jll-construction-cost-guide-book-india-2022.pdf

Construction Cost Guide India 2022 1
Construction Cost
Guide India 2022
JLL Cost Management

Table of contents
Foreword
01
Construction outlook across sectors
02
Sector key cost drivers
03
Contract Model and Procurement Routes
04
Key Cost Risks and Cost Management
Approach in Construction Projects
05
Construction cost data
06
Construction Cost For Various Asset
Classes (INR /SQFT)
07
Cost of Key materials across various cities
08
Unprecedented price increase
09
Trend analysis
10
Market intelligence
11
General considerations for costing
12
Glossary & abbrevations
13

Foreword
One of the industries that bore the maximum brunt of
the pandemic in 2020, the construction industry - has
displayed sheer resilience as it regained its mojo back
in 2021. The sentiment of the Indian construction and
real estate industry clocked an all-time high in 2021 as
we witnessed fortunes turning back in favour especially
in the second half of the year. The sector not just
regained the confidence from the buyers but also from
the investors. Union Budget’s focus on infrastructure,
housing schemes and affordable housing is an
additional positive development.
While good demand conditions prevail, rising material
costs has been a cause of concern for the realtors and
other stakeholders. Key building materials like steel,
cement and labour charges are facing inflationary
pressures and they don’t seem to be declining or
stabilising in the near future. The ongoing increase in
material costs is requiring the construction companies
to reconsider the building blocks of their business and
adapt to this increase in pricing. A lot of developers
are now embracing methodologies like Building
information modelling to streamline the construction
process, projecting costs and assisting team in
managing the timelines. Embracing prefabrication, lean
design and use of robotics are other measures that
are increasingly gaining ground as builders try to curb
costs.
To give you more insights on what is in store for the
construction industry, we are pleased to introduce
to you this construction cost guide. This report
seeks to highlight the various methodologies being
adopted by the developers to plan their costs better,
besides strategising the development through various
procurement models and the way forward.
This Cost Guide is a continuation to the previous
publication - Cost Guide 2021 released in March 2021
which had received enormous appreciation from the
market. This guide is a powerful tool designed to help
you understand the market trends, construction cost
of real estate assets across major markets of India.
Both quantitative and qualitative analyses have been
carried out with the data captured real time from 6
major geographies of the country- Mumbai, Bengaluru,
Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Pune, over 300 projects
and 7 key asset classes.
I hope that you enjoy reading our insights
on the changing construction cost dynamics.
MV Harish
Managing Director PDS
Work Dynamics
India
harish.mv@ap.jll.com

Indian Real Estate has remained robust despite the uncertainties associated with
the pandemic. The investors are optimistic on the overall market potential and it
has helped the overall performance amidst the pandemic worries in 2020 and 2021.
The growth pattern has seen steady upsurge enabling the prospects of 2022 to next
level. Industrial, residential, and warehousing sector being the gained massive spike
in investment combining to around 40% of the total investment while the total
investment in this year nearly accounts to INR 370 Billion. At the same time, the
commercial office spaces retained themselves as the best-favoured asset class in
real estate. This gives a strong message of investor’s confidence on the office space
performance amidst the shift from conventional work at office approach to work from
home and recently evolved flexible work culture due to continuous hampering of
office going due pandemic related restrictions. Humans basically are social animals
and cannot be restricted from interacting with their colleagues and peers for so long.
Once the initial hype of work from home departed, it was well understood that the
demand for commercial IT buildings is here to stay.
India continues to be the prospective market for investors along with low setting up
cost, improving government support and availability of well qualified professionals.
It has been estimated that there will be a demand for pharma, life sciences, health
care and manufacturing sectors over the next five years. With improvement in
infrastructure, as BPOs and Industrial sector shift their focus to city outskirts,
dispersion of city population to outskirts will drive further development of the
residential sector in these locations. 2022 shall be the year of resurrection with the
combined effort of all the sectors.
Real Estate in India

Construction outlook across sectors
Commercial
This sector continues to be the dominant sector in India even after
Work from Home (WFH) or flexible work culture. Bangalore and
Hyderabad alone are expected to have a demand of 15 Million
SFT of office spaces in 2022. There is already an expansion of
commercial real estate in tier 2 and 3 cities mainly due to the
diversification post COVID19.
Residential
Amidst COVID19, there was a good demand for this sector due
to work from home and increased need of better facilities at
home. Increased number of new launches this year, its good
responses from customers are great sign to distressed sector. High
affordability measured in terms of EMI/Household income have
also contributed to the trend of residential sales in the last year.
Industrial & Logistics
With COVID19 related restrictions, as the online e-commerce
market has become the convenient place of urban as well as
rural population, warehousing sector has seen growth immensely.
With 15 min delivery to same day delivery offers, warehouses at
every high traffic location would be strategy for key e-commerce
players. These patterns have shown high prospects for warehouse
and industrial logistic sector.
Hospitality
This sector was badly hit by lockdown, pandemic related
restrictions and currently faces the fear of third wave or omicron.
This sector hasn’t gotten the opportunity to revive though there
is strong thrive for people to visit place or to dine out. This sector
which was growing tremendously before covid and currently lives
in the fear of covid related restrictions. With ease in travel across
cities, less possibility of lockdown and other business started to
grow, this sector shall also see a great comeback in 2022.

Educational
Indian educational sector is taken over by technology known as
EdTech and digital learning. As per census report, 36 per cent of
India’s population is young and learning. That’s a huge market
for the education sector to leverage and grow. Moreover, like
any other sector, the education sector has also seen an online
transformation post COVID. By 2026, the online education
industry is estimated to grow by INR 11.6 billion. This proves
that the EdTech revolution is not a temporary adjustment but a
permanent solution. However, offline systems are never going to
outdate, but it will see a hybrid model of digital learning enabled
upgradation which in turn create a huge potential for
the construction industry to prosper in this sector.
Data Centre
Data Centre has emerged as the most emerging sector in the last
few years with the evolution of cloud computing. The prospects
of less initial investment cost in India and sub-marine internet
cable connectivity in coastal cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi
have made these places best suited. The digital economy in
India is estimated to grow to a staggering $1 trillion by 2025.
At present, the Indian data centre market hosts nearly 445 MW
of critical IT capacity in the seven cities of Chennai, Mumbai,
Kolkata, NCR, Bengaluru, Pune & Hyderabad.
Infrastructure
Government of India is vigorously expanding the infrastructure
sector in the form highways, bridges, metros, railways, and even
additional airport to cater the increased spread of urbanization.
With increased connectivity between Indian cities, it creates
better opportunities for domestic trade and subsequently
will enable business continuity. Infra building initiatives like
the 100 Smart Cities Mission and the PLI scheme covering 13
sub-sectors will empower Indian manufacturing to widen its
footprint into tier-2 and tier-3 cities. These initiatives shall take
the demographic load off tier-1 cities, diversifying real estate,
stabilising raw material costs, and enabling job creation.
Health Care & Life Science
The pandemic was an introspection for the need of improving
the health infrastructure of the country. The country has seen
tremendous improvement in the health sector to handle the
pandemic. With the opportunity of low investment cost, India
has become the global focus for pharmaceutical sector. Major
vaccine manufacturers are outsourcing vaccine production
to the country for mass production and these moves have
been comprehended in the market as an opportunity for
pharmaceutical sectors to expand in India.

Sector key cost drivers
It is our intent to delve into the nuances of the market across asset classes to determine the factors which drive the project costs. In this segment we have identified key cost
drivers across the sectors in which we work.
Commercial
Business Parks (IT parks)-The local leasing market will determine the
specification levels and costs options for façade range from masonry
to curtain walling. Business parks are typically developed in phases
and the client can benefit from repeat business and value savings
together with the efficiencies of settled project teams. Most buildings
are multi-tenants with sub-divided floor plates. Providing efficient
circulation, services distribution and fire escapes may have a significant
impact on cost. Alternative options for ventilations and cooling
influences floor plate depths, building services design, controls
specifications and so on. Viable options range from fan coil units or
static cooling systems to natural ventilations supplemented by night
time cooling.
Commercial Offices- Development efficiency driven by site
layout, floor plans, vertical circulations, building shape and height.
Enhancement to the base specification including planned
occupational activities, structural grids, floor-to-ceiling heights and
cooling loads. Occupant specific requirement, including enhanced
stand by generators, additional measuring, and controls. Design
complexity such as iconic designs which require a greater degree of
bespoke fabrication, less standardisation, more complex interfaces
and connections, extend of basement construction. Build duration
related to scale and height resulting in increased funding costs and
greater exposure to construction market risks. Fabric construction
will influence procurement and buying strategy.
Office Fitout- Space planning strategy, including functional space use,
levels of cellularity and workstation security requirements for specialist
spaces such as conference suites, client briefs in term of quality levels
and definitions of value for money. Base building enhancements such
as additional generator capacity, requirement for phasing or out of
hour work associated with the restructuring of existing office spaces.
The procurement route selected the speed fitout projects occasionally
requires the overlap of design and construction using negotiated
contract or out of hours work which attract cost premium.

Residential Healthcare
Affordable Housing- Many schemes are currently developed for a
rental market only ; this has an effect on lowering the specification
standards involved including reduced kitchen and bathroom
specification, lighting and floor finishes. Current schemes are
investigating fast-track modular construction methods.
Functional content, ratio of diagnostic and surgical accommodation
to day care and inpatient rooms , use of single rooms, inclusion of
teaching / research facilities will also impact on cost. Building form
and arrangement of departments vertically or horizontally will drive
circulation, service distribution and fire and also lift strategy. Impact
of diagnostic equipment on the base build, such as shielding , structural
support , enhanced power and cooling loads. Procurement of built
in medical equipment including pendants , theatre lights. Panels,
woods and sterilizers. Larger generators: emergency power back
up to provide 100% redundancy if there is a power failure. Complex
plumbing systems, including deionized water, medical gases, laboratory
systems, etc. More durable and sealed / biologically inner finishes to
accommodate infection control concerns. Larger and more durable
air handling systems to provide 100 % outside air / no recirculated air
for infections.
Private Residential-The continuing trend by developers to integrate
private and affordable tenures into single buildings, with the
consequential effect on core layouts, cladding systems and so on.
High development activities, which can result in high rise construction,
and civil facilities contributions like infrastructure and centralised
service plants.

Education
Data Centre
Retail
Schools -The role of new school building programs in delivering
transformational education has resulted in high aspirations for design,
build quality and functionality. The floor area requirements which
balance teaching and non - teaching space to support the education
brief. Integration of furniture and equipment and Information and
communication technology(ICT) solutions with the building design.
Space planning and quality implications of shared community uses.
The extend of the technical area which determine the overall power
cooling loads, together with the extend of lower cost for ancillary
space. Design assumptions related to plant server density, power
and cooling loads. Scalability in particular the design of the services
installation on a modular basis to optimise initial capex expenditure.
Fault tolerance and maintainability requirements, which determine
the extend of stand by capacity and services diversity needed for a
guaranteed level of uptime.
Overall shopping centre design strategy based on either open façade
or enclosed malls providing distinctly different shopping environment.
Façade costs are lower then malls, but the quality and cost of retail
blocks are higher. Façade, however are not common place across
various places. The integration with mixed use, such as retail and
residential into multi-occupied buildings involving additional costs
related fire separation of tenancies, complex circulations and servicing
routes and transfer structures, entent and quality of public realm.
Greater use of technology to enhance the leisure and destination
aspects of the shopping centre including fibre optic connectivity
systems. Overall quality standards shall be similar to hotel star ratings,
availability of utilities and amount of onsite electricity reinforcement
generation due to power outrage. Inclusions of transport up and links to
existing road networks.
Higher Education/ University-The quality of the design and
construction of university buildings is important as a differentiator
to attract academic staff, research funding and students. Working
methods such as the development of research facilities for
collaborative, multidisciplinary teams. Extensive use of ICT based
teaching and research methods requiring substantial investment in
data infrastructure. Specific technical requirements if science and
engineering facilities. Balance stakeholder requirements of facilities,
estates and finance, which determine user requirements , energy and
maintenance strategies and capital budgets.

Contract Model and Procurement Routes
The right procurement strategy, one that balances risk and control against the competing project objectives of cost, time and quality is key to a successful project outcome.
The following are the commonly adopted procurement routes in India:
Traditional Contract
This method is widely known and understood in India as a method for
procuring construction works. It requires a substantially complete design
prior to obtaining tenders, which are usually based on bills of quantities
or detailed specifications and drawings to give a complete picture of the
project scope. When tendering, client can either agree to enter into a lump
sum contract to give price and programme certainty, or a re-measurable
contract, where the final price is agreed at the end of the works, based on
the rates set out in the Bill of Quantities and the actual amount of materials.
This traditional approach is known for achieving a high level of competitive
tendering and giving good control over quality, but overall project
programmes can be longer as a fully complete design is required from the
client’s independent design consultants.
Management Contracting
A management contractor is appointed on the basis of an agreed fee, with
the intention that they will manage a number of trade packages which are
tendered on an individual basis. The management contractor then enters
into Contract with the successful trade contractors providing a single point
responsibility to the client. Design consultants appointed by the client
generally overlaps with the construction allowing an earlier start on site.
Early appointment of a management contractor may allow them to help
improve the buildability and packaging of proposals as they develop. This
approach does not typically achieve price and programme certainty before
starting onsite and is therefore typically best suited to larger, more complex
or time sensitive projects which may also require considerable flexibility to
incorporate change during the design and construction stages.
Design Build Contract
Detailed design and construction are both undertaken by a single contractor
in return for a lump sum price. This method has many hybrids but in essence
it utilizes the Contractors input into the design process. Using a clear set of
“Employer’s Requirements”, the Contractor can understand and develop
the design far better than the traditional approach identified above and
as a consequence he is able to price it for taking the design responsibility,
together with its associated risks. Where a concept design is prepared
by a design team employed directly by the client before the contractor
is appointed (as is normally the case), the design can be ‘novated’ to the
contractor. This approach integrates the design and construction process,
provides for a single point responsibility and can lead to shorter overall
project times as design overlaps with elements of construction.
Design, Manage & Construct
This is a hybrid approach to Management Contracting, where the contractor
is also responsible for the detailed design or managing the design process.
Engineer, Procure and Construct (EPC)
In this model, the contractor is obliged to deliver a complete facility to
client who need only turn a key to start operating the facility, hence EPC
contracts are sometimes called turnkey construction contracts. In addition
to delivering a complete facility, the contractor must deliver that facility for
a guaranteed price by a guaranteed date and it must perform to the
specified level
1 3
2 4
5

Key Cost Risks and Cost Management Approach in
Construction Projects
Every project involves various stakeholders who creates, plots, designs, schedules
and plans a project in different ways. The more the stakeholders the more the risk
as the description of a project would vary between stakeholders that the project
would really come up with a state of art technology and design but may be at an
unaffordable cost to client. When any stakeholders including consultants, designers,
and project managers would commence their working they always have uncapped
options to explore and decide on the nature of design, look and feel of project, style
of procurement, etc., which may develop holes on the project budget if not capped
with a limit at right time. This is better understood with below example: Is it possible
to build a monument with the budget of a commercial building? No. A commercial
building needs to generate revenue at right time, spending a right cost and need to
satisfy the requirements of its investors.
Thus, a Cost Manager plays a vital role helping a client in conceptualising a right
budget to drive the design of a project which gives a design cost range to designers
avoiding over designs, strategising right procurement routes etc. Also, below
mentioned are key risk and areas a cost manager can pair hands with client in an
early pre-contractual stage of a project to ensure value additions:
Setting up the Cost Benchmark – This is one of the initial and key
responsibility of the cost consultant - setting the concept stage budget to
ensure the project is affordably designed and executed which would satisfy
the clients revenue projections
Conceptualising of Correct Budget – By considering the configuration of
project, Making use of similar project experiences, QS benchmarks, cost
management databases etc
Provisioning for High Risk Factors – By examining the market and price
trends thus capping a right and accommodatable factor for Inflation,
Escalation, Design Contingency, Construction Contingency and etc
Manoeuvring a right procurement route – By considering the Type, Scale,
Nature and Client design standards of a project
1.
2.
3.
4.

Analysis of Ongoing Procurement Routes – By considering the current
trend in market and making use of the most recent & relevant experience
of JLL’s cost management team to suggest betterments on client ongoing
procurement routes
Preparation of Project Packages – By analysing the nature and scope of
project to prepare the detailed list of packages to align with Pt.No:4
Factoring an index - Throughout the life cycle of a project factoring a
measurable index which enables client to plan, organise, and sequence
their upcoming project cost keeping the current project as a benchmark
Identification of Critical Zone – Helping clients identifying the critical zone
of cost escalation and reasons behind it (Design evolutions, interpretations,
delays, etc.)
Value Engineering – Reviewing the sub element cost of packages and
comparison with market standards to ensure the required design is in place
and in case of no, compiling the collective experience of cost consultants
and other project stakeholders to propose value engineering suggestions,
ensuring the right design, cost, and technology in place
Justifying every Spent! – The last but not least, providing client a clear
awareness of every single rupee capped vs spent, thus making them aware
of what they pay for, what’s the limit for it, raising flags in case of budget
variations and pro-active control of cost
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Construction cost data
Understanding and comparing costs is key to enhance the overall financial performance of organisations. This guide shall provide guidance to make informed decisions about
your next project as well as your wider real estate portfolio. The construction cost for the respective categories is average costing of Q4 2021

Construction Cost For Various
Asset Classes (INR /SQFT)
Building Type Floors Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Mumbai Pune
Residential
Affordable Housing Floors: 5 2100 to 2400 2100 to 2400 2250 to 2600 2100 to 2400 2350 to 2700 2150 to 2450
Standard apartments Floors: 5 to 12 2600 to 3100 2550 to 3050 2800 to 3350 2600 to 3100 2950 to 3500 2700 to 3200
Mid Rise Luxury Apartments Floors: 15+ 3500 to 3900 3450 to 3850 3800 to 4200 3500 to 3900 3950 to 4400 3600 to 4000
High Rise Luxury Apartments Floors: 30+ 5100 to 5500 5050 to 5450 5500 to 5950 5100 to 5500 5750 to 6200 5250 to 5650
Villas Floors: 2 3800 to 4400 3750 to 4350 4100 to 4750 3800 to 4400 4300 to 4950 3900 to 4550
Commercial
Medium Rise Floors: up to 12 2900 to 3600 2850 to 3550 3150 to 3900 2900 to 3600 3300 to 4050 3000 to 3700
High Rise Floors: 12+ 3400 to 4000 3350 to 3950 3650 to 4300 3400 to 4000 3850 to 4500 3500 to 4100
Retail
Malls Floors: 3 to 6 3400 to 4000 3350 to 3950 3650 to 4300 3400 to 4000 3850 to 4500 3500 to 4100
Industrial
Warehouse NA 1600 to 2000 1600 to 2000 1750 to 2150 1600 to 2000 1800 to 2250 1650 to 2050
Light/Medium Industrial NA 2600 to 3100 2550 to 3050 2800 to 3350 2600 to 3100 2950 to 3500 2700 to 3200
Heavy Industrial NA 3600 to 4600 3550 to 4550 3900 to 4950 3600 to 4600 4050 to 5200 3700 to 4750
R&D Facilities NA 7200 to 8100 7150 to 8000 7800 to 8750 7200 to 8100 8150 to 9150 7400 to 8350

*including FF&E **Excluding FF&E and medical equipment ***Cost based on Carpet Area
Building Type Floors Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Mumbai Pune
Hotel *
3 Star Budget 100+ Keys 4600 to 5200 4550 to 5150 4950 to 5600 4600 to 5200 5200 to 5900 4750 to 5350
4 Star 100+ Keys 5200 to 5800 5150 to 5750 5600 to 6250 5200 to 5800 5900 to 6550 5350 to 5950
5 Star 100+ Keys 7100 to 8100 7050 to 8000 7650 to 8750 7100 to 8100 8000 to 9150 7300 to 8350
5 Star / Resort Varies 8500 to 9500 8400 to 9400 9200 to 10250 8500 to 9500 9600 to 10750 8750 to 9800
Health**
Hospital Floors: 5 to10 4600 to 5400 4550 to 5350 4950 to 5850 4600 to 5400 5200 to 6100 4750 to 5550
Education
School Floors: 3 to 5 2800 to 3400 2750 to 3350 3000 to 3650 2800 to 3400 3150 to 3850 2900 to 3500
University Campus 5200 to 6100 5150 to 6050 5600 to 6600 5200 to 6100 5900 to 6900 5350 to 6300
Office Fit-Out ***
Fit out-Basic CA: 20,000+ 2800 to 3200 2750 to 3150 3000 to 3450 2800 to 3200 3150 to 3600 2900 to 3300
Fit out-Medium CA: 30,000+ 3600 to 3900 3550 to 3850 3900 to 4200 3600 to 3900 4050 to 4400 3700 to 4000
Fit out-High CA: 50,000+ 4800 to 6000 4750 to 5950 5200 to 6500 4800 to 6000 5400 to 6800 4950 to 6200
Occupier Campus CA: 300,000+ 8600 to 9000 8500 to 8900 9300 to 9700 8600 to 9000 9700 to 10150 8850 to 9250
Others
Multi-Level Parking (above ground) Floors: 3+ 1300 to 1600 1300 to 1600 1400 to 1750 1300 to 1600 1450 to 1800 1350 to 1650
Construction Cost For Various
Asset Classes (INR /SQFT)

Cost of Key materials across various cities
Description UoM Bengaluru Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Mumbai Pune
Cement
Grade 43 INR/MT 7,100 7,000 7,000 6,900 7,000 7,000
Steel
Reinforcement INR/MT 61,150 61,500 61,800 61,500 63,500 61,300
Structural steel INR/MT 71,800 70,800 71,300 71,800 70,800 70,300
Metals
Aluminium INR/ Kg 205 205 205 205 205 205
Stainless steel INR/ Kg 218 218 218 218 218 218
Copper INR/ Kg 736 736 736 736 736 736
Zinc INR/ Kg 258 258 258 258 258 258
Lead INR/ Kg 170 170 170 170 170 170
Tin INR/ Kg 3062 3062 3062 3062 3062 3062
Nickel INR/ Kg 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505
Stone
Granite INR/ sqft 140-250 140-250 140-250 140-250 140-250 140-250
Marble INR/ sqft 180-500 170-500 200-500 180-500 200-500 190-500
Wood
Plywood 12mm thick INR/ sqft 65-75 65-75 65-80 65-75 65-85 65-80
Clear Glass
6mm INR /sqft 80-85 80-85 90-100 80-85 95-105 90-100
8mm INR /sqft 100-110 100-110 110-115 100-110 100-120 100-110
Paints
Emulsion INR /ltr 160-178 160-178 165-180 160-178 165-185 165-180
Plumbing
GI pipes- 50mm to 100mm C class heavy INR/mtr 520-1170 520-1170 540-1185 520-1170 540-1200 540-1185
uPVC- 32- 110 mm INR/mtr 280-1420 280-1420 300-1450 280-1420 300-1480 300-1450
Source: As per JLL Internal database. All prices are supply rates and excluding GST. Metal’s Prices are referred from LME.
Below are material prices for various cities as of December 2021

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
654
Unskilled
724
Semi-Skilled
795
Skilled
864
Highly Skilled
Source: As per JLL Internal database. All prices exclude GST.
Note: The above rates as per the revised minimum wage order issued on 1st October 2021. Labour rates are average,
and differences are marginal across the metro cities. All the labour rates are INR/Day”
Labour Rates in Metro Cities

Unprecedented price increase
The past one year, the build environment has remained heavily loaded with prices
of major key construction materials, resulting in cost uncertainty on a major scale
in the Indian Construction Industry. If the ongoing supply chain bottlenecks and the
current commodities market are any indication, this scenario may improve by 2022
Q2 - or even to the later part of the year.
With the onset of the pandemic that resulted in a sudden slowdown in economic
activities globally, it was amply evident that commodities would go through a period
of market turbulence. What remained a challenge was forecasting what the scenario
would be as the global economy was gradually coming out of the crisis despite fears
of further disruptions.
The verdict is still awaited, but the hike in prices of prime construction materials
like steel, diesel, cement, copper, aluminum and PVC have been ‘steep’ to say the
minimum, and unprecedented in the past six to eight months although this surge is
expected to remain for some more time.
Since Q1 2020, steel is up 45-47% to INR 62,300/MT, copper also at 70-75% to INR
745,000/MT, followed by aluminum at 55-50% to INR 203,385/MT, PVC items by
80-90% to INR165,000/MT, and last, but not the least, fuel (primarily diesel) by a
whopping 43-47% to about INR 94/litre.
Cost of labour too has risen 10-15%, besides the regular increase, due to the
knock-on impact of COVID-19 protocols and its associated costs. This includes
costs related to compliance to new protocols like RT-PCR tests, idle time until test
results, increased accommodation space for the same amount of labour, quarantine
facility and sanitation measures. In addition to that, additional labour retention and
transportation costs put together has contributed to the increase.
Major reasons for cost increase:
• Rising raw material shortage
• Rising global material prices
• Steel, Cement, Aluminium, Copper & PVC Production challenges
• Logistic challenges import of key fit-out items and its long lead time
• Increasing Fuel Price
• Procurement Challenges due to COVID19
• Migrant Labours Availability
• Quarantine facilities, Health & Safety
• Vendors– Availability especially for specialised works
• Delay in project completion/ extension of project duration

Trend analysis
Last 3-year Quarterly Cement, Concrete & Reinforcement Steel (INR/MT)
4,786 5,063
4,739 4,726
5,120
6,000 5,845 5,800
5,500 5,755
7,050 7,130
0%
6%
-7%
-1%
9%
18%
-3%
-1%
-6%
5%
23%
2%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2019 2020 2021
Quarterly cement inr/MT Quarterly cement % change/MT
4,998 5,093 4,904 4,946 5,012
5,143
5,659 5,600 5,650 5,620 5,675 5,825
0%
2%
4%
1% 2%
3%
11%
2% 1% 1%
1%
3%
-6.00%
-4.00%
-2.00%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
4,400
4,600
4,800
5,000
5,200
5,400
5,600
5,800
6,000
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2019 2020 2021
Quarterly concrete avg rates/MT Quarterly concrete % change/MT
41,142 42,800 39,800 38,300
42,480
46,050 43,200
47,160
56,467 57,050
61,500 62,300
0%
4%
-7%
-4%
11%
9%
-7%
10%
20%
2%
8%
2%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2019 2020 2021
Quarterly reinforcement steel rates/MT Quarterly reinforcement steel % change/MT
Source: As per JLL internal cost benchmarking data. All prices are averaged from various pan India projects and updated as on December, 2020. Above rates are exclusive of GST.
Quarterly reinforcement steel INR/MT
Quarterly cement INR/MT Quarterly concrete Avg INR/MT

Last 3 year Quarterly Diesel(INR/L), Copper(INR/MT) & Aluminium(INR/MT)
472,901 451,270 457,237 434,114 420,688 393,089
470,663 525,860 676,531 772,007 708,605 736,949
0%
5%
2%
6%
4%
7%
20%
12%
29%
15%
-9%
5%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2019 2020 2021
Quarterly copper INR/MT Quarterly copper % change/MT
143,213 132,024 134,262 130,533 123,074 111,885
128,668 139,856
171,557
182,746
212,582 205,123
8%
2%
3%
6%
9%
15% 9%
23%
7%
17%
4%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2019 2020 2021
Quarterly aluminium rates/MT Quarterly aluminium % change/MT
Quarterly copper INR/MT
Quarterly aluminium rates/MT
0%
4%
-1%
1%
3%
-6%
5%
8%
7%
10%
6%
5%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2019 2020 2021
Quarterly diesel change/L
Quarterly Diesel Price

Market intelligence
Construction Indices for Various Cities
JLL has made an exhaustive effort to benchmark quarterly cost variations across various Indian Cities. Bangalore cost in Q4 2019 being the baseline at 100. These are based on
the evaluation of awarded work orders in the given quarters. JLL adopted a methodology to derive the cost indices by comparing the prices of most commonly used items on
weighted average basis in various cities.
Source: As per JLL internal cost benchmarking data
Cost Indices
114
113
118
116
122
116
115
114
119
115
123
117
119
118
123
119
128
121
122
121
126
122
131
124
126
125
130
126
135
128
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Mumbai Pune
Q4-2020 Q1-2021 Q2-2021 Q3-2021 Q4-2021

61
64.12
67.17
65.1
68.4
74.52
70.39
74.12
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Source: XE Currency Charts
Average Historic Conversion Rate (USD to INR)
Source: Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry, and Internal Trade
-4
2
3
5
2
13
5 5 4 4
5
7
-5
0
5
10
15
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
WPI CPI
Inflation in WPI & CPI %

General considerations for costing
The Cost/sqft represent the average of the competitive tender prices as on Q4 2021.
Further assumptions include:
• The cost/sqft is based on construction floor areas measured to the outside face of
the external walls / external perimeter including lift shafts, stair wells, water tanks,
plant rooms and like
• Exclusive of: Demolition of existing buildings, tenant fit-out, FF&E (furniture,
fitting and equipment unless otherwise specified), Cost escalation, professional
fees, land, finance, Approvals etc where applicable
• The warm shell cost for commercial, retail, hospitality inclusive of common
area finishes
• All costs are deemed to include contractor overhead, margins, direct/indirect
expenses, labour insurances, site overheads etc
• Exclusive of taxes, consultant fees, preopening cost, land acquisition, project
specific site conditions and site abnormal
• The Construction costs serve only as a guide for preliminary cost appraisals and
budgets; all buildings are assumed without basements (unless otherwise stated)
& are built on ground with normal soil conditions
Occupier Projects – Specifications explained
High Specification
Emphasises top-quality finishes and space
improvements. Increased efforts spent on
aesthetics and detail design
Medium Specification
Features upgraded lighting, cabling and
design. Uses average quality materials
and details
Base Specification
Designed to be low cost, with a simple
aesthetic. Finishes focus on function. Space
contains basic technology

Glossary & abbrevations
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services
produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. As a broad measure
of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of the
country’s economic health. Though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis, it
can be calculated on a quarterly basis as well.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
CPI is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of
consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care. It
is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the predetermined basket of
goods and averaging them. Changes in the CPI are used to assess price changes
associated with the cost of living; the CPI is one of the most frequently used statistics
for identifying periods of inflation or deflation.
Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
WPI measures the changes in the prices of goods sold and traded in bulk by
wholesale businesses to other businesses.
Repo rates
Repo rate refers to the rate at which commercial banks borrow money by selling
their securities to the Central bank of our country i.e., Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to
maintain liquidity, in case of shortage of funds or due to some statutory measures.
It is one of the main tools of RBI to keep inflation under control.
INR to USD exchange rate
An exchange rate is the value of one nation’s currency versus the currency of
another nation or economic zone. For example, how many U.S. dollars does it
take to buy one rupee.
SENSEX
Sensex, otherwise known as the S&P BSE Sensex index, is the benchmark index of the
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India. Sensex comprises 30 of the largest and most
actively-traded stocks on the BSE, providing an accurate gauge of India’s economy.
The index’s composition is reviewed in June and December each year. Initially
compiled in 1986, the Sensex is the oldest stock index in India. Analysts and investors
use the Sensex to observe the overall growth, development of particular industries,
and booms and busts of the Indian economy.
Abbrevations
USD: United States Dollar
INR: Indian National Rupee
GST: Goods and Services Tax
MEP: Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
BUA: Built-up area
CA: Carpet area
Sqft: Square foot
Cuft: Cubic feet
Sqmm: Square millimetre
Ltr: Litre
Mtr: Linear metre
MT: Metric tonne
MRICS: Member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

About JLL PDS
JLL Project and Development Services is a leader in the development, design, construction
and branding of commercial real estate projects for the world’s most prominent corporations,
educational institutions, public jurisdictions, healthcare organizations, industrial facilities,
retailers, hotels, sports facilities and real estate owners. Our scope of services includes Project
Management, Cost Management, Development Advisory/Development Management,
Project Advisory, Project Monitoring, Relocation Assistance & Construction Management
(Design & Build Services). JLL India’s project management team comprises 1,300 project
managers across 300+ sites and is actively managing/managed and delivering an area of 267
million sq ft. PDS Industrial is a service line catering to large Manufacturing & Warehousing
facilities with an objective to breathe life and create a facility that works for your culture,
people and community.
About JLL Cost Management India
Cost Management at JLL is a blend of technical expertise, collaborative working and
commercial understanding. We deliver more than just a project. We build business outcomes
– the long term goals in every new building, fit-out or design. From consulting and capital
management through design and construction, we bring life cycle perspective to every
project. Transforming the spaces where people live, work and play to ensure you realise your
broader ambitions and business goals.
• Benchmarking
• Cost planning
• Value engineering/Alternate solutions
• Procurement strategy &
contract advisory
• Tender management
• Post contract cost controls
• Final account closure
Our Cost Management experts are experienced across a wide array of sectors,
covering: offices, retail, industrial and logistics, public sector, health, education,
residential and hotels
About JLL
JLL (NYSE: JLL) is a leading professional services firm that specializes in real estate and
investment management. JLL shapes the future of real estate for a better world by using
the most advanced technology to create rewarding opportunities, amazing spaces and
sustainable real estate solutions for our clients, our people and our communities. JLL is a
Fortune 500 company with annual revenue of $19.4 billion, operations in over 80 countries
and a global workforce of more than 98,000 as of December 31, 2021. JLL is the brand name,
and a registered trademark, of Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated. For further information,
visit jll.com
About JLL India
JLL is India’s premier and largest professional services firm specialising in real estate.
With an unaudited revenue in excess of 4,900 crores for FY 2019-20, the Firm is growing from
strength to strength in India for the past two decades. JLL India has an extensive presence
across 10 major cities (Mumbai, Delhi NCR, Bengaluru, Pune, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata,
Ahmedabad, Kochi and Coimbatore) and over 130 tier II & III markets with a cumulative
strength of close to 12,000 professionals. The Firm provides investors, developers, local
corporates and multinational companies with a comprehensive range of services. This
includes leasing, capital markets, research & advisory, transaction management, project
development, facility management and property & asset management. These services cover
various asset classes such as commercial, industrial, warehouse and logistics, data centres,
residential, retail, hospitality, healthcare, senior living, and education. For further information,
please visit jll.co.in
Feasibility Procurement Construction Post-Contract
Design
Development
75+
Cost Managers
1200+
Project Managers
17 offices
in 11 Cities

Copyright © Jones Lang Lasalle IP, INC. 2022. All rights reserved. All information contained herein is from sources deemed reliable; however, no representation or warranty is made to the accuracy thereof.
www.jll.com
For Business Enquiries
Aditya Desai
Executive Director & Head – PDS Sales & Investor Services,
PDS India
Phone: +919820312057
Email: Aditya.Desai@ap.jll.com
Ashok VS, MRICS
Senior Director & Head- Cost Management
PDS India
Phone: +91 9972032962
Email: Ashok.vs@ap.jll.com
Authors
Ajas S, MRICS
Manager, Cost Management
PDS India
Phone: +918142998166
Email: Ajas.Sunil@ap.jll.com
Sikhya Babu
Senior Manager, Cost Management
PDS India
Phone: +917567086383
Email: Sikhya.Babu@ap.jll.com

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