Kelley King Heyworth, "Vaccines: The Reality Behind the Debate," Parents, May 2010. Reprinted by permission.
"We have to move forward and be willing to accept what science tells us: Vaccines do not cause autism."
In the following viewpoint, Kelley King Heyworth reports that the medical community is overwhelmingly supportive of childhood vaccinations. Heyworth believes that despite a growing movement that insists on a causal connection between vaccinations and autism, evidence refutes this claim. As one doctor explains in Heyworth's viewpoint, there is more likely a coincidental link between immunization schedules and diagnoses of autism because the disease tends to arise when children are young—around the same ages that they are receiving vaccinations. Heyworth warns that refusing vaccination for fear of autism endangers the unvaccinated child and the whole community because formerly controlled diseases such as measles and whooping cough have reemerged in unvaccinated populations. Kelley King Heyworth is a writer who has written for Parents and Sports Illustrated magazines. She is married to a medical researcher.
As you read, consider the following questions:
1. As Heyworth writes, what mercury-containing preservative in vaccines did Andrew Wakefield argue might push infants' mercury exposure beyond safe limits?
2. According to the author, what happened to Wakefield's notorious publication in February 2010?
3. As Heyworth reports, why did the drug manufacturer Merck recall certain lots of the Hib vaccine distributed in 2007?
As Summer Estall approached her first birthday, her mom, Lisa, had more on her mind than party plans. Summer was about to receive not only cake, and presents, but also—surprise!—her fourth round of shots in ten months. "Her last vaccinations had been tough," says Estall, of Grand Forks, North Dakota. "She was her usual happy self after being examined by the doctor, but then we were called into a room where two nurses were both holding long needles. They told me to lay Summer on the table, pull her pants down, and pin down her arms. Of course, she started to scream, and it felt like I was preparing her for torture. By the time the nurses got the Band-Aids on, Summer seemed to be okay—but I was a wreck."
However, it wasn't just the painful pricks that worried Estall about her daughter's 12-month shots. "Everywhere I go, someone's talking about the danger of vaccines," she says. "There are moms posting about their kids' side effects on just about every online parenting forum. The other day I had coffee with two friends, and one of them said she wasn't vaccinating her kids. I can't help but wonder: Should I really be injecting a healthy child with these things?"
Medical Community Supports Vaccination
The answer from the vast majority of medical experts is a resounding "yes." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend that healthy children get vaccinated again ...
1. Coalition ProposalVaccination Policy for Infectious Disease P.docxmonicafrancis71118
1. Coalition Proposal
Vaccination Policy for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Scope of the Problem
Vaccines have done an excellent job at preventing many diseases, some of which can be deadly if not prevented. When bacteria or viruses enter the body, they immediately begin to attack and multiply, which then causes an infection. The immune system will then fight off the infection and establish antibodies, which will help recognize and fight off the same disease in the future. For this very reason, it has been important for children to be vaccinated at an early age so that they may establish those antibodies their bodies need. Vaccines act as the disease so that the body may produce antibodies, but the good thing is that it won’t cause an infection (CDC, 2017).
There are current policies that mandate vaccinations in the U.S., for example, all children are required to be up to date on their vaccines before beginning school. The problem is that there are many loopholes and exceptions to the rule, whether it’s due to religious reasons or other medical issues. Because of this, there are still many children and adults who have yet to be fully compliant with vaccine requirements
Some important statistics to note (Johns Hopkins Medicine):
· CDC estimated 2,700 new cases of hepatitis A in the U.S.
· It is estimated that in 2011, 19,000 new cases of hepatitis B and 17,000 cases of hepatitis C occurred.
· In 2012, nearly 10,000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported.
· Approximately 36,000 people per year die from influenza and pneumonia.
· 50,000 new cases of HIV infection occur annually.
· In 2012, new cases of STD’s were reported, including HPV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV, and Syphilis.
Who is affected by this problem? Identify.
Children are mainly affected by this problem due to parents’ hesitancy for vaccinations. Although law mandates for children to be vaccinated for school enrollment, parents have the option to use exemptions to avoid having their children vaccinated. Currently, medical exemptions are allowed for medical reasons in all states, and it is estimated that one to three percent of children are excused from vaccinations because of these exemptions. Parents have continued to use reasons to avoid vaccinations, for example, the belief that the decline in vaccine-preventable diseases is due to improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation (Ventola, C. L., 2016).
Health disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites have played a huge role in terms of vaccination coverage. Studies have shown that health insurance has a direct impact on the vaccination coverage in adults, therefore, low-income families who can’t afford health insurance will most likely not get the vaccines they need. With that being said, uninsured prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic blacks (19.5%) and Hispanics (30.1%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (11.1%) (Lu, P., et al, 2015).
What has been written on the issue and policy options?
There ha.
1. Coalition ProposalVaccination Policy for Infectious Disease P.docxmonicafrancis71118
1. Coalition Proposal
Vaccination Policy for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Scope of the Problem
Vaccines have done an excellent job at preventing many diseases, some of which can be deadly if not prevented. When bacteria or viruses enter the body, they immediately begin to attack and multiply, which then causes an infection. The immune system will then fight off the infection and establish antibodies, which will help recognize and fight off the same disease in the future. For this very reason, it has been important for children to be vaccinated at an early age so that they may establish those antibodies their bodies need. Vaccines act as the disease so that the body may produce antibodies, but the good thing is that it won’t cause an infection (CDC, 2017).
There are current policies that mandate vaccinations in the U.S., for example, all children are required to be up to date on their vaccines before beginning school. The problem is that there are many loopholes and exceptions to the rule, whether it’s due to religious reasons or other medical issues. Because of this, there are still many children and adults who have yet to be fully compliant with vaccine requirements
Some important statistics to note (Johns Hopkins Medicine):
· CDC estimated 2,700 new cases of hepatitis A in the U.S.
· It is estimated that in 2011, 19,000 new cases of hepatitis B and 17,000 cases of hepatitis C occurred.
· In 2012, nearly 10,000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported.
· Approximately 36,000 people per year die from influenza and pneumonia.
· 50,000 new cases of HIV infection occur annually.
· In 2012, new cases of STD’s were reported, including HPV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV, and Syphilis.
Who is affected by this problem? Identify.
Children are mainly affected by this problem due to parents’ hesitancy for vaccinations. Although law mandates for children to be vaccinated for school enrollment, parents have the option to use exemptions to avoid having their children vaccinated. Currently, medical exemptions are allowed for medical reasons in all states, and it is estimated that one to three percent of children are excused from vaccinations because of these exemptions. Parents have continued to use reasons to avoid vaccinations, for example, the belief that the decline in vaccine-preventable diseases is due to improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation (Ventola, C. L., 2016).
Health disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites have played a huge role in terms of vaccination coverage. Studies have shown that health insurance has a direct impact on the vaccination coverage in adults, therefore, low-income families who can’t afford health insurance will most likely not get the vaccines they need. With that being said, uninsured prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic blacks (19.5%) and Hispanics (30.1%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (11.1%) (Lu, P., et al, 2015).
What has been written on the issue and policy options?
There ha.
Vaccines & Health Hazards Overview.AuthorsBallarlo, Beverly.docxjessiehampson
Vaccines & Health Hazards: Overview.
Authors:
Ballarlo, Beverly
Sprague, Nancy
Source:
Points of View: Vaccines & Health Hazards. 2017, p1-1. 1p.
Document Type:
Article
Subjects:
VACCINATION of children
VACCINES
SUDDEN infant death syndrome
VACCINATION complications
PREVENTIVE medicine
Geographic Terms:
UNITED StatesReport Available
Abstract:
The article examines the debate over the effectiveness and safety of vaccination. Despite efforts by U.S. health agencies, major medical associations and practicing clinicians to convince parents of keeping their children's immunizations up to date, some parents and critics continue to have doubts about the benefits of having children vaccinated. Causal links between certain vaccines and diseases, such as the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccine and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), have been reported.
Lexile:
1570
Full Text Word Count:
2425
ISBN:
9781429817660
Accession Number:
23761083
Vaccines & Health Hazards: Overview
Full Text
Related Items
Vaccines Save Lives.
Vaccines: Caution Advised.
Vaccines & Health Hazards: Guide to Critical Analysis.
The new flu needle uses a smaller needle to deliver flu vaccines under the skin
STICKING IT TO DISEASE.
Choose a Topic.
Evaluate a Website.
Write a Topic Sentence.
How To Understand the Bias of a Publication
CURRICULUM STANDARDS--U.S.
The mainstream American medical establishment has long contended that the public health benefits of vaccines--to prevent such diseases as diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw) pertussis (whooping cough), polio, rubella, measles, mumps, hepatitis B, varicella (chickenpox), and influenza--heavily outweigh the relatively small risks associated with such preventive measures. Officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), most major medical associations, and the vast majority of practicing clinicians have invested significant energy in a campaign to convince parents to keep their children's immunizations up to date.
For a small but persistent number of parents and advocates, however, the wisdom of inoculating children against certain common childhood diseases remains suspect. According to these critics, vaccines may cause serious side effects or even prove fatal. Some believe that simultaneously giving a child multiple vaccinations for different diseases can overtax an immature immune system and produce lasting damage.
Opponents of mandatory vaccinations have suggested causal links between the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) vaccine and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine and Crohn's disease, the hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis (MS), and between the pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine and brain damage.
The greatest controversy in the vaccine safety debate, however, has swirled around some parents' passionate conviction of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Based on the ...
Many anti-vaccination campaigners claim that vaccines are having detrimental effects on our bodies. But what is the scientific evidence for their claims? This presentation discusses the science, the risks and the myths surrounding vaccines and their effects on individuals.
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Lengt.docxDIPESH30
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Length: 500 word count to the minimum.
“Blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and a host of other news and social-media sites have allowed average citizens to become newsmakers. Is this a good or bad thing? Is the increase in citizen journalism leading to inaccuracies in reporting? Or can we trust that Americans will “consider the source” and verify any questionable information they read on a blog?”
Requirements:
1.Word count: 500.
2.Submissions must be in Word format (doc, docx) or Rich Text format (rtf). Attached file sent to my email will not be graded.
3.VeriCite has been activated to prevent plagiarism and no credit will be issued if Similarity Index points to 20% or higher.
.
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revoluti.docxDIPESH30
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revolutionary of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie, worker, or peasant), a member of the First Estate (clergy) or a member of the Second Estate (nobles). Your entry should have a well established mood, or writing that evokes certain feelings or emotions in readers through words and descriptions. Some examples of mood through setting, diction, and tone can be found
HERE
.
In addition, your journal should incorporate at least
THREE
of the following vocabulary terms:
Louis XVI
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
estate (First, Second, Third)
The Enlightenment
Great Fear
.
Please write the definition for these words and provide .docxDIPESH30
Please write the definition for these words and
provide two
examples
for each one
The definition should relate to “linguistic form“ / grammar
See attached file. you have
three hours and an half
to do the assignemnt
.
Please view the filmThomas A. Edison Father of Invention, A .docxDIPESH30
Please view the film:
Thomas A. Edison: Father of Invention
, A & E Television (New York, NY: A & E Television Networks, 1996); Available on the Hagerty Library catalogue at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b2133926~S9
And discuss:
Edison is portrayed rather herocially in this film, what would you do to present a more balanced view of Edison the man and inventor? Based on my lecture, discuss why or why not Edison should be considered the creator of the light bulb?
.
Please watch the clip from the movie The Break Up. Then reflect w.docxDIPESH30
Please watch the clip from the movie "The Break Up." Then reflect who you think is most at fault and why.
Then I would you like to think about a conflict you have had and think about what could have been done differently to resolve it.
Write a one page paper (double spaced)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bqhVqTuFO4
.
please write a report on Social Media and ERP SystemReport should.docxDIPESH30
please write a report on Social Media and ERP System:
Report should be a detail study on social media, effects of social media on business.Use of ERP Systems in social media and its benefits.During presentatio the students should present the use of ERP Systems in the social media aspect.
pages: 15
font size: 11
spaces: 1.5
please see attached file
due date tomorrow, within 24 hour
.
Please write 200 wordsHow has the healthcare delivery system chang.docxDIPESH30
Please write 200 words
How has the healthcare delivery system changed?
For what types of patients and what types of care does each of the systems deliver? Would a patient have a need for more than one system? When (give examples and explain)?
What are the regulations related to the medical staff? What purpose do these regulations serve?
.
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at httpswww..docxDIPESH30
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at:
https
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=
Mc
8O9
EnAuLo
And read:
- Priscilla Wald, “Cultures and Carriers: "Typhoid Mary" and the Science of Social Control,”
Social Text
, No. 52/53,
Queer
Transexions
of Race, Nation, and Gender
(Autumn - Winter, 1997), pp. 181-214; Available in the Readings Folder and on JSTOR at:
http
://
www
.
jstor
.
org
/stable/466739
Then discuss:
Wald discusses how the concept of "social control" relates or is exemplified by the Mary
Mallon
ca
se
. Choose one of the aspects of Wald's argument and discuss how it relates to the Typhoid Mary documentary. Do these help us understand the significance the 'Typhoid Mary' case has for the history of medicine, or for the treatment of epidemics today?
.
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed in.docxDIPESH30
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed instructions, notes / additional information, links and some resources are listed therein.
#1. Discussion due Thursday 12/11/14 Noon
#2. Paper due Saturday 12/13/14 Noon
******12/11/14 Edit to add additional research sources for you if need for part2 of assignment.
Davidson, W. H. (1979). FACTOR ENDOWMENT, INNOVATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY.
Kyklos
,
32
(4), 764.
Handlin, A. H. (2011).
Government Grief : How to Help Your Small Business Survive Mindless Regulation, Political Corruption and Red Tape
. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.
Warren, R. C. (2003). The evolution of business legitimacy.
European Business Review,
15
(3), 153. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/225421529?accountid=8289
.
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)The research.docxDIPESH30
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)
The research essay is to be 12 pages, typed, double-spaced. 10-12 sources are to be used. It is to be on a social policy area and may focus on Canada, or Canada in comparative perspective.
1.
Discuss the National Child Benefit, introduced in 1997. Has this measure been effective in reducing child poverty? Can this measure be seen as the further extension of neoliberalism, or as a new form of state-provided social investment?
Please make a clear and wordy thesis (highlight this in red) use notions of this thesis throughout the paper please. Clear and concise english as this is a university level paper.
Please include your own ideas as well as recommendations.
if a point is made please provide proof with the sources or readings
Please use APA FORMAT.
Please ensure that the paper follows the format suggested in the outline.
.
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provokin.docxDIPESH30
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provoking questions based on the recent reading assignments, video clips and the other websites assigned.
Only complete questions will earn credit. Therefore, it is important for you to think carefully about formulating the kinds of questions intended to stimulate conversations. Ask detailed and specific, rather than broad, general questions. Do not ask, for example, ‘When was the first Mission established in California?’ Instead, ask something like ‘What is the ideological agenda behind maintaining figures like Father Junipero Serra as heroic in California textbooks?’
Other examples include:
Does recent news media coverage of the “riots” in Baltimore, Ferguson and other cities promote a message that is pro-police? If not, how does it engender understanding of the root causes of many of the frustrations of local residents?
In the film “Banned in Arizona,” why does Superintendent Tom Horne argue in favor of “individualism” and why does he say that the Mexican American Studies program encourages radical thinking? What, if anything, is radical about the way those courses teach students in Tucson, Arizona?
If the U.S. reinstated a Vietnam War era-like military draft instead of relying upon the current all-volunteer force, would current public support for war change at all? If so, how?
Please consider these guidelines in composing your questions:
1. Make certain to ask at least one question from each source.
2. Ask questions about things that interest you.
3. Write your questions as though you were asking them to the entire class.
4. Be sure to make specific reference to the readings in each question. Many good questions require at least two sentences.
5. Try and use the questions to critique the author's opinion.
6. These homework questions should attempt to raise larger issues and---when possible---to relate the readings to issues in our current world.
"This week, I want us to think about the concept of
bias
, and its application in the places we consume information. This is tricky territory because even the very presentation of this unit is fraught with bias—my personal bias, or frame of reference. I’m going to ask you to read a collection of articles that I think are important, but they all clearly have a perspective and an agenda that comes from a particular worldview. So let’s get that out in the open. Maybe nothing in your liberal arts education is free from bias, but that does not mean we shy away from considering the information, ideas, arguments and critiques.
What is bias? For the purposes of our consideration, bias is really just about a set of values that can color or distort fair judgment. We can sometimes recognize obvious bias in others, especially when people use overtly discriminatory or offensive language, or have a clear political or ideological perspective that makes everything they present go through that lens. But more than anything else, I want us to think a.
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in du.docxDIPESH30
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in during this unit.
write one page summarizing the following:
Multiculturalism plays an important role in many schools today.
How can this be incorporated into everyday lessons related to health, safety, and nutrition?
How has your school (or your children’s school) incorporated multiculturalism into their lesson?
.
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question.docxDIPESH30
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question should be about a page long DOUBLE SPACED and cited.
Please use the articles that I PROVIDE!
Due date is this Sunday the 14th.
First two articles answer the questions 1 & 2 , the last article answers question 3
PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
.
Please use the following technique-Outline the legal issues t.docxDIPESH30
Please use the following technique:
-
Outline the legal issues that you are going to discuss in your answer
-
Define the legal rules that are relevant to the question
-
Apply the legal rules to the facts of the question
-
Formulate a decision of which party should be successful
The use of headings for each relationship discussed is suggested.
Application of legal principles to the facts is the most important and often the hardest step. I am more interested in how you arrived at your answer, than the actual conclusions that you draw. Having said that, the “kitchen sink approach” is not suggested – i.e. spilling all of your knowledge that is vaguely related to the issue raised into your answer.
Please do not simply say, “Andrew is liable for negligence.” You must go through the analysis for why or why not a particular tort claim will be successful.
Use the language of the question.
Be as comprehensive and thorough as possible when responding to each issue – canvas all possible answers. If you have considered the application of a particular contractual concept, but after analysis, you have decided that it is not applicable, please go through your analysis.
If any possible remedies are available to either party, please identify with supporting reasons.
Assume for each relationship that the matter is being litigated in court,
not
through alternative dispute resolution.
DUE: TUESDAY MARCH 24
th
, 2015 at beginning of class
No midterms will be accepted after this date.
Tort Law Problem
Andrew Black is the owner of Confederation Mall (“Mall”) located in New Minas, Nova Scotia. Mr. Black leases out many retail spaces in the Mall to a wide range of businesses. He prides himself as a local success story. The people of New Minas truly admire his entrepreneurial success.
George Orange, owner of Guppy World, a pet fish store, has been a long-time tenant of Confederation Mall. Colin and Darren work for Mr. Orange. Colin was repairing a ceiling fan when he asked Darren to toss him a screwdriver, as Colin was up on a step-ladder at the time. Darren, standing 15 feet away, underhand tosses the screwdriver to Colin. Darren overshoots the toss and the screwdriver shatters a glass fish tank containing a piranha fish. At the same time a customer, Sally, was walking towards the check-out to purchase fish food, when she slipped on the water from the broken tank, fell to the floor and fractured her wrist. She is also bitten on the ankle by the piranha. When Mr. Orange tried to assist Sally, he smelled a strong smell of alcoholic beverage coming from her mouth. Colin noted that Sally appeared to be staggering slightly before falling.
Sally was transported to the hospital by paramedics. The doctor determines that Sally’s foot needs to be amputated due to the piranha bite and she needs to wear a cast on her wrist for 6-8 weeks due to the fracture.
Word of the piranha bite spreads like wild fire throughout the Mall. Evelyn, who suff.
Please use from these stratagies This homework will be to copyies .docxDIPESH30
Please use from these stratagies
This homework will be to copyies with different stratgies !!11
Rubrics
Revising Reading
RAFT
Quick write
Learning loge
KAMAL
Gallery walks
Data charts
All about book
Cubing Clusters Authors chair
Words Walks
.
More Related Content
Similar to Kelley King Heyworth, Vaccines The Reality Behind the Debate, P.docx
Vaccines & Health Hazards Overview.AuthorsBallarlo, Beverly.docxjessiehampson
Vaccines & Health Hazards: Overview.
Authors:
Ballarlo, Beverly
Sprague, Nancy
Source:
Points of View: Vaccines & Health Hazards. 2017, p1-1. 1p.
Document Type:
Article
Subjects:
VACCINATION of children
VACCINES
SUDDEN infant death syndrome
VACCINATION complications
PREVENTIVE medicine
Geographic Terms:
UNITED StatesReport Available
Abstract:
The article examines the debate over the effectiveness and safety of vaccination. Despite efforts by U.S. health agencies, major medical associations and practicing clinicians to convince parents of keeping their children's immunizations up to date, some parents and critics continue to have doubts about the benefits of having children vaccinated. Causal links between certain vaccines and diseases, such as the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccine and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), have been reported.
Lexile:
1570
Full Text Word Count:
2425
ISBN:
9781429817660
Accession Number:
23761083
Vaccines & Health Hazards: Overview
Full Text
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Vaccines Save Lives.
Vaccines: Caution Advised.
Vaccines & Health Hazards: Guide to Critical Analysis.
The new flu needle uses a smaller needle to deliver flu vaccines under the skin
STICKING IT TO DISEASE.
Choose a Topic.
Evaluate a Website.
Write a Topic Sentence.
How To Understand the Bias of a Publication
CURRICULUM STANDARDS--U.S.
The mainstream American medical establishment has long contended that the public health benefits of vaccines--to prevent such diseases as diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw) pertussis (whooping cough), polio, rubella, measles, mumps, hepatitis B, varicella (chickenpox), and influenza--heavily outweigh the relatively small risks associated with such preventive measures. Officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), most major medical associations, and the vast majority of practicing clinicians have invested significant energy in a campaign to convince parents to keep their children's immunizations up to date.
For a small but persistent number of parents and advocates, however, the wisdom of inoculating children against certain common childhood diseases remains suspect. According to these critics, vaccines may cause serious side effects or even prove fatal. Some believe that simultaneously giving a child multiple vaccinations for different diseases can overtax an immature immune system and produce lasting damage.
Opponents of mandatory vaccinations have suggested causal links between the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) vaccine and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine and Crohn's disease, the hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis (MS), and between the pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine and brain damage.
The greatest controversy in the vaccine safety debate, however, has swirled around some parents' passionate conviction of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Based on the ...
Many anti-vaccination campaigners claim that vaccines are having detrimental effects on our bodies. But what is the scientific evidence for their claims? This presentation discusses the science, the risks and the myths surrounding vaccines and their effects on individuals.
Similar to Kelley King Heyworth, Vaccines The Reality Behind the Debate, P.docx (7)
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Lengt.docxDIPESH30
please write a short essay to address the following questions. Length: 500 word count to the minimum.
“Blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and a host of other news and social-media sites have allowed average citizens to become newsmakers. Is this a good or bad thing? Is the increase in citizen journalism leading to inaccuracies in reporting? Or can we trust that Americans will “consider the source” and verify any questionable information they read on a blog?”
Requirements:
1.Word count: 500.
2.Submissions must be in Word format (doc, docx) or Rich Text format (rtf). Attached file sent to my email will not be graded.
3.VeriCite has been activated to prevent plagiarism and no credit will be issued if Similarity Index points to 20% or higher.
.
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revoluti.docxDIPESH30
please write a diary entry from the perspective of a French Revolutionary of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie, worker, or peasant), a member of the First Estate (clergy) or a member of the Second Estate (nobles). Your entry should have a well established mood, or writing that evokes certain feelings or emotions in readers through words and descriptions. Some examples of mood through setting, diction, and tone can be found
HERE
.
In addition, your journal should incorporate at least
THREE
of the following vocabulary terms:
Louis XVI
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
estate (First, Second, Third)
The Enlightenment
Great Fear
.
Please write the definition for these words and provide .docxDIPESH30
Please write the definition for these words and
provide two
examples
for each one
The definition should relate to “linguistic form“ / grammar
See attached file. you have
three hours and an half
to do the assignemnt
.
Please view the filmThomas A. Edison Father of Invention, A .docxDIPESH30
Please view the film:
Thomas A. Edison: Father of Invention
, A & E Television (New York, NY: A & E Television Networks, 1996); Available on the Hagerty Library catalogue at: http://records.library.drexel.edu/record=b2133926~S9
And discuss:
Edison is portrayed rather herocially in this film, what would you do to present a more balanced view of Edison the man and inventor? Based on my lecture, discuss why or why not Edison should be considered the creator of the light bulb?
.
Please watch the clip from the movie The Break Up. Then reflect w.docxDIPESH30
Please watch the clip from the movie "The Break Up." Then reflect who you think is most at fault and why.
Then I would you like to think about a conflict you have had and think about what could have been done differently to resolve it.
Write a one page paper (double spaced)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bqhVqTuFO4
.
please write a report on Social Media and ERP SystemReport should.docxDIPESH30
please write a report on Social Media and ERP System:
Report should be a detail study on social media, effects of social media on business.Use of ERP Systems in social media and its benefits.During presentatio the students should present the use of ERP Systems in the social media aspect.
pages: 15
font size: 11
spaces: 1.5
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Please write 200 words
How has the healthcare delivery system changed?
For what types of patients and what types of care does each of the systems deliver? Would a patient have a need for more than one system? When (give examples and explain)?
What are the regulations related to the medical staff? What purpose do these regulations serve?
.
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at httpswww..docxDIPESH30
Please view the documentary on Typhoid Mary at:
https
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=
Mc
8O9
EnAuLo
And read:
- Priscilla Wald, “Cultures and Carriers: "Typhoid Mary" and the Science of Social Control,”
Social Text
, No. 52/53,
Queer
Transexions
of Race, Nation, and Gender
(Autumn - Winter, 1997), pp. 181-214; Available in the Readings Folder and on JSTOR at:
http
://
www
.
jstor
.
org
/stable/466739
Then discuss:
Wald discusses how the concept of "social control" relates or is exemplified by the Mary
Mallon
ca
se
. Choose one of the aspects of Wald's argument and discuss how it relates to the Typhoid Mary documentary. Do these help us understand the significance the 'Typhoid Mary' case has for the history of medicine, or for the treatment of epidemics today?
.
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed in.docxDIPESH30
Please use the two attachments posted to complete work. Detailed instructions, notes / additional information, links and some resources are listed therein.
#1. Discussion due Thursday 12/11/14 Noon
#2. Paper due Saturday 12/13/14 Noon
******12/11/14 Edit to add additional research sources for you if need for part2 of assignment.
Davidson, W. H. (1979). FACTOR ENDOWMENT, INNOVATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY.
Kyklos
,
32
(4), 764.
Handlin, A. H. (2011).
Government Grief : How to Help Your Small Business Survive Mindless Regulation, Political Corruption and Red Tape
. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.
Warren, R. C. (2003). The evolution of business legitimacy.
European Business Review,
15
(3), 153. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/225421529?accountid=8289
.
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)The research.docxDIPESH30
Please use the sources in the outline (see photos)
The research essay is to be 12 pages, typed, double-spaced. 10-12 sources are to be used. It is to be on a social policy area and may focus on Canada, or Canada in comparative perspective.
1.
Discuss the National Child Benefit, introduced in 1997. Has this measure been effective in reducing child poverty? Can this measure be seen as the further extension of neoliberalism, or as a new form of state-provided social investment?
Please make a clear and wordy thesis (highlight this in red) use notions of this thesis throughout the paper please. Clear and concise english as this is a university level paper.
Please include your own ideas as well as recommendations.
if a point is made please provide proof with the sources or readings
Please use APA FORMAT.
Please ensure that the paper follows the format suggested in the outline.
.
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provokin.docxDIPESH30
Please submit a minimum of five (5) detailed and discussion-provoking questions based on the recent reading assignments, video clips and the other websites assigned.
Only complete questions will earn credit. Therefore, it is important for you to think carefully about formulating the kinds of questions intended to stimulate conversations. Ask detailed and specific, rather than broad, general questions. Do not ask, for example, ‘When was the first Mission established in California?’ Instead, ask something like ‘What is the ideological agenda behind maintaining figures like Father Junipero Serra as heroic in California textbooks?’
Other examples include:
Does recent news media coverage of the “riots” in Baltimore, Ferguson and other cities promote a message that is pro-police? If not, how does it engender understanding of the root causes of many of the frustrations of local residents?
In the film “Banned in Arizona,” why does Superintendent Tom Horne argue in favor of “individualism” and why does he say that the Mexican American Studies program encourages radical thinking? What, if anything, is radical about the way those courses teach students in Tucson, Arizona?
If the U.S. reinstated a Vietnam War era-like military draft instead of relying upon the current all-volunteer force, would current public support for war change at all? If so, how?
Please consider these guidelines in composing your questions:
1. Make certain to ask at least one question from each source.
2. Ask questions about things that interest you.
3. Write your questions as though you were asking them to the entire class.
4. Be sure to make specific reference to the readings in each question. Many good questions require at least two sentences.
5. Try and use the questions to critique the author's opinion.
6. These homework questions should attempt to raise larger issues and---when possible---to relate the readings to issues in our current world.
"This week, I want us to think about the concept of
bias
, and its application in the places we consume information. This is tricky territory because even the very presentation of this unit is fraught with bias—my personal bias, or frame of reference. I’m going to ask you to read a collection of articles that I think are important, but they all clearly have a perspective and an agenda that comes from a particular worldview. So let’s get that out in the open. Maybe nothing in your liberal arts education is free from bias, but that does not mean we shy away from considering the information, ideas, arguments and critiques.
What is bias? For the purposes of our consideration, bias is really just about a set of values that can color or distort fair judgment. We can sometimes recognize obvious bias in others, especially when people use overtly discriminatory or offensive language, or have a clear political or ideological perspective that makes everything they present go through that lens. But more than anything else, I want us to think a.
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in du.docxDIPESH30
Please think about the various learning activities you engaged in during this unit.
write one page summarizing the following:
Multiculturalism plays an important role in many schools today.
How can this be incorporated into everyday lessons related to health, safety, and nutrition?
How has your school (or your children’s school) incorporated multiculturalism into their lesson?
.
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question.docxDIPESH30
Please type out the question and answer it underneath. Each question should be about a page long DOUBLE SPACED and cited.
Please use the articles that I PROVIDE!
Due date is this Sunday the 14th.
First two articles answer the questions 1 & 2 , the last article answers question 3
PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
.
Please use the following technique-Outline the legal issues t.docxDIPESH30
Please use the following technique:
-
Outline the legal issues that you are going to discuss in your answer
-
Define the legal rules that are relevant to the question
-
Apply the legal rules to the facts of the question
-
Formulate a decision of which party should be successful
The use of headings for each relationship discussed is suggested.
Application of legal principles to the facts is the most important and often the hardest step. I am more interested in how you arrived at your answer, than the actual conclusions that you draw. Having said that, the “kitchen sink approach” is not suggested – i.e. spilling all of your knowledge that is vaguely related to the issue raised into your answer.
Please do not simply say, “Andrew is liable for negligence.” You must go through the analysis for why or why not a particular tort claim will be successful.
Use the language of the question.
Be as comprehensive and thorough as possible when responding to each issue – canvas all possible answers. If you have considered the application of a particular contractual concept, but after analysis, you have decided that it is not applicable, please go through your analysis.
If any possible remedies are available to either party, please identify with supporting reasons.
Assume for each relationship that the matter is being litigated in court,
not
through alternative dispute resolution.
DUE: TUESDAY MARCH 24
th
, 2015 at beginning of class
No midterms will be accepted after this date.
Tort Law Problem
Andrew Black is the owner of Confederation Mall (“Mall”) located in New Minas, Nova Scotia. Mr. Black leases out many retail spaces in the Mall to a wide range of businesses. He prides himself as a local success story. The people of New Minas truly admire his entrepreneurial success.
George Orange, owner of Guppy World, a pet fish store, has been a long-time tenant of Confederation Mall. Colin and Darren work for Mr. Orange. Colin was repairing a ceiling fan when he asked Darren to toss him a screwdriver, as Colin was up on a step-ladder at the time. Darren, standing 15 feet away, underhand tosses the screwdriver to Colin. Darren overshoots the toss and the screwdriver shatters a glass fish tank containing a piranha fish. At the same time a customer, Sally, was walking towards the check-out to purchase fish food, when she slipped on the water from the broken tank, fell to the floor and fractured her wrist. She is also bitten on the ankle by the piranha. When Mr. Orange tried to assist Sally, he smelled a strong smell of alcoholic beverage coming from her mouth. Colin noted that Sally appeared to be staggering slightly before falling.
Sally was transported to the hospital by paramedics. The doctor determines that Sally’s foot needs to be amputated due to the piranha bite and she needs to wear a cast on her wrist for 6-8 weeks due to the fracture.
Word of the piranha bite spreads like wild fire throughout the Mall. Evelyn, who suff.
Please use from these stratagies This homework will be to copyies .docxDIPESH30
Please use from these stratagies
This homework will be to copyies with different stratgies !!11
Rubrics
Revising Reading
RAFT
Quick write
Learning loge
KAMAL
Gallery walks
Data charts
All about book
Cubing Clusters Authors chair
Words Walks
.
PLEASE THOROUGHLY ANSWER THE FOLLOWING FIVE QUESTIONS BELOW IN.docxDIPESH30
PLEASE THOROUGHLY ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
FIVE
QUESTIONS BELOW IN A 500 Word Count Discussion
Contrast the dynamics between dominant cultures and subcultures either in a work setting or in society.
Explain why it is important to understand the impact of culture.
Give an example where you demonstrated your awareness and or openness to understanding a cultural difference.
Explain how these differences underscore the need for understanding diversity.
From the information given, develop guidelines for embracing diversity.
YOU MUST USE ONE CITED SCHOLARLY SOURCE. PROPERLY CITED IN APA FORM WITH AN REFERENCE PAGE ON THE BOTTOM. DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA (THESE ARE NOT CITED SCHOLARLY SOURCES)
DO NOT TURN IN A PLAGIARIZED PAPER, WE WILL REPORT YOU.....
THIS PAPER IS DUE TODAY 12/11/2014.... 8 HOURS FROM NOW MAX NO LATER....SERIOUS INQUIRIES ONLY...DO NOT TAKE THIS PAPER IF YOU DO NOT KNOW THE TOPIC.....
.
Please share your thoughts about how well your employer, military .docxDIPESH30
Please share your thoughts about how well your employer, military base, or home responds to environmental concerns. Provide examples of some types.
1.
Issue 4
-
Re-Wilding
a. Explain what re-wilding is and how it became an issue.
b. Outline and discuss three main areas of disagreement between Josh Donlan and Rubenstein et al.
c. Which side do you agree with? Explain your answer.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
1.
Issue 5
-
Military Training and the Environment
a. Explain the history of military training and the environment.
b. Outline and discuss three main areas of disagreement between Benedict Cohen and Jamie Clark.
c. Which side do you agree with? Explain your answer.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
1.
Issue 6
-
Carbon Emission Restrictions
a. Explain the history of carbon emissions and why the debate over carbon emissions exists.
b. Outline and discuss three main areas of disagreement between Paul Cicio and Eileen Claussen.
c. Which side do you agree with? Explain your answer.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
1.
Explain in your own words the Section 2017 initiative which Jamie Clark describes on. Then describe how you think Benedict Cohen would respond to Jamie Clark's presentation of Section 2017. Your response should be at least 200 words in length. as source material for your response. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
Explain carbon trading, carbon offsets, and cap and trade. How are each similar? How are each different? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. as source material for your response. All sources used, , must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Put citation under each answer please
.
Please select and answer one of the following topics in a well-org.docxDIPESH30
Please select and answer one of the following topics in a well-organized and thoughtful paper (a minimum of 10 pages in
length). Your paper must contain at least five references in addition to the text. CSU requires that students use the APA
style for papers and projects. Therefore, the APA rules for formatting, quoting, paraphrasing, citing, and listing of sources
are to be followed.
1. If your employer's EMS is registered to ISO 14000, review the registration process. What were the most
difficult implementation activities? How long did it take? How easy was it to get worker buy-in and
participation? Cost? Others.
.
Please see the attachment for the actual work that is require. This.docxDIPESH30
Please see the attachment for the actual work that is require. This will be due on Sunday Nov 9, 2014.
THIS ISTHE CASE STUDY ATTACHED IS THE DIRECTIONS ON OW TO COMPLETE THE TASK.
Case Study Analysis
When it comes to planning events how many of us take the proper steps and put in the time and how many of us wait till the last minute to plan our event? What's the outcome of an event that has had the proper planning? Usually, a properly planned event is a huge success, and people leave-taking away information that will help them either improve, grow as a person or be successful at their job. People who try to plan events without taking the proper steps find themselves running into many problems along the way. Before they know it, they are out of time to fix any issues or problems that arise. Running out of time can lead to frustration, panic, and eventually the thought of “what am I going to do". Even though the steps to planning an event can be time-consuming, proper planning can ease frustration and anxiety, and lead to a successful event. Proper planning can eliminate the “What am I going to do” question.
Background
In the case study, Carl Robins did not plan for his event very well. He hired 15 new trainees and wanted to schedule a new hire orientation on June 15
th
. His goal was to have the new hires working by July. Carl had only been at his job for six months, and this was his first recruitment effort, so it is crucial for this event to work in Carl’s favor. Carl was contacted by Monica Carrolls, the soon to be Supervisor of the new hires, on May 15
th
. Monica was following up with Carl on how the planning for his orientation was going. She asked him about physicals, drug tests, the training schedule, orientation, manuals, and policy booklets. Carl told Monica that everything would be fine and ready to go in time for orientation. After Memorial Day, Carl finally decided to start planning for his event. Unfortunately; because Carl did not do any planning after hiring the fifteen new trainees and waited till the last minute to plan his event, he ran into multiple problems. When Carl finally decided to start planning for his event, he found that the training room where he was going to hold his orientation was booked for the whole month of June by a fellow associate named Joe. Joe was from technology services and needed the room for computer terminals. When he went to finalize the paperwork for his event, he found that some of the new hire trainees did not have completed transcripts or applications on file; nor had they gone to the clinic for their physicals and mandatory drug screenings. He then checked the orientation manuals and found that there were only three and that those three had missing pages. By now, Carl is very concerned, his anxiety is at a level high, and he is so frustrated that he sits with his head on his desk with the thought of “What am I going to do”.
Alternatives
At this point, Carl can .
Please see the attachment and look over the LOOK HERE FIRST file b.docxDIPESH30
Please see the attachment and look over the "LOOK HERE FIRST" file before handshaking to make sure you're committed to the assignment. Everything you need is within the zip folder attached. Thanks in advance. I had someone working on this and then they stopped answering me. Please don't be that person.
.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Kelley King Heyworth, Vaccines The Reality Behind the Debate, P.docx
1. Kelley King Heyworth, "Vaccines: The Reality Behind the
Debate," Parents, May 2010. Reprinted by permission.
"We have to move forward and be willing to accept what
science tells us: Vaccines do not cause autism."
In the following viewpoint, Kelley King Heyworth reports that
the medical community is overwhelmingly supportive of
childhood vaccinations. Heyworth believes that despite a
growing movement that insists on a causal connection between
vaccinations and autism, evidence refutes this claim. As one
doctor explains in Heyworth's viewpoint, there is more likely a
coincidental link between immunization schedules and
diagnoses of autism because the disease tends to arise when
children are young—around the same ages that they are
receiving vaccinations. Heyworth warns that refusing
vaccination for fear of autism endangers the unvaccinated child
and the whole community because formerly controlled diseases
such as measles and whooping cough have reemerged in
unvaccinated populations. Kelley King Heyworth is a writer
who has written for Parents and Sports Illustrated magazines.
She is married to a medical researcher.
As you read, consider the following questions:
1. As Heyworth writes, what mercury-containing preservative in
vaccines did Andrew Wakefield argue might push infants'
mercury exposure beyond safe limits?
2. According to the author, what happened to Wakefield's
notorious publication in February 2010?
3. As Heyworth reports, why did the drug manufacturer Merck
recall certain lots of the Hib vaccine distributed in 2007?
As Summer Estall approached her first birthday, her mom, Lisa,
had more on her mind than party plans. Summer was about to
receive not only cake, and presents, but also—surprise!—her
fourth round of shots in ten months. "Her last vaccinations had
been tough," says Estall, of Grand Forks, North Dakota. "She
was her usual happy self after being examined by the doctor,
2. but then we were called into a room where two nurses were both
holding long needles. They told me to lay Summer on the table,
pull her pants down, and pin down her arms. Of course, she
started to scream, and it felt like I was preparing her for torture.
By the time the nurses got the Band-Aids on, Summer seemed to
be okay—but I was a wreck."
However, it wasn't just the painful pricks that worried Estall
about her daughter's 12-month shots. "Everywhere I go,
someone's talking about the danger of vaccines," she says.
"There are moms posting about their kids' side effects on just
about every online parenting forum. The other day I had coffee
with two friends, and one of them said she wasn't vaccinating
her kids. I can't help but wonder: Should I really be injecting a
healthy child with these things?"
Medical Community Supports Vaccination
The answer from the vast majority of medical experts is a
resounding "yes." The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics
(AAP) recommend that healthy children get vaccinated against
14 diseases by age 2 (with boosters later for some), along with
an annual inoculation against the flu. In fact, the government
supports vaccines so strongly that any uninsured child can walk
into a clinic and get his or her shots for free. "Immunizations
are simply one of the greatest public-health achievements," says
Mary Glodé, M.D., professor of pediatrics at the University of
Colorado in Denver.
And yet, despite doctors' reassurances and mounting evidence
that underscores the safety and value of vaccination, many
educated, dedicated parents are still wary of vaccines—or
passionately opposed to them. Although the national
immunization rate has remained stable over the past decade (76
percent of children aged 19 to 35 months were up-to-date on all
of their shots in 2008), that's still short of the government's goal
of 80 percent. In some pockets of the country, a rising number
of parents are delaying shots for their kids or skipping certain
ones altogether, citing religious or philosophical exemptions
3. from state laws that require kids to be vaccinated in order to
attend school. As a result, there have been recent outbreaks of
serious diseases that vaccines had virtually wiped out in the
U.S., including measles, mumps, pertussis (whooping cough),
and haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), which was once the
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in kids under 5.
Infectious-disease specialists say these cases are due to a
breakdown of what's known as "herd immunity." In order for a
community to be fully protected against a disease, 80 to 90
percent of its population needs to have been vaccinated, says
pediatrician Lance Rodewald, M.D., director of the
Immunization Services Division of the CDC. Whenever
coverage drops significantly below that level, a school, a
church, or a neighborhood becomes susceptible to the disease.
Babies who aren't old enough to get the shot yet are at the
greatest risk of becoming sick.
Most of the recent measles outbreaks have been traced to
individuals who visited a country where vaccine-preventable
diseases still flourish. "The fact is, all of these diseases still
exist—some circulate in this country and others are only a plane
ride away." says Dr. Rodewald. "They could easily become
widespread again if more people refuse vaccines."
Refuting Autism-Vaccination Link
Ask parents what scares them most about the shots, and you'll
likely get one answer: autism. Many people believe that the
increased number of vaccines—children now get twice as many
as they did in 1980 and can receive up to 20 injections by their
first birthday—are to blame for the rise in kids with autism
spectrum disorders (ASD). The idea first made headlines in
1998, when Andrew Wakefield, M.D., a British
gastroenterologist, published a study of 12 children in The
Lancet that linked the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
combination vaccine with intestinal problems that he believed
led to autism. The following year, the AAP issued a warning
about thimerosal, the mercury-containing preservative that was
found in most vaccines. Though it didn't mention autism
4. specifically, it suggested that the use of vaccines with
thimerosal could theoretically push an infant's total exposure of
mercury, a neurotoxin, above safe limits, and it recommended
that the preservative be removed from shots. The vaccine-
autism hypothesis was solidly in the mainstream by the time
actress Jenny McCarthy went public with her belief that
vaccines caused her son's autism, describing in heartbreaking
detail how "the soul left his eyes" on a 2007 segment of the The
Oprah Show. "It was enough to scare any mother," says Eileen
Pike, of West Palm Beach, Florida, who has chosen to delay
certain vaccines for her son, now 23 months.
However, at least seven large studies in major medical journals
have now found no association between the MMR vaccine and
ASD—and this February [2010], The Lancet officially retracted
Dr. Wakefield's original paper. (Revelations that he had failed
to disclose connections to lawyers involved in vaccine litigation
also emerged.) In March, the U.S. Court of Federal Claims,
Office of Special Masters, a group of judges appointed to
handle cases of families who believe immunizations were
responsible for their child's autism, ruled that thimerosal in
vaccines does not increase the risk of the disorder. (In 2008, a
federal judge did award compensation to the family of Hannah
Poling, a child with mitochondrial disorder, a rare condition
that can show symptoms of autism, which she was diagnosed
with shortly after receiving five vaccines.) Several demographic
analyses have also found that autism rates continued to rise
even after thimerosal was removed from all vaccines except
some flu shots.
So why are there so many stories of children developing autism
shortly after immunizations—not just in the media, but also in
the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, the federally
cosponsored program that collects reports of suspected vaccine-
related injury or illness? Experts believe that the association is
almost certainly coincidental. Children get their first dose of the
MMR vaccine at 12 to 15 months, the age at which autism
symptoms typically become noticeable, says Paul Offit, M.D.,
5. director of the vaccine education center at Children's Hospital
of Philadelphia and the author of Autism's False Profits: Bad
Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure. "It's the
same reason why there are reports of SIDS [sudden infant death
syndrome] deaths after DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis)
immunizations," says Dr. Offit. "Infants start the DTaP vaccine
between 2 and 6 months, which is the time they're also most
likely to die from SIDS." In fact, some autism activists now
believe that we should't even do more studies about a possible
vaccine connection because they take attention and money away
from important research that is investigating other potential
causes of the disorder. "We have to move forward and be
willing to accept what science tells us: Vaccines do not cause
autism," says Alison Singer, president of the Autism Science
Foundation and the mother of a child with autism.
Weighing the Risks
That doesn't mean that vaccines aren't capable of causing
adverse effects beyond a sore arm and a slight fever. In 1986,
the government created the National Vaccine Injury
Compensation Program to reimburse families whose children
had serious side effects, and it has awarded nearly $2 billion on
2,398 claims. But most doctors say that the odds of
experiencing a vaccine-related injury are greatly outweighed by
the dangers of catching a vaccine-preventable disease. The
measles vaccine, for instance, can cause a temporary reduction
in platelets (which control bleeding after an injury) in 1 in
30,000 children, but 1 in 2,000 will die if they get measles
itself. The DTaP vaccine can cause seizures or a temporary
"shocklike" state in 1 in 14,000 people, and acute encephalitis
(brain swelling) in 11 in 1 million. But the diseases it
prevents—diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis—are fatal in 1 in 20
cases, 1 in 10 cases, and 1 in 1,500 cases, respectively.
If the FDA determines that a vaccine poses a real risk to more
than a tiny percentage of children, the agency won't let it be
used. "Before a new vaccine is approved, it goes through a
prospective, placebo-controlled trial involving tens of thousands
6. of children," says Dr. Offit, who was a cocreator of RotaTeq,
one of two current rotavirus gastroenteritis vaccines. Once a
vaccine is in use, side-effect reports are analyzed by the
Vaccine Safety Datalink, a program that collects patient
information from managed-care organizations. In 2001,
government scientists concluded that Wyeth's Rotashield, an
earlier vaccine against rotavirus, could cause one extra case of
bowel obstruction for every 10,000 babies who were immunized
each year, and they halted its use in the U.S. Sometimes
vaccines are pulled from shelves as a precaution: In 2007,
certain lots of Merck's Hib vaccine were recalled after the
company found bacteria on manufacturing equipment, even
though the vaccines themselves tested negative for
contamination.
Finding a Middle Ground
Not all parents are reassured by facts like these. After all, most
have met a child with autism; probably few have seen one who
has crippling polio. Moms want to eliminate even a remote
chance that their child will experience side effects from a
vaccine, and they may fear that multiple injections could
overwhelm the immune system. In fact, a national survey of
parents published in Pediatrics [in April 2010] (although
conducted in 2009, before the retraction of Dr. Wakefield's
study), found that 54 percent of parents were concerned about
the serious adverse effects of vaccines, and 25 percent believed
that some vaccines cause autism.
Enter Robert Sears, M.D., author of The Vaccine Book: Making
the Right Decision for Your Child. Published in 2007, it
includes a different immunization schedule that delays or spaces
out several vaccines so that children never receive more than
two shots at a time—and it has become a bible for many
parents. Dr. Sears says that his main purpose is to make sure
that children whose parents would otherwise opt out of
immunizations get at least some protection. His top concern is
aluminum, an ingredient that is added to half of all vaccines to
boost their effectiveness. "Most experts believe the amount of
7. aluminum contained in vaccines is safe, but studies in human
infants haven't proven that," says Dr. Sears. "Spacing them out
seems like the best way to limit overexposure."
Research has shown, however, that kids are exposed to more
aluminum in breast milk or infant formula than through
vaccines. And in 2004, The Cochrane Collaboration, an
international not-for-profit health-care research organization,
analyzed five studies on the effects of aluminum-containing
vaccines and concluded that children who receive them are no
more likely to experience any serious or long-lasting health
problems than those who don't. For parents who are concerned
about overburdening their child's immune system with multiple
vaccines, Dr. Offit points out that young children are exposed to
more antigens—bacteria, viruses, toxins, and other substances
that can stimulate disease-fighting antibodies—in a single day
of eating, playing and breathing than they are through
immunizations.
While popular with some parents, Dr. Sears's alternative
schedule has been criticized by the AAP. "Vaccines protect
babies' immature immune system," says Margaret Fisher, M.D.,
a pediatrician at The Children's Hospital at Monmouth Medical
Center, in New Jersey, and chair of the AAP section on
infectious diseases. "When you delay vaccines, you leave
children unprotected against dangerous diseases at the time
when they're most vulnerable." In 2008, for example, three of
the five kids in Minnesota who developed invasive Hib disease
(one of whom died) had parents who'd chosen to postpone
vaccination. "People always ask me, 'Which shot can I skip?'"
says Dr. Fisher. "Honestly, I can't think of one I'd wait on."
Protecting Children and Community
At the heart of the vaccine debate is the idea that when you
immunize your children you don't just protect them—you help
shield your entire community. Since some kids can't get certain
vaccines because they are allergic to ingredients like eggs, or
because they have immune-system deficiencies that prevent
vaccines from working (such as those with cancer who are
8. undergoing chemotherapy), many people feel that it's up to
healthy children to keep vaccination rates at a level that
protects the "herd" as much as possible.
This argument isn't just pitting parents against parents—it's also
turning parents against their pediatricians. "Parents often have a
hard time reasonably assessing the risks involved because
they've never had any experience with many of the diseases that
vaccines prevent," says Parents advisor Ari Brown, M.D., a
pediatrician in Austin, Texas, and author of Baby 411. "But I've
seen children with serious cases of measles, mumps, and
whooping cough, and I have seen a child die from chicken pox.
I promise you that these are diseases you don't want your child
to get."
Although some doctors are refusing to take on patients whose
families don't plan to immunize, it's important for parents and
pediatricians to have respectful conversations. In the end, many
doctors say that the strongest statement they can make in favor
of vaccinating kids is to point to the family photos on their
office walls. "Sometimes the only way that I can get through to
nervous parents is by telling them that I don't do anything
different for my own two children," says Dr. Brown.
"Fortunately, most parents do decide to vaccinate."
That was the case [in 2009] when Lisa Estall overcame her fears
and celebrated Summer's first birthday with a round of
immunizations. And it was the case when Alison Singer brought
her 12-year-old daughter, Jodie, who has autism, in for an H1N1
shot. "Kids were dying all across the country from this flu. Just
because my daughter has autism doesn't mean she should be
denied a potentially lifesaving vaccine," she says. "On the
contrary, I wanted her to be protected."
FURTHER READINGS
Books
· Arthur Allen Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's
Greatest Lifesaver. New York: Norton, 2007.
· Tony Barnett and Alan Whiteside AIDS in the Twenty-First
9. Century: Disease and Globalization. 2nd ed.; fully revised and
updated. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
· John M. Barry The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest
Pandemic in History. New York: Penguin, 2005.
· David P. Clark Germs, Genes, & Civilization: How Epidemics
Shaped Who We Are Today. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson,
2010.
· Madeline Drexler Emerging Epidemics: The Menace of New
Infections. New York: Penguin, 2003.
· Helen Epstein The Invisible Cure: Why We Are Losing the
Fight Against AIDS in Africa. New York: Picador, 2007.
· Laurie Garrett Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global
Public Health. New York: Hyperion, 2001.
· John Iliffe The African AIDS Epidemic: A History. Athens:
Ohio University Press, 2006.
· Maryn McKenna Superbug: The Fatal Menace of MRSA. New
York: Free Press, 2010.
· Joseph Mercola with Pat Killeen The Great Bird Flu Hoax:
The Truth They Don't Want You to Know About the "Next Big
Pandemic." Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2009.
· Neil Z. Miller Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective?
Santa Fe, NM: New Atlantean, 2008.
· Richard E. Neustadt and Harvey Fineberg The Epidemic That
Never Was: Policy-Making and the Swine Flu Scare. New York:
Vintage, 1983.
· Gary Null AIDS: A Second Opinion. New York: Seven
Stories, 2002.
· Michael B.A. Oldstone Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past,
Present, and Future. Rev. ed. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2010.
· Dan Olmsted and Mark Blaxil The Age of Autism: Mercury,
Medicine, and a Man-Made Epidemic. New York: Thomas
Dunne, 2010.
· Abigail A. Salyers and Dixie D. Whitt Revenge of the
Microbes: How Bacterial Resistance Is Undermining the
Antibiotic Miracle. Washington, DC: ASM, 2005.
10. · Jessica Snyder Sachs Good Germs, Bad Germs: Health and
Survival in a Bacterial World. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.
· Alan Sipress The Fatal Strain: On the Trail of Avian Flu and
the Coming Pandemic. New York: Viking, 2009.
· Michael Specter Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders
Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives.
New York: Penguin, 2009.
· Brad Spellberg Rising Plague: The Global Threat from Deadly
Bacteria and Our Dwindling Arsenal to Fight Them. New York:
Prometheus, 2009.
· Sherri J. Tenpenny Saying No to Vaccines. Middleburg
Heights, OH: NMA Media, 2008.
· Barry E. Zimmerman and David J. Zimmerman Killer Germs.
Chicago: Contemporary Books, 2003.
Periodicals
· Sharon Begley and Jeneen Interlandi "Anatomy of a Scare,"
Newsweek, March 2, 2009.
· Neil Genzlinger "Vaccinations: A Hot Debate Still Burning,"
New York Times, April 27, 2010.
· Andrew Grant "Vaccine Phobia Becomes a Public-Health
Threat," Discover, January/February 2010.
· Harriet Hall "Vaccines and Autism," Skeptic, June 3, 2009.
· Claudia Kalb "Stomping Through a Medical Minefield,"
Newsweek, November 3, 2008.
· Deborah Kotz "A Closer Look at Vaccines," U.S. News &
World Report, February 2009.
· Chris Mooney "Vaccination Nation," Discover, June 2009.
· Alice Park "How Safe Are Vaccines?" Time, June 2, 2008.
· Joel Stein "The Vaccination War," Time, September 28, 2009.
· Elizabeth Weise "Doctors: Letting Kids 'Get' the Flu Is Not a
Good Idea," USA Today, October 21, 2009.
· Keith J. Winstein "Fear of Vaccines Spurs Outbreaks, Study
Says," Wall Street Journal, May 7, 2009.
Source Citation:
Kelley King Heyworth. "Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism."
11. Opposing Viewpoints: Epidemics. Ed. David Haugen and Susan
Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints
Resource Center. Gale. COLUMBIA SOUTHERN UNIV. 18
July 2012
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