This document contains a psychology exam for Advanced Subsidiary level students. It consists of 9 multiple choice and essay questions testing knowledge of cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and research methods. The exam covers topics like memory models, research designs, attachment theory, eyewitness testimony, the effects of day care, and using case studies. Students have 1 hour and 30 minutes to complete the exam which is out of a total of 72 marks.
The document is a psychology exam paper assessing knowledge of cognitive psychology and research methods. It contains 10 multiple choice and short answer questions. Question 1 has three parts asking students to (A) match memory concepts to definitions, (B) outline the main features of the multi-store model of memory, and (C) explain how a given example can be used as criticism of the multi-store model.
This document contains instructions for a psychology exam. It provides information about the exam format, including the number of sections, questions, and time allotted. It instructs students to use black ink and fill in identifying information. The document outlines the marking criteria and advises students to show working for credit. Finally, it notes that question 8 requires a continuous prose answer and will be marked on writing ability and organization.
The document appears to be an exam paper for psychology. It contains 11 multiple choice and essay questions testing knowledge of biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. The exam covers topics like stress and health, conformity, abnormal psychology, and therapies for depression. Candidates are instructed to answer all questions in the spaces provided in 1 hour 30 minutes, showing their working. Scores are marked out of a total of 72 marks.
This document contains an exam for Psychology (Specification A) taken on 19 January 2011. It consists of 15 multiple choice and essay questions testing knowledge of biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. The exam is 1 hour and 30 minutes long and carries a maximum score of 72 marks. Candidates are instructed to answer all questions in the spaces provided, showing their working, and to plan their longer answers before writing them out.
Psychologists have studied the effects of institutionalization on children. Research has found that children raised in institutions show delays in cognitive and social development compared to children raised by families. However, some studies found that children can recover from the negative effects if moved to a family environment early. Overall, the research suggests that living in an institution can harm child development, but early intervention may help mitigate these effects.
The document is an exam paper for Psychology AS Level. It contains three sections: Biological Psychology, Social Psychology, and Individual Differences. Section A contains multiple choice and short answer questions about the pituitary-adrenal system, the impact of stress on wound healing, and correlations between stress and immune system activity. Section B focuses on conformity and social influence, with questions about internalization, compliance, and research on conformity. Section C addresses definitions of abnormality, approaches to psychopathology, and how systematic desensitization could help treat a specific phobia of heights. The exam paper tests knowledge across various topics in biological, social, and individual differences psychology.
1. The document is an exam paper for Psychology AS Level containing multiple choice and short answer questions covering biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences.
2. The exam consists of 3 sections: biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. Questions assess knowledge of topics like the body's stress response, Type A behavior, conformity, obedience, and approaches to psychopathology.
3. Students have 1 hour and 30 minutes to answer 16 questions in total, with marks allocated for each question ranging from 2 to 12 marks. Instructions provide guidance on answering questions and using additional answer sheets if needed.
1) Questionnaires are commonly used to measure the impact of life changes on health in stress research. One advantage is that they are easy to administer to large groups, while one disadvantage is that responses may not be accurate due to memory errors or exaggeration.
2) Paula has been experiencing headaches, colds, and sleep problems that are associated with stressful experiences like having too much homework and traffic jams. This suggests she has been experiencing daily hassles. The stress response model explains that her body's reaction to stress in the form of physiological arousal could be weakening her immune system and causing her illnesses.
3) Stressful life events, even minor ones, can trigger the
The document is a psychology exam paper assessing knowledge of cognitive psychology and research methods. It contains 10 multiple choice and short answer questions. Question 1 has three parts asking students to (A) match memory concepts to definitions, (B) outline the main features of the multi-store model of memory, and (C) explain how a given example can be used as criticism of the multi-store model.
This document contains instructions for a psychology exam. It provides information about the exam format, including the number of sections, questions, and time allotted. It instructs students to use black ink and fill in identifying information. The document outlines the marking criteria and advises students to show working for credit. Finally, it notes that question 8 requires a continuous prose answer and will be marked on writing ability and organization.
The document appears to be an exam paper for psychology. It contains 11 multiple choice and essay questions testing knowledge of biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. The exam covers topics like stress and health, conformity, abnormal psychology, and therapies for depression. Candidates are instructed to answer all questions in the spaces provided in 1 hour 30 minutes, showing their working. Scores are marked out of a total of 72 marks.
This document contains an exam for Psychology (Specification A) taken on 19 January 2011. It consists of 15 multiple choice and essay questions testing knowledge of biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. The exam is 1 hour and 30 minutes long and carries a maximum score of 72 marks. Candidates are instructed to answer all questions in the spaces provided, showing their working, and to plan their longer answers before writing them out.
Psychologists have studied the effects of institutionalization on children. Research has found that children raised in institutions show delays in cognitive and social development compared to children raised by families. However, some studies found that children can recover from the negative effects if moved to a family environment early. Overall, the research suggests that living in an institution can harm child development, but early intervention may help mitigate these effects.
The document is an exam paper for Psychology AS Level. It contains three sections: Biological Psychology, Social Psychology, and Individual Differences. Section A contains multiple choice and short answer questions about the pituitary-adrenal system, the impact of stress on wound healing, and correlations between stress and immune system activity. Section B focuses on conformity and social influence, with questions about internalization, compliance, and research on conformity. Section C addresses definitions of abnormality, approaches to psychopathology, and how systematic desensitization could help treat a specific phobia of heights. The exam paper tests knowledge across various topics in biological, social, and individual differences psychology.
1. The document is an exam paper for Psychology AS Level containing multiple choice and short answer questions covering biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences.
2. The exam consists of 3 sections: biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. Questions assess knowledge of topics like the body's stress response, Type A behavior, conformity, obedience, and approaches to psychopathology.
3. Students have 1 hour and 30 minutes to answer 16 questions in total, with marks allocated for each question ranging from 2 to 12 marks. Instructions provide guidance on answering questions and using additional answer sheets if needed.
1) Questionnaires are commonly used to measure the impact of life changes on health in stress research. One advantage is that they are easy to administer to large groups, while one disadvantage is that responses may not be accurate due to memory errors or exaggeration.
2) Paula has been experiencing headaches, colds, and sleep problems that are associated with stressful experiences like having too much homework and traffic jams. This suggests she has been experiencing daily hassles. The stress response model explains that her body's reaction to stress in the form of physiological arousal could be weakening her immune system and causing her illnesses.
3) Stressful life events, even minor ones, can trigger the
This document is an exam paper for an Advanced Subsidiary GCE Physical Education exam. It consists of three sections covering various topics in anatomy and physiology, acquiring movement skills, and socio-cultural studies relating to participation in physical activity. Candidates are required to answer multiple choice and free response questions that may include defining terms, describing processes, outlining concepts, critically evaluating ideas, and discussing relationships. The paper tests the candidates' knowledge of key concepts in physical education and their ability to communicate responses clearly.
This document is a practice exam paper for the 2012 Malaysian SPM examination. It contains 20 printed pages assessing Science. The exam paper tests students' understanding of experiments on heat conductivity, hardness of metals, and plant nutrient needs. It includes diagrams of the experiments, tables of results, and questions requiring students to analyze variables, make observations and inferences, and state hypotheses. The paper aims to prepare students for the actual SPM exam by providing a final practice test.
This document is an exam paper for the General Certificate of Secondary Education in Applied Science: Double Award. It consists of 6 multiple choice and short answer questions covering various topics in applied science, including microbiology, energy, materials, and farming methods. The paper is 1 hour and 30 minutes long and contains a total of 70 marks. It instructs students to answer all questions in the spaces provided and provides information on the number of marks available for each question.
This document outlines lecture notes on machine learning. It introduces machine learning and discusses different paradigms of learning including assigning parameters, rote learning, knowledge acquisition, concept learning from examples, and neural networks. It covers topics such as concept learning, languages for learning, version space learning, induction of decision trees, covering strategies, searching generalization graphs, inductive logic programming, Bayesian approaches, minimum description length principle, unsupervised learning, and explanation-based learning.
This document provides a summary of Objective-C syntax and concepts for developers transitioning from C++. It covers key topics such as classes, inheritance, memory management using reference counting, and the use of autorelease pools. The author thanks several individuals for their feedback and corrections during the development of this educational resource.
1. Cognitive interviews use two techniques to improve witness recall: (1) context reinstatement, which asks witnesses to mentally reinstate the context of the event, and (2) reporting everything, which encourages witnesses to report all details regardless of perceived importance.
2. A brain scan showing different areas of the brain activating for verbal versus visual tasks relates to the working memory model, which proposes separate subsystems for verbal and visual information. Appropriate tasks could be a word recall test for verbal and a pattern recognition test for visual.
3. Eyewitness testimony is fallible due to factors like suggestive questioning, unconscious transference, and decay of memory over time. Reliability can be improved through techniques that reduce
This document contains an exam for Psychology (Specification A) taken on 19 January 2011. It consists of 15 multiple choice and essay questions testing knowledge of biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. The exam is 1 hour and 30 minutes long and carries a maximum score of 72 marks. Candidates are instructed to answer all questions in the spaces provided, showing their working, and to plan their longer answers before writing them out.
This document appears to be an exam paper for Psychology. It contains instructions for candidates on how to fill out the exam, allocates marks for each question, and provides space to write answers for 6 multiple choice and essay questions. The first section focuses on biological psychology and asks candidates to match parts of the stress response system with the pituitary-adrenal system and sympathomedullary pathway. Subsequent questions ask about the strengths of using questionnaires to research stress and request a description of studies on workplace stress.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a Physical Education course. It contains instructions for candidates on how to fill out personal information and answer the exam questions. There are three sections (A, B and C) and candidates must answer one question from each section. Section A focuses on exercise and energy systems and contains one question with three parts about the efficient use of energy by endurance athletes, the process of producing energy efficiently, and how recovery influences future performances. Candidates are advised to spend twice as much time on Section C as it is worth double the marks. The document provides spaces to write answers and shows the mark allocation for each question part.
This document contains specimen assessment materials for GCSE Film Studies. It includes sample exam papers for two units - Paper 1: Exploring Film, and Paper 2: Exploring Film Outside Hollywood. Each paper contains multiple choice and short answer questions assessing students' knowledge and understanding of film concepts, genres, analysis techniques and the context of film production and exhibition. Marking guidelines are also provided to outline the criteria and marks allocated for potential student responses. The assessment materials aim to test students' comprehension, application and evaluation of key film studies topics.
This document is an exam paper for an Advanced Subsidiary GCE Physical Education exam. It consists of three sections covering various topics in anatomy and physiology, acquiring movement skills, and socio-cultural studies relating to participation in physical activity. Students are required to answer multiple choice and free response questions that assess their understanding of these key concepts in physical education.
1. This document appears to be instructions and questions for a biology exam on various topics including transpiration, cells, tissues, leaf structure, the human eye, breathing system, hormones, and thermoregulation.
2. It provides definitions and diagrams to label, as well as questions requiring explanations of processes, structures, and their functions.
3. Students are instructed to fill in their details, answer all questions, read carefully, and show their working clearly while not talking or copying from others during the exam.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a Physical Education course. It provides instructions for candidates on how to fill out personal information at the top, which questions to answer from each section, how to indicate their responses, and information about marking and time limits. The first question asks candidates to explain how and why an athlete might carbohydrate load to improve endurance performance, and to identify any potential problems. It also asks them to explain how the aerobic energy pathway resynthesizes ATP.
Bruce Parry has been traveling the world and living with indigenous tribes. The newspaper article discusses Parry's recent travels where he lived with the Surma tribe in Ethiopia and the Waorani tribe in Ecuador. It describes some of the hardships Parry endured while living with these tribes, including drinking blood and eating ants and larvae. The article aims to convey the difficulties of truly living as a member of these primitive tribes.
Here are the key points about the effects of competing in front of a home crowd on performance:
Positive effects:
- Increased motivation and confidence from support of home fans
- Familiarity with home facilities/conditions can provide an advantage
- Pressure is placed on opponents playing away from their own fans
Negative effects:
- Increased pressure and nerves from wanting to perform well for home fans
- Disappointment of home fans if performance is poor could negatively impact motivation
- Bias from home crowd and officials could lead to distractions
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Here are three reformative policies that can be used by sporting facilities to encourage participation amongst target groups:
1. Offer reduced membership fees or free trials for target groups to reduce financial barriers to participation.
2. Provide equipment suitable for all abilities and needs (e.g. adaptive equipment for people with disabilities) to encourage participation by all.
3. Schedule activities and sessions at various times of the day and week to accommodate different work and family schedules. This makes participation more convenient for more people.
1. The document contains instructions for a multiple choice exam with 60 questions. Candidates must answer any 50 questions, and only the first 50 attempted will be graded.
2. Examinees have 5 minutes to verify the test booklet is not damaged or missing pages before starting. They must fill in test booklet and OMR sheet codes for matching.
3. Instructions provide details on selecting answers, handling the OMR sheet, writing in the test booklet, and general exam policies like starting and ending on time.
This document provides instructions for taking an exam with multiple choice questions. It states that the exam consists of 60 questions, and candidates must answer 50 questions. Candidates have 5 minutes to verify that their exam booklet is complete before starting. They must fill in information from the booklet on the answer sheet, which is used for two parts of the exam, and mark their answers by darkening circles on the answer sheet corresponding to the question numbers. The document provides several other guidelines for properly completing the exam.
This document discusses 4 common ethical issues in research: deception, informed consent, protection of participants, and confidentiality. It provides guidance on how to properly deal with each issue to ensure research is conducted ethically.
This document discusses ethical issues in psychological research and guidelines for addressing them. It outlines that researchers must follow ethical guidelines to protect participants from harm. The key ethical issues covered are deception of participants, lack of informed consent, and lack of protection of participants. The document then describes several approaches researchers can take to address these issues, such as debriefing participants, obtaining retrospective or presumptive consent, ensuring confidentiality of data, and allowing participants to withdraw from studies.
This document discusses social influence and conformity. It defines social influence as how people affect each other's attitudes and behavior. Conformity is changing one's behavior or thoughts in response to group pressure. There are two types of conformity: compliance, which involves superficial public changes in behavior but not personal views; and internalization, which involves deep private changes in both behavior and personal views. The document summarizes classic studies by Asch and Sherif that demonstrated compliance and internalization through line-judgment tasks and estimates of light movement.
This document is an exam paper for an Advanced Subsidiary GCE Physical Education exam. It consists of three sections covering various topics in anatomy and physiology, acquiring movement skills, and socio-cultural studies relating to participation in physical activity. Candidates are required to answer multiple choice and free response questions that may include defining terms, describing processes, outlining concepts, critically evaluating ideas, and discussing relationships. The paper tests the candidates' knowledge of key concepts in physical education and their ability to communicate responses clearly.
This document is a practice exam paper for the 2012 Malaysian SPM examination. It contains 20 printed pages assessing Science. The exam paper tests students' understanding of experiments on heat conductivity, hardness of metals, and plant nutrient needs. It includes diagrams of the experiments, tables of results, and questions requiring students to analyze variables, make observations and inferences, and state hypotheses. The paper aims to prepare students for the actual SPM exam by providing a final practice test.
This document is an exam paper for the General Certificate of Secondary Education in Applied Science: Double Award. It consists of 6 multiple choice and short answer questions covering various topics in applied science, including microbiology, energy, materials, and farming methods. The paper is 1 hour and 30 minutes long and contains a total of 70 marks. It instructs students to answer all questions in the spaces provided and provides information on the number of marks available for each question.
This document outlines lecture notes on machine learning. It introduces machine learning and discusses different paradigms of learning including assigning parameters, rote learning, knowledge acquisition, concept learning from examples, and neural networks. It covers topics such as concept learning, languages for learning, version space learning, induction of decision trees, covering strategies, searching generalization graphs, inductive logic programming, Bayesian approaches, minimum description length principle, unsupervised learning, and explanation-based learning.
This document provides a summary of Objective-C syntax and concepts for developers transitioning from C++. It covers key topics such as classes, inheritance, memory management using reference counting, and the use of autorelease pools. The author thanks several individuals for their feedback and corrections during the development of this educational resource.
1. Cognitive interviews use two techniques to improve witness recall: (1) context reinstatement, which asks witnesses to mentally reinstate the context of the event, and (2) reporting everything, which encourages witnesses to report all details regardless of perceived importance.
2. A brain scan showing different areas of the brain activating for verbal versus visual tasks relates to the working memory model, which proposes separate subsystems for verbal and visual information. Appropriate tasks could be a word recall test for verbal and a pattern recognition test for visual.
3. Eyewitness testimony is fallible due to factors like suggestive questioning, unconscious transference, and decay of memory over time. Reliability can be improved through techniques that reduce
This document contains an exam for Psychology (Specification A) taken on 19 January 2011. It consists of 15 multiple choice and essay questions testing knowledge of biological psychology, social psychology, and individual differences. The exam is 1 hour and 30 minutes long and carries a maximum score of 72 marks. Candidates are instructed to answer all questions in the spaces provided, showing their working, and to plan their longer answers before writing them out.
This document appears to be an exam paper for Psychology. It contains instructions for candidates on how to fill out the exam, allocates marks for each question, and provides space to write answers for 6 multiple choice and essay questions. The first section focuses on biological psychology and asks candidates to match parts of the stress response system with the pituitary-adrenal system and sympathomedullary pathway. Subsequent questions ask about the strengths of using questionnaires to research stress and request a description of studies on workplace stress.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a Physical Education course. It contains instructions for candidates on how to fill out personal information and answer the exam questions. There are three sections (A, B and C) and candidates must answer one question from each section. Section A focuses on exercise and energy systems and contains one question with three parts about the efficient use of energy by endurance athletes, the process of producing energy efficiently, and how recovery influences future performances. Candidates are advised to spend twice as much time on Section C as it is worth double the marks. The document provides spaces to write answers and shows the mark allocation for each question part.
This document contains specimen assessment materials for GCSE Film Studies. It includes sample exam papers for two units - Paper 1: Exploring Film, and Paper 2: Exploring Film Outside Hollywood. Each paper contains multiple choice and short answer questions assessing students' knowledge and understanding of film concepts, genres, analysis techniques and the context of film production and exhibition. Marking guidelines are also provided to outline the criteria and marks allocated for potential student responses. The assessment materials aim to test students' comprehension, application and evaluation of key film studies topics.
This document is an exam paper for an Advanced Subsidiary GCE Physical Education exam. It consists of three sections covering various topics in anatomy and physiology, acquiring movement skills, and socio-cultural studies relating to participation in physical activity. Students are required to answer multiple choice and free response questions that assess their understanding of these key concepts in physical education.
1. This document appears to be instructions and questions for a biology exam on various topics including transpiration, cells, tissues, leaf structure, the human eye, breathing system, hormones, and thermoregulation.
2. It provides definitions and diagrams to label, as well as questions requiring explanations of processes, structures, and their functions.
3. Students are instructed to fill in their details, answer all questions, read carefully, and show their working clearly while not talking or copying from others during the exam.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a Physical Education course. It provides instructions for candidates on how to fill out personal information at the top, which questions to answer from each section, how to indicate their responses, and information about marking and time limits. The first question asks candidates to explain how and why an athlete might carbohydrate load to improve endurance performance, and to identify any potential problems. It also asks them to explain how the aerobic energy pathway resynthesizes ATP.
Bruce Parry has been traveling the world and living with indigenous tribes. The newspaper article discusses Parry's recent travels where he lived with the Surma tribe in Ethiopia and the Waorani tribe in Ecuador. It describes some of the hardships Parry endured while living with these tribes, including drinking blood and eating ants and larvae. The article aims to convey the difficulties of truly living as a member of these primitive tribes.
Here are the key points about the effects of competing in front of a home crowd on performance:
Positive effects:
- Increased motivation and confidence from support of home fans
- Familiarity with home facilities/conditions can provide an advantage
- Pressure is placed on opponents playing away from their own fans
Negative effects:
- Increased pressure and nerves from wanting to perform well for home fans
- Disappointment of home fans if performance is poor could negatively impact motivation
- Bias from home crowd and officials could lead to distractions
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
................................
Here are three reformative policies that can be used by sporting facilities to encourage participation amongst target groups:
1. Offer reduced membership fees or free trials for target groups to reduce financial barriers to participation.
2. Provide equipment suitable for all abilities and needs (e.g. adaptive equipment for people with disabilities) to encourage participation by all.
3. Schedule activities and sessions at various times of the day and week to accommodate different work and family schedules. This makes participation more convenient for more people.
1. The document contains instructions for a multiple choice exam with 60 questions. Candidates must answer any 50 questions, and only the first 50 attempted will be graded.
2. Examinees have 5 minutes to verify the test booklet is not damaged or missing pages before starting. They must fill in test booklet and OMR sheet codes for matching.
3. Instructions provide details on selecting answers, handling the OMR sheet, writing in the test booklet, and general exam policies like starting and ending on time.
This document provides instructions for taking an exam with multiple choice questions. It states that the exam consists of 60 questions, and candidates must answer 50 questions. Candidates have 5 minutes to verify that their exam booklet is complete before starting. They must fill in information from the booklet on the answer sheet, which is used for two parts of the exam, and mark their answers by darkening circles on the answer sheet corresponding to the question numbers. The document provides several other guidelines for properly completing the exam.
This document discusses 4 common ethical issues in research: deception, informed consent, protection of participants, and confidentiality. It provides guidance on how to properly deal with each issue to ensure research is conducted ethically.
This document discusses ethical issues in psychological research and guidelines for addressing them. It outlines that researchers must follow ethical guidelines to protect participants from harm. The key ethical issues covered are deception of participants, lack of informed consent, and lack of protection of participants. The document then describes several approaches researchers can take to address these issues, such as debriefing participants, obtaining retrospective or presumptive consent, ensuring confidentiality of data, and allowing participants to withdraw from studies.
This document discusses social influence and conformity. It defines social influence as how people affect each other's attitudes and behavior. Conformity is changing one's behavior or thoughts in response to group pressure. There are two types of conformity: compliance, which involves superficial public changes in behavior but not personal views; and internalization, which involves deep private changes in both behavior and personal views. The document summarizes classic studies by Asch and Sherif that demonstrated compliance and internalization through line-judgment tasks and estimates of light movement.
This document discusses two types of social influence that can lead to conformity: normative social influence (NSI) and informational social influence (ISI). NSI is when people conform to be liked and accepted by others, usually publicly. Research like Asch's line experiment provides evidence for NSI. ISI is when people conform in ambiguous situations to seem right by following what others perceive as correct, often privately changing their beliefs. Sherif's autokinetic effect experiment supports ISI. The document compares NSI and ISI, provides example exam questions, and references studies that support explanations of each type of influence.
This document discusses two types of social influence that can lead to conformity: normative social influence (NSI) and informational social influence (ISI). NSI is when people conform to be liked and accepted by others, often publicly changing their behavior to fit in with a group. Research like Asch's line experiment provides evidence for NSI. ISI is when people conform privately in ambiguous situations to seem right by following what other knowledgeable people do. Sherif's autokinetic effect experiment supports ISI. The document compares NSI and ISI, provides example exam questions, and references studies that support each type of influence.
This document provides information about three common definitions of psychological abnormality: deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health. Each definition is outlined and their limitations are discussed. Limitations include how the definitions can be subjective, culturally dependent, and may pathologize certain behaviors that are simply deviations rather than signs of psychological disorders. The document aims to evaluate these definitions of abnormality and their use in defining and explaining abnormal psychology.
Institutionalization refers to children who are raised in institutions without strong attachments to caregivers. There are three main effects of institutionalization:
1. Children may become poor parents later in life due to a lack of parental role models as institutionalized women had difficulties parenting.
2. Children can experience deprivation dwarfism where a lack of emotional care impacts hormone production and physical development as seen in the case of Genie.
3. Children are at risk of developing attachment disorders, which affects social and emotional development, as they have no preferred attachment figure. Research found these children had difficulty forming close relationships as teenagers.
Hodges and Tizard (1989) studied 65 children who were institutionalized before age 4 months and found permanent negative effects on their social and emotional development. They interviewed the children, parents, and teachers and compared them to a control group. Their findings showed that by age 2 the institutionalized children exhibited unusual attachment behaviors and seeking of attention. By age 4 they did not form deep relationships and were more attention-seeking. At age 16 they were less likely to have close friends or be part of social groups and more likely to be quarrelsome. The study provides evidence that early institutionalization without emotional care can cause irreversible damage. However, the study is limited by attrition reducing the sample size over time and by contradictory evidence
The learning theory proposes that attachment is learned through classical conditioning. It suggests that infants become attached to their caregiver because they learn that the caregiver will meet their needs like food. However, there are some weaknesses with this theory. Studies by Shaffer and Emerson found that 39% of babies attached to those who played with them rather than the person who fed them. Research by Harlow also showed that baby monkeys preferred a surrogate mother that comforted them over one that just provided food. This indicates that attachment may not solely be learned through association with being fed.
The learning theory proposes that attachment is learned through classical conditioning. It suggests that infants become attached to their caregiver because they learn that the caregiver will meet their needs like food. However, there are some weaknesses with this theory. Studies by Shaffer and Emerson found that 39% of babies attached to those who played with them, not the person who fed them. Research by Harlow also showed that baby monkeys preferred a surrogate mother that comforted them over one that just provided food. This indicates that attachment may not be solely based on learning who meets physiological needs.
- Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment by observing how infants reacted to brief separations from and reunions with their caregiver in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment types: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
- Factors that can affect attachment type include the sensitivity of the caregiver to the infant's needs (sensitivity hypothesis) and the infant's innate temperament (temperament hypothesis).
- Early attachment types can influence later behaviors, such as social and learning behaviors in school as well as romantic relationships in adulthood. Securely attached infants tend to explore more and handle challenges better.
This document discusses cross-cultural variations in attachment types based on Ainsworth's Strange Situation research. It summarizes key findings from a meta-analysis comparing attachment types across Western and non-Western cultures. The analysis found slightly higher rates of secure attachment in Western cultures like the US and Britain compared to non-Western cultures like Japan and China. However, the greatest variation was found within individual cultures rather than between cultures. Cultural practices may influence differences in attachment types between societies.
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that:
1) Infants form attachments to caregivers innately because it was adaptive for survival, ensuring infants received food and protection.
2) Infants have social releasers like crying and smiling that increase the chances of receiving care, while parents have an innate drive to provide care during the infant's critical period.
3) The first attachment relationship provides an internal working model that influences future attachments through the continuity hypothesis.
This document appears to be a form for analyzing content and behaviors, with sections to record a name and observe behaviors categorized as male or female. The form has space to analyze multiple people but is otherwise blank.
This document provides information about content analysis as a qualitative analysis method. It begins by defining qualitative data and content analysis. Content analysis involves transforming qualitative data into quantitative data by using a rating/coding system to identify themes. The document then outlines the steps for performing content analysis, which includes examining materials to create categories, coding the materials, and analyzing the results to draw conclusions. Potential advantages of content analysis are that it can gather information from various sources and has high ecological validity. Disadvantages include being time-consuming and prone to bias. The document aims to help readers understand and evaluate the use of content analysis.
The document outlines the key components of a research study including the independent variable (IV) that is manipulated, the dependent variable (DV) that is measured, and potential extraneous variables (EVs) that could influence the dependent variable. It provides examples of common research topics and leaves spaces to identify the IVs, DVs, and possible EVs for studies on age and memory, alcohol and reaction time, reward and time to complete work, and revision and exam performance.
This document is an eating questionnaire that asks respondents questions about their eating habits and food preferences. It asks questions about fruit and vegetable consumption, whether emotions affect eating, the role of food in one's life, fast food consumption, enjoyment of a balanced diet, calorie counting, dieting history, parental influences on food preferences, willingness to try new foods, comfort eating, beliefs about the relationship between food and health, supermarket brand preferences, typical foods consumed, effects of stress on eating habits and food choices, definitions of a healthy diet, and factors influencing food choices.
This document outlines the sections and content required for a psychology report investigating how mood and attitude can influence food preference. The report should include an abstract summarizing the aims, method, results, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on previous relevant studies and theories and describes the current research. The method section details the research design, participants, apparatus, and procedure. The results section presents findings and the discussion examines results in relation to previous research, limitations, and implications for future work. References and appendices with materials are also required.
1. Centre Number Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use
Surname
Other Names
Examiner’s Initials
Candidate Signature
Question Mark
General Certificate of Education 1
Advanced Subsidiary Examination
June 2011 2
3
Psychology (Specification A) PSYA1 4
Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology 5
and Research Methods 6
Wednesday 25 May 2011 9.00 am to 10.30 am 7
8
You will need no other materials.
9
Time allowed
1 hour 30 minutes TOTAL
Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.
Information
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 72.
Question 3 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the
space provided to plan your answer. In Question 3, you will be assessed
on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
(JUn11psyA101)
G/T66809 6/6/6/6/ PSYA1
2. 2 Do not write
outside the
box
Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Total for this question: 8 marks
1 (a) A, B and C relate to memory. Write the appropriate letter in the box below. The first
one has been done for you.
A 72
B Up to 30 seconds without rehearsal
Write letter B in the appropriate box below.
C Mainly acoustic
Write letter C in the appropriate box below.
Short-term Long-term
memory memory
Encoding
Capacity A
Duration
(2 marks)
1 (b) Outline the working memory model.
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1 (c) Explain one limitation of the working memory model.
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2 A psychologist carried out an experiment using an independent groups design.
The psychologist wished to investigate the effectiveness of a strategy for memory
improvement. In one condition, participants were taught a memory improvement
strategy. In the other condition, participants were not taught this memory improvement
strategy. All participants were asked to memorise 10 pictures of familiar objects. For
example, the first was a doll, the second was an apple. All participants were then given
50 pictures each, and asked to select the original 10.
The psychologist did a pilot study before carrying out the experiment. The results of
the experiment are shown in Table 1 on page 5.
2 (a) Write a directional hypothesis for this experiment.
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2 (b) Explain what is meant by an independent groups design.
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2 (c) Explain one strength and one limitation of using an independent groups design.
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2 (d) Explain why the psychologist did a pilot study.
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Table 1 The mean number of pictures correctly identified and standard
deviations for participants with the memory improvement strategy
and without the memory improvement strategy
With memory Without memory
improvement strategy improvement strategy
Mean 8 7
Standard Deviation 2.80 0.29
2 (e) What do the standard deviations in Table 1 tell us about the performance of the two
groups?
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2 (f) Outline one strategy for memory improvement which the psychologist could have
taught the participants in this experiment.
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6. 6 Do not write
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Total for this question: 12 marks
3 Outline and evaluate research into the effects of age of witnesses on accuracy of
eyewitness testimony.
You may use this space to plan your answer
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7. 7 Do not write
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8. 8 Do not write
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Section B Developmental Psychology and Research Methods
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Total for this question: 6 marks
4 Anya has a 10-month-old son called Ben. Anya sometimes ignores Ben and does not
respond when he cries. However, when Anya feels like playing with Ben, she wakes
him up, even if he is soundly asleep.
4 (a) What type of attachment is Ben likely to show? Explain your answer.
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4 (b) Explain how a psychologist could investigate Ben’s attachment type using Ainsworth’s
Strange Situation.
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10. 10 Do not write
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Total for this question: 4 marks
5 Outline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment.
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11. 11 Do not write
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Total for this question: 8 marks
6 Psychologists sometimes use case studies to study children. One example was of a
boy who was discovered at the age of six. He had been kept in a darkened room and
had had almost no social contact with people.
6 (a) How could a psychologist maintain confidentiality when reporting a case study?
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6 (b) Psychologists use a range of techniques to gather information in case studies.
Outline one technique which the psychologist could use in this case study.
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12. 12 Do not write
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6 (c) Apart from ethical issues, explain one or more limitations of using case studies.
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Total for this question: 6 marks
7 Some research has suggested that there is a relationship between the time children
spend in day care and their aggressive behaviour. Researchers selected a group
of school children who had been in day care. They asked the children’s mothers to
estimate how many hours a week their children had spent in day care. They measured
the same children’s aggression.
Relationship between average hours spent in day care and aggression
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Average 7
hours spent
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Aggression
7 (a) How many children are represented in this scattergram?
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7 (b) Suggest one way in which the children’s aggression could be measured.
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14. 14 Do not write
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7 (c) In the media, it was claimed that the results showed spending time in day care caused
the children to become aggressive.
Explain why this claim may be untrue.
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8 Describe one or more studies of the effects of day care on peer relations.
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15. 15 Do not write
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Total for this question: 8 marks
9 Outline and evaluate learning theory as an explanation of attachment.
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