_in_ngc6822Sérgio Sacani
This document describes the discovery of three new globular clusters in the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 6822. The authors present optical photometry of the clusters from archival CFHT/Megacam data. Two clusters are luminous and compact, while the third is a lower luminosity diffuse cluster. The positions of the new clusters are consistent with the linear alignment of previously known clusters in NGC 6822. Studying globular cluster systems in dwarf galaxies provides insights into the formation of larger galaxies through accretion and mergers.
Kinematics and the_origin_of_the_internal_structures_in_hl_tau_jet_hh151Sérgio Sacani
1) The document analyzes the kinematics and origin of internal structures in the HL Tau jet (HH 151).
2) It finds that structures with low and high radial velocities show the same proper motion, indicating they represent bow shocks and Mach disks from episodic outflows.
3) The bend in the jet and increase in brightness coincides with a stationary deflecting shock, and interactions with the ambient medium could explain changes in structure.
This document presents aluminum abundances for about 100 red giant stars in each of the Galactic globular clusters 47 Tuc and M 4. The abundances were derived from intermediate-resolution FLAMES/GIRAFFE spectra, focusing on the Al I doublet at 8772-8773 Å. Previous homogeneous abundances of O, Na, Mg, and Si were also analyzed to study multiple stellar populations in these clusters. The data confirm two stellar populations are visible in M 4, while 47 Tuc shows evidence of at least three distinct stellar groups based on the abundances of O, Na, Mg, Al, and N.
SN 2011fe was a type Ia supernova discovered in the Pinwheel galaxy just 11 hours after it exploded, making it the youngest type Ia ever observed. Theoretical astrophysicist Peter Nugent discovered it and quickly organized follow up observations by telescopes. Over the following weeks, Nugent, Joshua Bloom, and Weidong Li intensely studied SN 2011fe to learn more about the origins and evolution of type Ia supernovae. Their work provided new insights, but tragically not all three researchers would still be alive to see the results and papers that came from this unique observation of a young supernova.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Decoding the ancient_greek_astronomical_calculator_known_as_the_antikythera_m...Sérgio Sacani
The document summarizes research into decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism. Key findings include:
1) Researchers used high-resolution X-ray tomography and digital imaging to further decode inscriptions and reconstruct the device's functions.
2) The mechanism included geared dials to track the Metonic and Callippic lunar cycles and the Saros eclipse cycle, displaying astronomical periods with unexpected sophistication for the time.
3) Glyphs on the Saros dial were correlated with historical eclipse data, identifying the mechanism's method of predicting lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic cycles.
This document summarizes research on the Monoceros R2 molecular cloud and star forming region. It discusses the reflection nebulae that were first recognized in the area. The nebulae are associated with a giant molecular cloud that is one of the closest massive star forming regions to Earth. The document reviews properties of the molecular cloud and global star formation activity, as well as prominent star forming regions within the cloud.
This document summarizes a study of the Ara OB1a stellar association based on new optical photometry. The photometry was used to estimate the fundamental parameters of two prominent clusters in the association, NGC 6167 and NGC 6193, as well as the IRAS 16375-4854 source. NGC 6167 was found to be an intermediate-age cluster of 20-30 Myr, while NGC 6193 is very young at 1-5 Myr with evidence of ongoing star formation. The IRAS source is the youngest, containing several young stellar objects. The differences in ages support a picture of sequential star formation triggered over several tens of million years in the Ara OB1a region.
An interacting binary_system_powers_precessing_outflows_of_an_evolved_starSérgio Sacani
1) The authors discovered that the central star system in the planetary nebula Fleming 1 is a binary system with an orbital period of 1.1953 days.
2) They determine that the binary likely consists of a white dwarf primary star with a mass of 0.56-0.7 solar masses and a hotter white dwarf secondary star with a temperature over 120,000 K that provides the ionizing photons to power the nebula.
3) The discovery confirms that binary interactions can explain the precessing outflows and point-symmetric structures seen in Fleming 1 and other planetary nebulae with similar features.
Origin of craters_on_phoebe_comparison_with_cassini_dataSérgio Sacani
This document discusses the origin of craters on Phoebe, one of Saturn's irregular moons. The authors analyze craters produced by objects from the Scattered Disk and objects escaped from Neptune's 3:2 resonance. They use previous simulations of trans-Neptunian objects and a method to calculate the number and size of craters on Phoebe produced by these objects. Their results suggest that the main crater features on Phoebe are unlikely to have formed in the current Solar System configuration and must have formed earlier when the Scattered Disk was more depleted. This implies that Phoebe was captured as a satellite of Saturn very early in the Solar System's evolution.
This document summarizes the history of women in astronomy from 1670-1970. It discusses how early female astronomers like Elisabeth Hevelius, Maria Clara Eimmart, and Maria Margaretha Winkelmann made contributions working under their husbands or fathers in private family observatories in Germany in the late 1600s-early 1700s. It then focuses on Maria Mitchell, the first female professor of astronomy in the US in the 1800s. Mitchell was able to achieve success by turning the observatory dome at Vassar College into a feminine space, hosting social events there and mentoring her all-female students. The document argues that women who found success in astronomy did so by making observatories and the field
The press kit provides information about NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission to land the Curiosity rover on Mars in August 2012. It includes contact information for media, quick facts about the spacecraft and mission, an overview of the science investigations to be conducted by the rover, and background on Mars and previous Mars missions. The landing is scheduled for August 5, 2012 at 10:31 pm PDT at Gale Crater near the base of Mount Sharp.
This article discusses the colors of the aurora borealis and the physical processes that cause the different colors. It begins with a brief history of observations and understanding of the aurora. It then explains that the colors are caused by atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere emitting light as they are struck by energetic particles from space. Specifically, green light is emitted by oxygen atoms, while red and purple colors come from higher altitude emissions. By analyzing the color balance and structure of the aurora, scientists can learn about the atmospheric composition and electric currents in near-Earth space that generate the colorful northern lights.
The document summarizes information about the Lagoon Nebula and its surrounding regions. It is located in the Sagittarius-Carina Arm of the Milky Way, about 1.3 kpc away. The Lagoon Nebula contains the young open cluster NGC 6530 (1-3 Myr old), which has several O and B type stars. Younger star formation is ongoing in regions like the Hourglass Nebula and M8 E. The complex structure of the region has been shaped by interactions between massive stars and molecular gas over multiple episodes of star formation.
This document summarizes the discovery of two new circumbinary planets, Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b, found using data from the Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-34b orbits two sun-like stars every 289 days, while Kepler-35b orbits a pair of smaller stars every 131 days. Both planets are gas giants that experience large variations in stellar radiation from the orbital motion of their parent stars. Analysis of Kepler photometry and spectroscopic data determined the orbital and physical parameters of the planets and their host star systems. The discovery of these planets implies that over 1% of close binary star systems have giant planets in aligned orbits, representing millions of planets in the Milky Way galaxy.
Uma equipe formada por astrônomos de Israel, da Europa, da Coreia e dos EUA, anunciou a descoberta de um exoplaneta gigante gasoso circumbinário, na zona habitável de seu par de estrelas, uma ocorrência surpreendentemente comum para os exoplanetas circumbinários descobertos pela missão Kepler/K2 da NASA.
Lembrando o planeta da ficção, Tatooine, exoplanetas circumbinários orbitam duas estrelas e assim têm dois sóis em seu céu.
O exoplaneta circumbinário, recém-descoberto, denominado de Kepler-453b, leva 240.5 dias para orbitar suas estrelas, enquanto as estrelas orbitam uma com relação a outra a cada 27.3 dias.
A estrela maior, a Kepler-453A, é similar ao nosso Sol, contendo 94% da massa do Sol, enquanto que a estrela menor, a Kepler-453B, tem cerca de 20% da massa e é mais fria e mais apagada.
O sistema binário, localiza-se na constelação de Lyra, e está a aproximadamente 1400 anos-luz de distância da Terra. Estima-se que esse sistema tenha entre 1 e 2 bilhões de anos de vida, sendo bem mais novo que o nosso Sistema Solar.
Também conhecido como KIC 9632895b, o Kepler-453b tem um raio 6.2 vezes maior que o da Terra. Sua massa não foi medida nos dados atuais, mas provavelmente ele deve ter cerca de 16 vezes a massa da Terra.
De acordo com os astrônomos, o Kepler-453b, é o terceiro planeta circumbinário da missão Kepler, descoberto na zona habitável de um par de estrelas.
Devido ao seu tamanho, e a sua natureza gasosa, o planeta pouco provavelmente deve abrigar a vida como nós a conhecemos. Contudo, ele pode, como os gigantes gasosos do Sistema Solar, ter grandes luas, e essas luas poderiam ser habitáveis. Sua órbita se manterá estável por 10 milhões de anos, aumentando a possibilidade da vida se formar nas suas luas.
Com o número de exoplanetas circumbinários conhecidos agora em dez, os cientistas podem começar a comparar diferentes sistemas e procurar uma tendência. Os sistemas tendem a ser bem compactos e podem aparecer num grande número de configurações.
Uma vez pensados como sendo raros e até mesmo impossíveis de existir, essa e outras descobertas do Kepler, confirmam que esses planetas são comuns na nossa Via Láctea.
“A diversidade e complexidade desses sistemas circumbinários é algo maravilhoso. Cada novo planeta circumbinário, é uma joia, revelando algo inesperado e desafiador”, disse o Prof. William Welsh da Universidade Estadual de San Diego, e o primeiro autor do artigo que descreve a descoberta, publicado no Astrophysical Journal.
Fonte:
http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/science-kepler453b-circumbinary-exoplanet-03117.html
Kepler-62 is a star with five planets detected via the Kepler spacecraft, including two super-Earth planets in the star's habitable zone (HZ). The outermost planets, Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f, are 1.61 and 1.41 Earth radii respectively and receive fluxes of 1.2 and 0.41 times that of Earth. Theoretical models suggest these planets could be solid, with rocky or water compositions. Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f are the smallest planets detected by Kepler to orbit in another star's HZ.
This document summarizes the discovery of a transiting circumbinary planet (PH1) in a quadruple star system by volunteers with the Planet Hunters citizen science project. PH1 orbits outside a 20-day eclipsing binary consisting of an F dwarf and an M dwarf star. It has a radius of 6.18 ± 0.17 R⊕ and an upper mass limit of 169 M⊕. Beyond PH1's orbit is a distant visual binary bound to the system, making this the first known case of a transiting planet in a quadruple star configuration. Planet Hunters volunteers identified transit features in the Kepler light curve of KIC 4862625 through visual inspection and discussion, leading to the confirmation and characterization
Three new circumbinary planets have been discovered orbiting binary star systems, rather than single stars. This establishes a new class of planets and shows that circumbinary planets are not rare, with an estimated frequency of at least 1% for short-period binary systems, implying millions exist in the Milky Way. While the three discovered planets are too hot or cold to support life, circumbinary planets could potentially be habitable.
Delivery of dark_material_to_vesta_via_carbonaceous_chondritic_impactsSérgio Sacani
This document analyzes dark material (DM) observed on the surface of asteroid Vesta by NASA's Dawn spacecraft. Spectral analysis finds the DM has properties similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites mixed with Vestan surface materials. Laboratory experiments matching the albedo and absorption bands of DM used mixtures of carbonaceous chondrites and eucrite basalt. Impact modeling suggests the DM was delivered via impacts of carbonaceous chondrite asteroids during the formation of the large Veneneia impact basin on Vesta. This supports the idea that carbonaceous chondrites were an important early source of carbon and volatiles in the solar system.
1) NASA's Kepler mission discovered two distinct transit signals around a bright G-type star, Kepler-10.
2) Statistical tests established the planetary nature of the shorter period signal, now called Kepler-10b.
3) Forty precision Doppler measurements confirmed Kepler-10b, finding it has a radius of 1.416+0.033 R⊕ and is the smallest transiting exoplanet discovered.
Transit timing observations from kepler i. statistical analysis of the first...Sérgio Sacani
This document analyzes transit timing observations from the first four months of Kepler mission data. It finds that at least 12% (~65) of planet candidates show evidence of transit timing variations (TTVs), suggesting non-Keplerian motion likely due to gravitational interactions with other planets. While longer observation time is needed, TTVs could confirm multiple planet systems identified by Kepler and provide insights into planetary system dynamics and planet formation. The analysis measures individual transit times, assesses the significance of any variations compared to linear and quadratic ephemeris models, and identifies planet candidates warranting further TTV study.
The GRAIL spacecraft measured the gravity field of the Moon at high resolution, allowing determination of the bulk density and porosity of the lunar crust. The analysis found:
1) The bulk density of the lunar highlands crust is 2550 kg/m3, substantially lower than previous estimates due to impact-induced porosity.
2) The average porosity of the crust is 12%, varying regionally from 4-21% and correlated with impact basins.
3) A new global crustal thickness model was constructed satisfying seismic constraints with an average thickness of 34-43 km, indicating the Moon's composition is not highly enriched compared to Earth.
This summarizes a scientific study on long-distance quantum teleportation between two laboratories separated by 55 meters but connected by 2 kilometers of fiber optic cable. The key points are:
1) Researchers teleported quantum states (qubits) carried by photons at 1.3 micrometer wavelengths onto photons at 1.55 micrometer wavelengths between the two laboratories.
2) The qubits were encoded in time-bin superpositions and entanglement rather than polarization to make them more robust against decoherence in optical fibers.
3) A partial Bell state measurement was performed using linear optics at the receiving end to probabilistically teleport the quantum states over the long distance.
The Search for Distant Objects in the Solar System Using Spacewatch - Astrono...Eric Roe
This document describes a survey conducted by the Spacewatch Project to search for distant and slow-moving bright objects in the outer solar system beyond Neptune. The survey used data taken over 34 months with multiple night detections to achieve sensitivity to motions as slow as 0.012 arcsec/hr. This allowed the survey to be sensitive to Mars-sized objects out to 300 AU and Jupiter-sized planets out to 1200 AU. No large objects were found at low inclinations despite having sufficient sensitivity, allowing the authors to rule out more than one or two Pluto-sized objects to 100 AU and one or two Mars-sized objects to 200 AU for low inclinations.
Kepler-1647b is the largest and longest-period Kepler transiting circumbinary planet discovered to date. It orbits an eclipsing binary star system with an orbital period of approximately 1100 days, making it one of the longest-period transiting planets known. The planet is around 1.06 times the size of Jupiter and perturbes the times of the stellar eclipses, allowing its mass to be measured at 1.52 times that of Jupiter. Despite its long orbital period compared to Earth, the planet resides in the habitable zone of the binary star system throughout its orbit. The discovery of this unusual planetary system provides insights into theories of planet formation and dynamics in multiple star systems.
This document summarizes the results of a deep near-infrared survey of the Carina Nebula complex using the HAWK-I instrument on the VLT. The survey imaged an area of 0.36 square degrees down to magnitudes of J=23, H=22, and Ks=21, detecting over 600,000 infrared sources. Color-magnitude diagrams of the sources were analyzed to determine properties of the low-mass stellar population such as ages and masses. The survey found that about 3200 sources have masses above 1 solar mass, consistent with expectations from the initial mass function. It also found that about half of the young stars in Carina are in a widely distributed, non-clustered configuration. Six
A closely packed system of low mass, low-density planets transiting kepler-11Sérgio Sacani
The document summarizes the discovery of six transiting exoplanets orbiting the star Kepler-11. Photometry from the Kepler spacecraft revealed periodic dips in the star's brightness consistent with multiple transiting planets. Six planetary candidates were identified, with orbital periods ranging from 10 to 47 days for the inner five planets. Radial velocity measurements confirmed the planetary nature of the five inner planets and allowed for mass estimates. The outermost sixth planet was also validated as a planet. Analysis of the transit times, durations and depths provided insights into the properties, dynamics, and stability of this unique six-planet system.
1) Researchers have developed a new technique called mechanophotopatterning (MPP) that uses light irradiation and mechanical deformation to precisely control the topology of light-responsive elastomers, establishing a new patterning method.
2) Using MPP, a variety of surface topologies can be produced, making it potentially useful for applications. When optically thick samples are irradiated, they bow into 3D shapes with promising applications in advanced optics.
3) The intrinsic material properties of the polymers remain unchanged after deformation, allowing for diverse applications at the interface of cell biology and tissue engineering through dynamic control of mechanical feedback to cells.
A super earth_sized_planet_orbiting_in_or_near_the_habitable_zone_around_sun_...Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes the discovery of a super-Earth-sized planet orbiting in or near the habitable zone of a Sun-like star called Kepler-69. Using data from the Kepler spacecraft, astronomers detected two planets transiting Kepler-69, called Kepler-69b and Kepler-69c. Kepler-69c is estimated to have a radius of 1.7 Earth radii and orbit every 242.5 days, placing it close to the star's habitable zone where liquid water could exist on the surface. At 1.7 Earth radii, Kepler-69c represents the smallest planet found by Kepler to be potentially habitable, and is an important discovery on the path to finding the first true Earth analog.
The false positive_rate_of_kepler_and_the_occurrence_of_planetsSérgio Sacani
This document summarizes a study that aims to:
1. Determine the false positive rate of planet candidates detected by the Kepler space telescope. The authors simulate various astrophysical scenarios that could mimic planetary transits and estimate their frequency of occurrence.
2. Use the estimated false positive rate to determine the true occurrence rates of exoplanets of different sizes, down to Earth-sized planets, around main-sequence stars.
3. Characterize the dependence of planet occurrence on other factors like the spectral type of the host star and orbital properties.
The authors find that the global false positive rate of Kepler is approximately 9.4%, varying between planetary sizes. They determine that 16.5% ± 3.6
Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by kepler, ii analysis of t...Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes the analysis of the first four months of data from the Kepler Mission, which observed 156,453 stars between May and September 2009. A total of 1235 planetary candidates were detected orbiting 997 host stars. The candidates range in size from Earth-sized (68 candidates) to larger than Jupiter (19 candidates). 54 candidates were found in the habitable zone, with 5 being less than twice Earth's size. Over 74% of candidates are smaller than Neptune. The number of candidates peaks at 2-3 times Earth's size and then declines with increasing size. After correcting for biases, the estimated frequency of planets is 6% for Earth-sized, 7% for super-Earth sized, 17%
Chiotelis Ioannis, Theodoropoulou Maria, “Searching for Black Holes. Photometry in our Classrooms”, Hellenic Conference on Innovating STEM Education, 16-18 December 2016, Athens, Greece.
Similar to Kepler 47 a-transiting_circumbinary (20)
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...Sérgio Sacani
We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a
bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the
lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors
42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations
with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory,
as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of
12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent
future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar
compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool
stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...Sérgio Sacani
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation
typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative
civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is
often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing
the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence
that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern
plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated
emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans
are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution
of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox
(1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets
with significant continents and oceans) and fpt
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant
continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by
demonstrating that the product of foc
and fpt
is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack
of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on
exoplanets with primitive life.
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on EarthSérgio Sacani
Hadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago. Itremains enigmatic how subduction could be initiated so soon after the presumably Moon‐forming giant impact(MGI). Earlier studies found an increase in Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature due to theaccumulation of the impactor's core, and our recent work shows Earth's lower mantle remains largely solid, withsome of the impactor's mantle potentially surviving as the large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Here,we show that a hot post‐impact CMB drives the initiation of strong mantle plumes that can induce subductioninitiation ∼200 Myr after the MGI. 2D and 3D thermomechanical computations show that a high CMBtemperature is the primary factor triggering early subduction, with enrichment of heat‐producing elements inLLSVPs as another potential factor. The models link the earliest subduction to the MGI with implications forunderstanding the diverse tectonic regimes of rocky planets.
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...Sérgio Sacani
Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their
adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All
life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar
radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of
years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to
mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to
plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In
~250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth’s next supercontinent,
Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea
Ultima will be extremes in pCO2 due to changes in volcanic rifting and
outgassing. Here we show that increased pCO2, solar energy (F⨀;
approximately +2.5% W m−2 greater than today) and continentality (larger
range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming
hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian
physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators)
as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals’ continued survival,
predicted background pCO2 levels of 410–816 ppm combined with increased
F⨀ will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction.
The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, pCO2 and F⨀
play a critical role in planetary habitability.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
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6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
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10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
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11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
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12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
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As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
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Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
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Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
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Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
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Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Kepler 47 a-transiting_circumbinary
1. Reports
Kepler-47: A Transiting Circumbinary
manifestation of this perturbation is a
change in the times when the eclipses
occur.
Multiplanet System In contrast to a single planet orbit-
ing a single star, a planet in a
circumbinary system must transit a
Jerome A. Orosz,1* William F. Welsh,1 Joshua A. Carter,2† Daniel C. Fabrycky,3† “moving target.” As a consequence,
4 4 5 6
William D. Cochran, Michael Endl, Eric B. Ford, Nader Haghighipour, Phillip the time intervals between the transits
J. MacQueen,4 Tsevi Mazeh,7 Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda,8 Donald R. Short,1 as well as their duration can vary sub-
Guillermo Torres,2 Eric Agol,9 Lars A. Buchhave,10,11 Laurance R. Doyle,12 stantially. The transits can deviate from
13 14 13 15,16,17
Howard Isaacson, Jack J. Lissauer, Geoffrey W. Marcy, Avi Shporer, having a constant period by up to sev-
Gur Windmiller,1 Thomas Barclay,14,18 Alan P. Boss,19 Bruce D. Clarke,12,14 eral days and can vary in duration by
3 2 2 14
Jonathan Fortney, John C. Geary, Matthew J. Holman, Daniel Huber, Jon several hours. These transit timing and
M. Jenkins,12,14 Karen Kinemuchi,14,18 Ethan Kruse,2 Darin Ragozzine,2 Dimitar duration variations can be taken to be
Sasselov,2 Martin Still,14,18 Peter Tenenbaum,12,14 Kamal Uddin,14,20 Joshua N. the signature of a circumbinary planet
8 14 14
Winn, David G. Koch, William J. Borucki because no other known mechanism
1
can cause such effects. Modeling of the
Astronomy Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA. timing and duration changes can be
2
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. used to precisely determine the orbits
3
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
4 5 of the planet and stars (6–8).
McDonald Observatory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712–0259, USA. Astronomy
Department, University of Florida, 211 Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32111, USA. Kepler observations of the binary
6
Institute for Astronomy and NASA Astrobiology Institute University of Hawaii-Manoa, 2680 Woodlawn star system Kepler-47 (KIC 10020423,
7
Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, also KOI-3154) show primary eclipses
8
Israel. Department of Physics, and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts (smaller and fainter star blocking the
9
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Astronomy, BOX 351580, University brighter, more massive “primary” star)
10
of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries every 7.45 days with a depth of 13%.
11
vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Natural History Museum of Also present are secondary eclipses
12
Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Ø ster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. SETI Institute,
of-eclipse regions of ~2−4% caused by
13 with a depth of 0.8% (Fig. 1) and a
189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. Astronomy Department, University of California,
14 15 quasi-periodic modulation in the out-
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. Las Cumbres
Observatory Global Telescope Network, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA.
16 17
Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Division of star-spots on the primary star (12). The
Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Bay
18 Kepler data span 1050.5 days and vis-
Area Environmental Research Institute, Inc., 560 Third Street West, Sonoma, CA 95476, USA. ual inspections of the light curve re-
19
~50 and ~303 days. Three transits of
Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, vealed the signals of two candidate
20
Washington, DC 20015–1305, USA. Orbital Sciences Corporation, 45101 Warp Drive, Dulles, VA 20166, circumbinary planets, with periods of
USA.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: orosz@sciences.sdsu.edu the longer-period candidate (hereafter
†Hubble Fellow
the outer planet) were readily apparent,
but those of the shorter-period candi-
date (hereafter the inner planet) were
We report the detection of Kepler-47, a system consisting of two planets orbiting
more difficult to find because of their
around an eclipsing pair of stars. The inner and outer planets have radii 3.0 and 4.6
shallower depth. Using the predictions
times that of the Earth, respectively. The binary star consists of a Sun-like star and
of a preliminary model of the system
a companion roughly one-third its size, orbiting each other every 7.45 days. With an
as a guide, a total of 18 transits of the
orbital period of 49.5 days, eighteen transits of the inner planet have been observed,
inner planet were detected. The transits
allowing a detailed characterization of its orbit and those of the stars. The outer
have timings that can deviate from
planet’s orbital period is 303.2 days, and although the planet is not Earth-like, it
strict periodicity by up to several hours
resides within the classical “habitable zone”, where liquid water could exist on an
and their durations vary significantly,
Earth-like planet. With its two known planets, Kepler-47 establishes that close
strongly suggesting their origins are
binary stars can host complete planetary systems.
from circumbinary planets (Fig. 2). All
of these events are transits over the
The extremely precise and nearly continuous observations provided by primary star.
the Kepler spacecraft (1) has enabled the detection of over 2300 planet To characterize the stellar orbit, we obtained Doppler spectroscopy
candidates (2, 3), and over 2100 eclipsing binary stars (4, 5). A synergy of the system . Radial velocity variations of the primary star were readily
of these efforts has helped establish the class of circumbinary planets, detected, but the secondary star is too faint to have been measured. Usu-
which are planets that orbit around a pair of stars (6–8). Their detection ally when the radial velocity measurements of only one component in a
has led to a revitalized effort to understand planet formation around bi- spectroscopic binary are available, the masses of the stars cannot be
nary stars (9, 10). A circumbinary planet can reveal itself in two ways. If uniquely determined. However, the transit times and durations provide
the planet’s orbital plane is favorably aligned, the planet may transit constraints on the geometric configuration of the stellar orbits and speci-
across one or both of the stars, causing a small decrease in the amount of fy the stellar mass ratio, which in combination with the primary’s radial
light from the system. If the planet is sufficiently massive and close, the velocities, allow both stellar masses and the physical scale to be deter-
planet can perturb the stellar orbits (11). The most readily observable mined.
To determine the system parameters, we used a photometric-
/ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/recent / 28 August 2012 / Page 1/ 10.1126/science.1228380
2. dynamical model (13) similar to that used for the four previously known are large modulations due to star-spots, and the data contain correlated
transiting circumbinary planets (6–8). This model assumes spherical “red” noise, making small, non-periodic transit detection challenging.
bodies interacting via Newtonian gravity (12), and is used to fit the radi- The marginal evidence at the present time is insufficient to place confi-
al velocity data and the Kepler time-series photometry. We determined dence on any additional candidate planet(s).
the stellar masses as described above, and the relative sizes of the bodies The primary star is similar to the Sun in both mass and radius, and
from the eclipses and transits in the light curve. Information on the incli- dominates the luminosity of the binary system, having 60 times the bo-
nation, eccentricity, and mutual inclination of the planetary orbits is also lometric luminosity of the secondary star (or 176 times the brightness in
implicit in the combination of photometric and radial-velocity data. the Kepler bandpass). A spectroscopic analysis gives an effective tem-
Gravitational perturbations caused by the planets on the stars and on perature of 5640 ± 100 K for the primary star (table S2), with a
each other could, in principle, also constrain the masses, but for Kepler- metallicity slightly less than solar ([M/H] = −0.25 ± 0.08 dex). The star’s
47 the expected masses of the planets are too small to create a measura- rotation period as determined from the star-spot modulation in the light
ble effect over the time span of our data. The small radii of the transiting curve (12) is only 4% longer than the orbital period, suggesting that the
objects strongly suggests they are of planetary mass (Table 1); dynam- spin and orbital angular momenta have been synchronized by tidal inter-
ical considerations described below make this conclusion secure. actions. Supporting this interpretation, the obliquity of the primary star
The inner planet, Kepler-47 b, is the smallest transiting circumbinary (the angle between the spin and orbital axes) must be smaller than about
planet yet detected, with a radius of 3.0 ± 0.1 Earth radii. Its mass is too 20°, based on the observable effects of the secondary star eclipsing star-
small to be directly measured, but a 3σ upper limit of 2 Jupiter masses spots on the primary star (12, 18–21). Star-spot crossings also perturb
has been determined based on the nondetection of timing variations of the shape and depth of the primary eclipses, leading to systematic trends
the stellar orbit (12). Because the planet’s mass is unknown, its density in the eclipse times, and limit the precision with which one can infer the
is also unknown and it is not possible to distinguish between a rocky planets’ masses. In addition, the loss of light due to star-spots causes
composition and a more volatile-enriched composition. We can make a eclipses to appear slightly deeper than they would for an unspotted star,
relation for planets in the Solar System (15) yielding ~7−10 Earth mass-
plausible mass etimate by using both an empirical mass-radius relation biasing the determination of the stellar and planetary radii too high by a
es or ~0.4−0.6 Neptune masses. The planet’s 49.5-day orbital period is
based on transiting exoplanets (14) and a limited empirical mass-radius few percent.
6.6 times the period of the stellar binary. This is ~77% longer than the
With Kepler-47 b and c, there are six confirmed transiting
circumbinary planets currently known. Their orbital periods relative to
their host binary stars show no tendency to be in resonance, and their
critical period (28 d) within which the planet would be susceptible to radii are Saturn-size and smaller. Given that Jupiter-size planets are easi-
dynamical instability due to interactions with the stars (16). While this er to detect, their absence in the Kepler data suggests that the formation
77% margin is notably larger than for the other known transiting and migration history of circumbinary planets may disfavor Jupiter-mass
circumbinary planets, i.e., 14%, 21%, 24%, 42% for Kepler 16, 34, 35, planets orbiting close to the stars, in accord with (22).
and 38, respectively, the planet is still somewhat close to the instability The planets in Kepler-47 are expected to have formed much farther
limit, a feature shared by all known transiting circumbinary planet sys- out than their present orbits, at locations where the conditions for the
tems. formation of giant planets are more favorable (9, 10). The planets have
The outer planet, Kepler-47 c, has a radius of 4.6 ± 0.2 Earth radii, likely migrated to their current orbits as a result of interactions with the
making it slightly larger than the planet Uranus. As before, the planet’s circumbinary disk. The multiplicity and coplanarity of the orbits
mass is too small to be measured directly, and we derived a 3σ upper
mass of ~16−23 Earth masses or ~0.9−1.4 Neptune masses, using these
strengthens the argument for a single-disk formation and a migration
limit of 28 Jupiter masses (12). Based on its radius, we find a plausible scenario for circumbinary planetary systems. However, unlike orbits
around a single star, the environment around a binary star is much more
empirical mass-radius relations (14, 15). With only 3 transits currently dynamic and tends to augment planet-planet interactions. The relatively
available, the outer planet’s orbital eccentricity is poorly constrained. A large distance between the orbits of the inner and outer planets in the
perfectly circular orbit would fit the data, and a low-eccentricity orbit Kepler-47 system is consistent with requirements for dynamical stability
seems plausible given the low eccentricity of the stellar binary (e = (23).
0.023) and of planet b (e < 0.035). The photometric-dynamical model The previously detected transiting circumbinary planet systems show
provides only an upper limit on the eccentricity, e < 0.4 with 95% confi- no evidence for more than a single planet. The multi-planet nature of the
dence, and the requirement of long-term stability only rules out eccentri- Kepler-47 system establishes that despite the chaotic environment
cities larger than 0.6 (12). around binary stars, planetary systems can form and persist close to the
Due to the orbital motion of the stars, the outer planet is subject to binary, and invites a broader investigation into how circumbinary planets
variations in the incident stellar flux (i.e., insolation), even if the planet’s compare to planets and planetary systems around single stars.
Sun-Earth insolation, and varies by ~9%. This places Kepler-47 c well
orbit is circular (Fig. 3). The average insolation is similar to the amount
the Earth receives from the Sun: for a circular orbit it is 87.5% of the References and Notes
1. D. G. Koch et al., Kepler mission design, realized photometric performance,
within the classical “habitable zone”, defined as the range of distances and early science. Astrophys. J. 713, L79 (2010). doi:10.1088/2041-
8205/713/2/L79
from the host star(s) where liquid water could persist on the surface of an
2. W. J. Borucki et al., Kepler planet-detection mission: Introduction and first
Earth-like planet (17). While Kepler-47 c is probably a gas giant and results. Science 327, 977 (2010). doi:10.1126/science.1185402 Medline
thus not suitable for life, its location is notable as it demonstrates that 3. N. M. Batalha et al., Planetary candidates observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of
circumbinary planets can exist in habitable zones. Although the defini- the first 16 months of data. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. submitted,
tion of the habitable zone assumes a terrestrial planet atmosphere which arXiv1202.5852 (2012).
does not apply for Kepler-47 c, large moons, if present, would be inter- 4. A. Prša et al., Kepler eclipsing binary stars. I. catalog and principal
esting worlds to investigate. characterization of 1879 eclipsing binaries in the first data release. Astron. J.
A 0.2% deep transit-like event is present at time 2,455,977.363 141, 83 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/3/83
(BJD) that is not caused by either of the two planets. A search for addi- 5. R. W. Slawson et al., Kepler eclipsing binary stars. II. 2165 eclipsing binaries
tional transits has revealed several more tentative transit events (12), but in the second data release. Astron. J. 142, 160 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-
6256/142/5/160
we caution that the star is faint (the Kepler magnitude is 15.178), there
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3. 6. L. R. Doyle et al., Kepler-16: A transiting circumbinary planet. Science 333, 32. S. M. Rucinski, Spectral-line broadening functions of WUMa-type binaries. I
1602 (2011). doi:10.1126/science.1210923 Medline - AW UMa. Astron. J. 104, 1968 (1992). doi:10.1086/116372
7. W. F. Welsh et al., Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 33. D. L. Nidever, G. W. Marcy, R. P. Butler, D. A. Fischer, S. S. Vogt, Radial
b. Nature 481, 475 (2012). doi:10.1038/nature10768 Medline velocities for 889 late-type stars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 141, 503 (2002).
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doi:10.1017/S1473550402001064
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Acknowledgments: Kepler was selected as the 10th mission of the Discovery parameter best fit 1σ uncertainty
Program. Funding for this mission is provided by NASA, Science Mission Bulk Properties
Directorate. The Kepler data presented in this paper were obtained from
the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). The Space Mass of Star A, MA (M◉) 1.043 0.055
Telescope Science Institute (STScI) is operated by the Association of Mass of Star B, MB (M◉) 0.362 0.013
Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract
Radius of Star A, RA (R◉) 0.964 0.017
NAS5-26555. Support for MAST for non-HTS data are provided by the
NASA Office of Space Science via grant NXX09AF08G and by other Radius of Star B, RB (R◉) 0.3506 0.0063
grants and contracts. This work is based in part on observations obtained Temperature of Star A, Teff,A (K) 5636 100
with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope, which is a joint project of the
University of Texas at Austin, the Pennsylvania State University, Temperature of Star B, Teff,B (K) 3357 100
Stanford University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Luminosity of Star A, LA (L◉) 0.840 0.067
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. JAO and WFW acknowledge
Luminosity of Star B, LB (L◉) 0.014 0.002
Radius of Planet b, Rb (R⊕)
support from the Kepler Participating Scientist Program via NASA grant
NNX12AD23G; JAO, WFW and GW also gratefully acknowledge 2.98 0.12
support from the NSF via grant AST-1109928. G.T. acknowledges partial
Radius of Planet c, Rc (R⊕) 4.61 0.20
support for this work from NSF grant AST-1007992. J.A.C. and D.C.F.
acknowledge NASA support through Hubble Fellowship grants HF- Stellar Orbit
51267.01-A and HF-51272.01-A, respectively, awarded by STScI. Semimajor Axis, aAB (AU) 0.0836 0.0014
Supplementary Materials Orbital Period, PAB (day) 7.44837695 0.00000021
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1228380/DC1 Eccentricity, eAB 0.0234 0.0010
Materials and Methods
Argument of Periapse, ωAB (Degrees) 212.3 4.4
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S25 Orbital Inclination, i1 (deg) 89.34 0.12
Tables S1 to S9 Planet b Orbit
References (25–59)
Semimajor Axis, ab (AU) 0.2956 0.0047
3 August 2012; accepted 22 August 2012 Orbital Period, Pb (day) 49.514 0.040
Published online 28 August 2012
10.1126/science.1228380 Eccentricity (95% conf.), eb <0.035
Orbital Inclination, ib (deg) 89.59 0.50
Mutual Orbital Inclination, Ib (deg) 0.27 0.24
Planet c Orbit
Semimajor Axis, ac (AU) 0.989 0.016
Orbital Period, Pc (day) 303.158 0.072
Eccentricity (95% conf.), ec <0.411
Orbital Inclination, ic (deg) 89.826 0.010
Mutual Orbital Inclination, Ic (deg) 1.16 0.46
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5. Fig. 1. Light curves and velocity curve data with model fits.
Top: Normalized and detrended flux is plotted versus orbital
phase for the primary and secondary eclipses, along with the
binary star model. Middle: The radial velocities of the primary
star and the best-fitting model are plotted versus the orbital
phase. The expected radial velocity curve of the secondary
star is shown with the dashed line. Bottom: The normalized
and detrended flux near five representative transits of the
inner planet and all three transits of the outer planet are
shown. See figs. S13, S14, and S15 for plots of all 18 transits
of the inner planet and plots of the residuals of the various
model fits.
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6. Fig. 2. Planetary transit time and duration variations. Left:
The observed minus expected times of transit computed from
a linear ephemeris are shown versus time (an “O-C” curve).
The triangles show the measured deviations, and the filled
circles are the predictions from the photometric-dynamical
model. Four transits of the inner planet occurred in data gaps
or regions of corrupted data. Top right: The O-C values of the
inner planet are shown as a function of the binary phase,
where the primary eclipse occurs at phase 0.0 and the
secondary eclipse is at phase 0.487. Two cycles have been
shown for clarity. The solid curve is the predicted deviation
assuming a circular, edge-on orbit for the planet. The lateral
displacement of the primary near the eclipse phases is
minimal and therefore the deviation of the transit time from a
linear ephemeris is near zero. The primary is maximally
displaced near the quadrature phases, so transits near those
phases show the most offset in time. Bottom right: The
durations of the transits for the inner planet (filled circles) and
the outer planet (filled squares) as a function of the orbital
phase of the binary. The solid curves are the predicted
durations assuming a circular, edge-on orbit for the planet. At
phases near the primary eclipse, the planet and the primary
star are moving in opposite directions, resulting in a narrower
transit. At phases near the secondary eclipse, the planet and
the primary star are moving in the same direction, resulting in
a longer transit. The outer planet is moving slower than the
inner planet, resulting in longer transits at the same binary
phase.
Fig. 3. The time-varying insolation S received by Kepler-47 c,
for different assumed eccentricities. The insolation is in units
of the Solar luminosity at a distance of 1 AU (SSun = 1368 W
−2
m ). The upper panels are for a zero eccentricity orbit and
highlight the insolation variations caused by the 7.4-day orbit
of the binary. The lower panels show eccentricities of e = 0.0,
0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 (colored black, green, blue, and red,
respectively), and illustrate the longer time-scale variations.
The dotted lines mark the limits for the inner and outer edges
of the habitable zone, following the prescription in (24) for the
onset of a runaway greenhouse effect and the maximum
greenhouse effect.
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