Keeper ratings of animal personality as a tool for improving the breeding, ma...Carly Chadwick
Keeper ratings of animal personality are an effective tool for improving the breeding, management and welfare of zoo animals. Keepers are able to reliably rate traits like fearfulness, dominance, and excitability based on long-term observations. These ratings have been shown to correlate with reproductive success and compatibility for breeding. Personality assessments can also help determine which individuals are best suited for social housing groups or reintroduction into the wild. The evaluation of personality traits, when carefully applied, provides valuable insights for zoo professionals.
Thank you for sharing your experience creating this interactive PowerPoint presentation. It sounds like you had fun with the new challenge of including hyperlinks, and also learned some interesting new facts during your research, like about otters. Creating educational content is a great way to learn while also helping others learn. Well done!
Animal Enrichment- What it is, what it does, and how you can do it too!Dillon Jones
Presentation made for Texas A&M University Aggie Behavior Network Organization. Learn what animal enrichment is, how to make enrichment, and what benefits does it bring to animal welfare.
Animal Kingdom Presentation designed for First Grade viewers and teachers. Presentation covers main animal groups and selective focus on a few specific animals for each animal group.
Flying squirrels were live-trapped in a Vermont old-growth forest to study their population density and winter roosting behavior. The population was estimated to be between 2.3-3.8 animals per hectare, dominated by southern flying squirrels. Radio-tracking showed that roost trees were larger and often involved group nesting in cavities or snags. Foraging areas overlapped between individuals, though roost sites were not always near foraging regions. Further research is needed to better understand dispersal patterns and genetic relatedness between group-nesting squirrels.
The document provides an analysis of hippopotamus behavior with a focus on their aggression. It discusses their habitat in rivers and swamps in Africa, diet of grass, and mostly nocturnal feeding patterns. It also examines their communication including loud sounds, and sexual/reproductive behaviors such as mating underwater and mothers caring for calves. A key point is that aggression underlies many of their behaviors from mating to defending territory.
This document discusses several topics related to animal behavior and social structures:
1) It discusses kin selection and how advanced social structures are based on kin selection. It uses the prisoner's dilemma game as an example.
2) It describes the social hierarchies of honeybees and elephants, noting that honeybees organize into a queen, workers, and drones while elephant herds are led by a matriarch female.
3) It discusses Hamilton's rule for altruism and examples of altruistic foraging behavior in smallmouth bass and bluegill fish depending on prey availability.
4) It also discusses rhythmical behavior patterns seen in magicicada and fiddler crabs that are
The Impact of Olfactory Stimulation on the Behavior and Hormone Levels of the...Jourdan Ringenberg
This document discusses the impact of olfactory stimulation on the behavior and hormone levels of African lions in captivity at the Detroit Zoo. It notes that lions in captivity lack the ability to engage in natural hunting and scavenging behaviors, which can lead to increased stress, inactivity, and stereotypical behaviors. Several studies found that introducing scents from prey animals increased investigative behaviors, activity levels, social behaviors, and play behaviors in captive lions, and decreased stress hormone levels. The document suggests olfactory enrichment may help reduce stress and encourage more natural behaviors in captive lions.
Keeper ratings of animal personality as a tool for improving the breeding, ma...Carly Chadwick
Keeper ratings of animal personality are an effective tool for improving the breeding, management and welfare of zoo animals. Keepers are able to reliably rate traits like fearfulness, dominance, and excitability based on long-term observations. These ratings have been shown to correlate with reproductive success and compatibility for breeding. Personality assessments can also help determine which individuals are best suited for social housing groups or reintroduction into the wild. The evaluation of personality traits, when carefully applied, provides valuable insights for zoo professionals.
Thank you for sharing your experience creating this interactive PowerPoint presentation. It sounds like you had fun with the new challenge of including hyperlinks, and also learned some interesting new facts during your research, like about otters. Creating educational content is a great way to learn while also helping others learn. Well done!
Animal Enrichment- What it is, what it does, and how you can do it too!Dillon Jones
Presentation made for Texas A&M University Aggie Behavior Network Organization. Learn what animal enrichment is, how to make enrichment, and what benefits does it bring to animal welfare.
Animal Kingdom Presentation designed for First Grade viewers and teachers. Presentation covers main animal groups and selective focus on a few specific animals for each animal group.
Flying squirrels were live-trapped in a Vermont old-growth forest to study their population density and winter roosting behavior. The population was estimated to be between 2.3-3.8 animals per hectare, dominated by southern flying squirrels. Radio-tracking showed that roost trees were larger and often involved group nesting in cavities or snags. Foraging areas overlapped between individuals, though roost sites were not always near foraging regions. Further research is needed to better understand dispersal patterns and genetic relatedness between group-nesting squirrels.
The document provides an analysis of hippopotamus behavior with a focus on their aggression. It discusses their habitat in rivers and swamps in Africa, diet of grass, and mostly nocturnal feeding patterns. It also examines their communication including loud sounds, and sexual/reproductive behaviors such as mating underwater and mothers caring for calves. A key point is that aggression underlies many of their behaviors from mating to defending territory.
This document discusses several topics related to animal behavior and social structures:
1) It discusses kin selection and how advanced social structures are based on kin selection. It uses the prisoner's dilemma game as an example.
2) It describes the social hierarchies of honeybees and elephants, noting that honeybees organize into a queen, workers, and drones while elephant herds are led by a matriarch female.
3) It discusses Hamilton's rule for altruism and examples of altruistic foraging behavior in smallmouth bass and bluegill fish depending on prey availability.
4) It also discusses rhythmical behavior patterns seen in magicicada and fiddler crabs that are
The Impact of Olfactory Stimulation on the Behavior and Hormone Levels of the...Jourdan Ringenberg
This document discusses the impact of olfactory stimulation on the behavior and hormone levels of African lions in captivity at the Detroit Zoo. It notes that lions in captivity lack the ability to engage in natural hunting and scavenging behaviors, which can lead to increased stress, inactivity, and stereotypical behaviors. Several studies found that introducing scents from prey animals increased investigative behaviors, activity levels, social behaviors, and play behaviors in captive lions, and decreased stress hormone levels. The document suggests olfactory enrichment may help reduce stress and encourage more natural behaviors in captive lions.
Snakes come in a wide variety including both dangerous and beneficial types. They play an important role in ecosystems by controlling rodent populations. While some snakes can pose a danger, most are not aggressive and the majority of snake bites are due to accidental encounters. Some snakes also provide benefits to humans through uses in medicine, food, clothing and as pets. It is important to appreciate snakes as part of nature and avoid harming them without cause.
IB Biology markscheme, past exam papers, notes and 2012 IB Biology syllabus. IB Biology option D evolution markscheme. IB Biology option D evolution notes, IB Biology option D Evolution exam papers, IB Biology option E markscheme, IB Biology option E notes, IB Biology option E Neurobiology papers, IB Biology Option A Human Nutrition and Health syllabus 2012, Stimulus and response, Homologous structures, Pavlov experiments.
This document summarizes four common reptiles: snakes, lizards, turtles, and frogs. Snakes are limbless and found in many habitats around the world. Lizards have dry scaly skin and fragile tails. Turtles have a hard shell that protects them. While frogs can live on land and in water, they need to stay hydrated to survive.
This document summarizes four common reptiles: snakes, lizards, turtles, and frogs. Snakes are limbless and found in many habitats around the world. Lizards have dry scaly skin and fragile tails that break off easily. Turtles have a hard shell that protects them and can live for over 200 years. Frogs can live on both land and water but need to stay hydrated on land.
The unit planner outlines 6 weeks of instruction with themes such as mysteries, our national parks, and making a difference. Each week focuses on oral language, word study including vocabulary and phonics, reading including comprehension strategies and leveled texts, language arts such as writing and grammar, and spelling. Reading assessments are scheduled for weeks 5 and 6, with unit assessments at the end of units 1 and 3.
This document discusses how living things adapt to survive in their environments. It provides examples of physical, behavioral, life cycle, and population adaptations in animals and plants. These adaptations include a shark's teeth for catching prey, a pangolin's scales for protection, a moth's eyespots to deter predators, a lemur's strategy of raising young one at a time for survival, and variations in a finch's beak size enabling it to access different food sources on the Galapagos Islands. The document emphasizes that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce in their habitats.
Calculator.cpp Date [Enter date] Author.docxShiraPrater50
/*
* Calculator.cpp
*
* Date: [Enter date]
* Author: [Your Name]
*/
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char statement[100];
int op1, op2;
char operation;
char answer="Y"
while (answer=='y')
{
cout << "Enter expression" <<endl;
cin >> op2 >> operation >> op1;
if (operation == "+");
cout << op1 << " + " << op2 >> " = " << op1 + op2 << endl;
if (operation == '-');
cout >> op1 << " - " << op2 << " = " << op1 - op2 << endl;
if (operation == '*')
cout << op1 << " / " << op2 << " = " << op1 * op2 << endl
if (operation == '/')
cout << op1 << " * " << op2 << " = " << op1 / op2 << endl;
cout << "Do you wish to evaluate another expression? " << endl;
cin >> answer;
}
}
CHAPTER 6
An Overview of the Primates
Primates
• To identify crucial features of the evolution of human
species, we start by comparing ourselves to our 230
non-human relatives
• Living primates are not “better” than their evolutionary
predecessors or other living species.
• Each possesses unique qualities that make it better
suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle.
Physical Characteristics of Primates
• Specialized limbs and locomotion
• Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition
• Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell
• Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on
learning
Social Characteristics
• Longer period of gestation and dependency of
offspring
• Dependence on flexible, learned behavior
• Social groups and permanent association of adult
males
• Diurnal activities
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Primate Habitats
• Most live in tropical or semitropical areas of the new and
old worlds.
• Most are arboreal, living in forest or woodland habitats.
• No nonhuman primate is adapted to a fully terrestrial
environment; all spend some time in the trees.
Primate Diet and Teeth
• Omnivorous
• Incisors for biting and cutting; premolars and molars for chewing
and grinding
• Dental formula
• New World Monkeys have two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and
three molars on each side in both upper and lower jaws: 2.1.3.3. (34 total)
• Old World anthropoids have 2.1.2.3 (32 total)
Primate Limbs
• A tendency towards erect posture.
• Hands and feet possess grasping ability.
• Features of the hands and feet:
• 5 digits on hand and feet
• Opposable thumb
• Partially opposable great toe
• Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the
ends of digits
Limbs and Evolution
• Many monkeys are able to grasp objects with
an opposable thumb, while others have very
reduced thumbs.
Limbs and Evolution
• Humans are capable of a
“precision grip.”
• Chimpanzees, with their
reduced thumbs, are
also capable of a
precision grip, but they
frequently use a modified
form.
Locomotion
• Quadrupedal, walk on all fours
• Vertical clinging and leaping
• Brachiation
• Knuckle walking
Anatomy, ...
/*
* Calculator.cpp
*
* Date: [Enter date]
* Author: [Your Name]
*/
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char statement[100];
int op1, op2;
char operation;
char answer="Y"
while (answer=='y')
{
cout << "Enter expression" <<endl;
cin >> op2 >> operation >> op1;
if (operation == "+");
cout << op1 << " + " << op2 >> " = " << op1 + op2 << endl;
if (operation == '-');
cout >> op1 << " - " << op2 << " = " << op1 - op2 << endl;
if (operation == '*')
cout << op1 << " / " << op2 << " = " << op1 * op2 << endl
if (operation == '/')
cout << op1 << " * " << op2 << " = " << op1 / op2 << endl;
cout << "Do you wish to evaluate another expression? " << endl;
cin >> answer;
}
}
CHAPTER 6
An Overview of the Primates
Primates
• To identify crucial features of the evolution of human
species, we start by comparing ourselves to our 230
non-human relatives
• Living primates are not “better” than their evolutionary
predecessors or other living species.
• Each possesses unique qualities that make it better
suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle.
Physical Characteristics of Primates
• Specialized limbs and locomotion
• Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition
• Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell
• Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on
learning
Social Characteristics
• Longer period of gestation and dependency of
offspring
• Dependence on flexible, learned behavior
• Social groups and permanent association of adult
males
• Diurnal activities
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Primate Habitats
• Most live in tropical or semitropical areas of the new and
old worlds.
• Most are arboreal, living in forest or woodland habitats.
• No nonhuman primate is adapted to a fully terrestrial
environment; all spend some time in the trees.
Primate Diet and Teeth
• Omnivorous
• Incisors for biting and cutting; premolars and molars for chewing
and grinding
• Dental formula
• New World Monkeys have two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and
three molars on each side in both upper and lower jaws: 2.1.3.3. (34 total)
• Old World anthropoids have 2.1.2.3 (32 total)
Primate Limbs
• A tendency towards erect posture.
• Hands and feet possess grasping ability.
• Features of the hands and feet:
• 5 digits on hand and feet
• Opposable thumb
• Partially opposable great toe
• Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the
ends of digits
Limbs and Evolution
• Many monkeys are able to grasp objects with
an opposable thumb, while others have very
reduced thumbs.
Limbs and Evolution
• Humans are capable of a
“precision grip.”
• Chimpanzees, with their
reduced thumbs, are
also capable of a
precision grip, but they
frequently use a modified
form.
Locomotion
• Quadrupedal, walk on all fours
• Vertical clinging and leaping
• Brachiation
• Knuckle walking
Anatomy, .
Snakes come in a wide variety including both dangerous and beneficial types. They play an important role in ecosystems by controlling rodent populations. While some snakes can pose a danger, most are not aggressive and the majority of snake bites are due to accidental encounters. Some snakes also provide benefits to humans through uses in medicine, food, clothing and as pets. It is important to appreciate snakes as part of nature and avoid harming them without cause.
IB Biology markscheme, past exam papers, notes and 2012 IB Biology syllabus. IB Biology option D evolution markscheme. IB Biology option D evolution notes, IB Biology option D Evolution exam papers, IB Biology option E markscheme, IB Biology option E notes, IB Biology option E Neurobiology papers, IB Biology Option A Human Nutrition and Health syllabus 2012, Stimulus and response, Homologous structures, Pavlov experiments.
This document summarizes four common reptiles: snakes, lizards, turtles, and frogs. Snakes are limbless and found in many habitats around the world. Lizards have dry scaly skin and fragile tails. Turtles have a hard shell that protects them. While frogs can live on land and in water, they need to stay hydrated to survive.
This document summarizes four common reptiles: snakes, lizards, turtles, and frogs. Snakes are limbless and found in many habitats around the world. Lizards have dry scaly skin and fragile tails that break off easily. Turtles have a hard shell that protects them and can live for over 200 years. Frogs can live on both land and water but need to stay hydrated on land.
The unit planner outlines 6 weeks of instruction with themes such as mysteries, our national parks, and making a difference. Each week focuses on oral language, word study including vocabulary and phonics, reading including comprehension strategies and leveled texts, language arts such as writing and grammar, and spelling. Reading assessments are scheduled for weeks 5 and 6, with unit assessments at the end of units 1 and 3.
This document discusses how living things adapt to survive in their environments. It provides examples of physical, behavioral, life cycle, and population adaptations in animals and plants. These adaptations include a shark's teeth for catching prey, a pangolin's scales for protection, a moth's eyespots to deter predators, a lemur's strategy of raising young one at a time for survival, and variations in a finch's beak size enabling it to access different food sources on the Galapagos Islands. The document emphasizes that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce in their habitats.
Calculator.cpp Date [Enter date] Author.docxShiraPrater50
/*
* Calculator.cpp
*
* Date: [Enter date]
* Author: [Your Name]
*/
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char statement[100];
int op1, op2;
char operation;
char answer="Y"
while (answer=='y')
{
cout << "Enter expression" <<endl;
cin >> op2 >> operation >> op1;
if (operation == "+");
cout << op1 << " + " << op2 >> " = " << op1 + op2 << endl;
if (operation == '-');
cout >> op1 << " - " << op2 << " = " << op1 - op2 << endl;
if (operation == '*')
cout << op1 << " / " << op2 << " = " << op1 * op2 << endl
if (operation == '/')
cout << op1 << " * " << op2 << " = " << op1 / op2 << endl;
cout << "Do you wish to evaluate another expression? " << endl;
cin >> answer;
}
}
CHAPTER 6
An Overview of the Primates
Primates
• To identify crucial features of the evolution of human
species, we start by comparing ourselves to our 230
non-human relatives
• Living primates are not “better” than their evolutionary
predecessors or other living species.
• Each possesses unique qualities that make it better
suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle.
Physical Characteristics of Primates
• Specialized limbs and locomotion
• Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition
• Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell
• Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on
learning
Social Characteristics
• Longer period of gestation and dependency of
offspring
• Dependence on flexible, learned behavior
• Social groups and permanent association of adult
males
• Diurnal activities
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Primate Habitats
• Most live in tropical or semitropical areas of the new and
old worlds.
• Most are arboreal, living in forest or woodland habitats.
• No nonhuman primate is adapted to a fully terrestrial
environment; all spend some time in the trees.
Primate Diet and Teeth
• Omnivorous
• Incisors for biting and cutting; premolars and molars for chewing
and grinding
• Dental formula
• New World Monkeys have two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and
three molars on each side in both upper and lower jaws: 2.1.3.3. (34 total)
• Old World anthropoids have 2.1.2.3 (32 total)
Primate Limbs
• A tendency towards erect posture.
• Hands and feet possess grasping ability.
• Features of the hands and feet:
• 5 digits on hand and feet
• Opposable thumb
• Partially opposable great toe
• Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the
ends of digits
Limbs and Evolution
• Many monkeys are able to grasp objects with
an opposable thumb, while others have very
reduced thumbs.
Limbs and Evolution
• Humans are capable of a
“precision grip.”
• Chimpanzees, with their
reduced thumbs, are
also capable of a
precision grip, but they
frequently use a modified
form.
Locomotion
• Quadrupedal, walk on all fours
• Vertical clinging and leaping
• Brachiation
• Knuckle walking
Anatomy, ...
/*
* Calculator.cpp
*
* Date: [Enter date]
* Author: [Your Name]
*/
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char statement[100];
int op1, op2;
char operation;
char answer="Y"
while (answer=='y')
{
cout << "Enter expression" <<endl;
cin >> op2 >> operation >> op1;
if (operation == "+");
cout << op1 << " + " << op2 >> " = " << op1 + op2 << endl;
if (operation == '-');
cout >> op1 << " - " << op2 << " = " << op1 - op2 << endl;
if (operation == '*')
cout << op1 << " / " << op2 << " = " << op1 * op2 << endl
if (operation == '/')
cout << op1 << " * " << op2 << " = " << op1 / op2 << endl;
cout << "Do you wish to evaluate another expression? " << endl;
cin >> answer;
}
}
CHAPTER 6
An Overview of the Primates
Primates
• To identify crucial features of the evolution of human
species, we start by comparing ourselves to our 230
non-human relatives
• Living primates are not “better” than their evolutionary
predecessors or other living species.
• Each possesses unique qualities that make it better
suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle.
Physical Characteristics of Primates
• Specialized limbs and locomotion
• Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition
• Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell
• Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on
learning
Social Characteristics
• Longer period of gestation and dependency of
offspring
• Dependence on flexible, learned behavior
• Social groups and permanent association of adult
males
• Diurnal activities
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Primate Habitats
• Most live in tropical or semitropical areas of the new and
old worlds.
• Most are arboreal, living in forest or woodland habitats.
• No nonhuman primate is adapted to a fully terrestrial
environment; all spend some time in the trees.
Primate Diet and Teeth
• Omnivorous
• Incisors for biting and cutting; premolars and molars for chewing
and grinding
• Dental formula
• New World Monkeys have two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and
three molars on each side in both upper and lower jaws: 2.1.3.3. (34 total)
• Old World anthropoids have 2.1.2.3 (32 total)
Primate Limbs
• A tendency towards erect posture.
• Hands and feet possess grasping ability.
• Features of the hands and feet:
• 5 digits on hand and feet
• Opposable thumb
• Partially opposable great toe
• Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the
ends of digits
Limbs and Evolution
• Many monkeys are able to grasp objects with
an opposable thumb, while others have very
reduced thumbs.
Limbs and Evolution
• Humans are capable of a
“precision grip.”
• Chimpanzees, with their
reduced thumbs, are
also capable of a
precision grip, but they
frequently use a modified
form.
Locomotion
• Quadrupedal, walk on all fours
• Vertical clinging and leaping
• Brachiation
• Knuckle walking
Anatomy, .
1. Analysis of behaviors and spatial preferences in captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia)
Kimber Jones, Sarah Boyle, and Andy Kouba
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Sarah Boyle
Rhodes College and Memphis Zoo
Introduction Results Results
•Captive breeding attempts are necessary to maintain the population size and •The amount of time the leopards spent socializing with one another (8.57% ± 2.86
genetic viability of endangered snow leopards1. SE) was greater than amount of time dedicated to self-interaction by either leopard
•Captive snow leopards are not stressed by hunger, disease, or competition; (Ateri (♀): 0.83% ± 0.21 SE; Darhan(♂): 1.2% ± 0.27 SE).
however, boredom and small enclosure size can lead to stereotypies-- repetitive, •A total of 184 boughts of play fights between the leopards were observed; all fights
apparently pointless behaviors such as pacing2. except one lasted less than two minutes.
•Although snow leopards were originally classified as a completely solitary species, •Breeding behaviors were observed on nine different instances, each with the male
recent studies suggest that leopards form pair bonds before breeding in the wild to instigating and lasting less than two minutes.
increase fitness3.
•Thus, housing leopards in pairs may be a form of environmental enrichment4. In
captivity, pair bonds have been correlated to more successful breeding attempts3. Discussion
•Both leopards spent a smaller percentage of time resting than expected2. This could
•The pair of snow leopards at the Memphis Zoo is too young to breed, but social
be attributed to the young age of the leopards and newness to the Memphis Zoo. In
housing could increase their probability of successful breeding attempts in the future
the future, it is predicted that the pair will spend more time resting together 3.
and reduce stereotypic behaviors.
Figure 1: Activity budget for each leopard based on behavioral ethogram (Table 1) ± SE •Both leopards exhibited high levels of locomotor behaviors but much lower levels of
stereotypy than expected, which is also possibly due to their age. Male leopards who
Methods • The leopards spent the greatest proportions of time exhibiting resting (R), alert (A),
locomotor (L), and social (SC) behaviors for a total of 91.14% of observation time for Ateri
are unsuccessful in their breeding attempts are more likely to pace and exhibit
1) The leopards studied were a female, Ateri, who is approximately 1.5 years old, stereotypic behaviors3. Although Darhan (♂) exhibited breeding behaviors, data from
(female) and 91.54% for Darhan (male):
and a male, Darhan, who is 2.75 years old. Both leopards are housed together in Willis et al. (unpublished) suggest that he is not yet sexually mature.
R: Ateri- 9.44% ± 1.86 SE, Darhan- 12.58% ± 2.15 SE
Cat Country at the Memphis Zoo. A: Ateri- 52.50% ± 2.63 SE, Darhan- 55.43% ± 3.14 SE •In the wild, pair bonds can increase fitness2. If the leopards at the Memphis Zoo have
2) Behavioral observations for both leopards were recorded Sep-Nov 2011 at 2- L : Ateri- 20.63% ± 1.90 SE, Darhan- 14.96% ± 1.83 SE formed a pair bond, it could be the cause of infrequent stereotypies and aid in the
min intervals using the scan sampling method in accordance with behavior SC: 8.57% ± 2.86 SE success of future reproduction3. Social housing should be considered as a practical
ethogram (Table 1). At the same 2-min intervals, location data were recorded for option for managing captive leopards.
both leopards on an exhibit map (Map 1). • Ateri spent the least amount of time exhibiting stereotypic behaviors (0.48% ±0.32 SE) •In the future, this study could increase sample size and observe leopards during the
4) Data were collected 3-4 times per week in 2-h increments for a total of 50.5 breeding season (Feb-May) both before and after sexual maturity.
observations hours for each leopard.
5) Activity budgets were calculated for each leopard every day based on the
proportion of time spent exhibiting each behavior category for each cat. Time the
leopards spent out of view was removed from the analysis.
References
1
Brown J, Wasser S, Wildt D, Graham L. Comparative Aspects of Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Ovarian
_____Activity in Felids, Measured Noninvasively in Feces. Biology of Reproduction. 1994;51:776-786.
6) ArcGIS 9.3 was used to create a map of the leopard enclosure, location data 2
Macri, AM and Patterson-Kane, E. Behavioural analysis of solitary versus socially housed snow leopards
were plotted, and density maps were formed to indicate areas where the _____(Panthera uncia), with the provision of simulated social contact. Applied Animal Behavior Science.
leopards spent the most time. _____2011;130:115-123.
3
Freeman, H. Behavior in Adult Pairs of Captive Snow Leopards (Panthera uncia). Zoo Biology. 1983;2:1-22.
4
Price, EE and Stoinski, TS. Group Size: Determinants in the wild and implications for the captive housing of
Behavior Type Description _____wild mammals in zoos. Applied Animal Behavior Science. 2007;103:255-264.
Map 1: Snow leopard exhibit in Cat Country with Map 2: Exhibit with location data for each leopard,
Resting The cat is sedentary and not alert enclosure elements N = 1,334 points (male) and N = 1,333 points (female)
i.e., Sleeping, lying down, resting, yawn, stretch
Alert The cat responds to a stimulus using its senses of sight and hearing Acknowledgements
i.e., Sitting alert, standing alert, lying alert, flehmen We would like to thank Dr. Erin Willis for her support in the reproductive physiology research of the male leopard,
Stereotypic Walking in a fixed pattern for at least three repetitions with no apparent purpose or Darhan, the Memphis Zoo Research and Conservation Lab team for their guidance, the Memphis Zoological Society for
generous use of its facilities, the Cat Country zoo keepers for information about the leopards, Rhodes College for
variation
financial support, and Adam Alsamadisi for his GIS expertise.
Social The cats interact with one another
i.e., Play, groom, lay together, pounce, stalk, fight
Locomotor The cat moves from one place to another
i.e., Walk, trot, run, object rear, roll, jump, climb
Exhibit Interaction The cat interacting with an aspect of the exhibit through investigation or play
i.e., Sniff, object rub, scratch, scent mark, eat, drink, urinate, defecate
Self-Interaction The cat grooms or plays with itself without interacting with the other cat
Other The cat displays a behavior that is not listed in any of the above categories
Map 3: Density gradient based on proportion of time Map 4: Density gradient based on proportion of time
Table 1: Ethogram of observed snow leopard behaviors grouped into categories spent in area for female leopard, Ateri spent in area for male leopard, Darhan