3. Energy Scenario
™ Coal continues to be the major source of primary energy worldwide.
Share of coal in world’s energy consumption is 28%.
™ Coal and lignite in India support about 55% of the primary commercial
energy.
Fuel-wise Break-up of Primary Energy Consumption (in %)
100
6
6
28
24
36
WORLD
100
5
10
21
23
41
OECD
100
Total
6
Hydro-Electric
1
Nuclear Energy
55
Coal
8
Natural Gas
30
Oil
INDIA
Consumption by Fuel
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2006.
5. World Coal Resources
PROVED COAL RESOURCES OF THE WORLD
PROVED COAL RESOURCES OF THE WORLD (Coal & Lignite)
(Coal & Lignite)
Total Proved Resources (Coal & Lignite)
Total Proved Resources (Coal & Lignite) -
- 909 BT
909 BT
USA 27%
Russia 17%
China 13%
India 10%
S.Africa 5%
Others 19%
Australia 9%
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2006
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2006
6. Key Players in Indian Coal Sector
407 Mtes
Total (During 2005-06)
27.5 Mtes
(7%)
„Captive Producers - (Steel & Power)
36.1 Mtes
(9%)
„Singareni Collieries Company Ltd.
(SCCL) - (AP St. Govt. & Govt. of India
Jt. Venture)
343.4 Mtes
(84%)
„Coal India Ltd. (CIL)- (A Govt. of India
Enterprise)
Production
Coal Producing Companies
7. TOTAL RESOURCE – 253 Billion Tonnes
COKING – 32 Bt
NON-COKING – 221 Bt
INDIAN COAL RESOURCES - 2006
8. COAL RESERVES IN INDIA
253.3
37.7
119.8
95.8
Total
221.2
35.6
106.3
79.3
Non coking
1.7
0.2
1.00
0.5
Blendable/
Semi Coking
25.1
1.9
11.8
11.4
Medium
Coking Coal
5.3
0.00
0.7
4.6
Prime Coking
Total
Inferred
Indicated
Proved
Type of Coal
(Billion Tones)
(As on 1.1.2006)
9. DEMAND SUPPLY GAP (Projected)
DEMAND SUPPLY GAP (Projected)
51.10
10.25
40.85
680.00
652.35
27.65
731.10
662.60
68.50
11-12
181
125
56
1086
1037#
49
1267
1162
105
24-25
DEMAND AT 8%
GDP GROWTH
25.80
COKING COAL
41.68
TOTAL
15.88
NON COKING COAL
GAP
432.50
TOTAL
414.60
NON COKING COAL
17.90
COKING COAL
AVAILABILITY
474.18
TOTAL
430.48
NON COKING COAL
43.70
COKING COAL
DEMAND
06-07
SECTOR
DEMAND/
SUPPLY/ GAP
# Includes 25 Mt Coal equivalent of CBM-UCG
(Million Tonnes)
Source: Draft Report of WG on Coal & Lignite for XI Plan & Visi
Source: Draft Report of WG on Coal & Lignite for XI Plan & Vision Coal 2025
on Coal 2025
10. COAL AVAILABILITY IN INDIA
1086
25
1061
57
175
47
782
24-25
(Proj.)
680.0
-
680.0
-
118.7
40.8
520.5
11-12
(Proj.)
432.5
-
432.5
-
31.2
37.5
363.8
06-07
(Antic.)
407.0
-
407.0
-
27.5
36.1
343.4
05-06
(Actual)
Grand Total
Coal equiv. of
CBM-UCG
Total Coal Production
Unblocked Areas
Others including Captive
SCCL
CIL
( in Mt)
Source: Draft Report of WG on Coal & Lignite for XI Plan & Visio
Source: Draft Report of WG on Coal & Lignite for XI Plan & Vision Coal 2025
n Coal 2025
11. Thrust Areas
Thrust Areas
¾
¾ To introduce state
To introduce state-
-of
of-
-art mining and beneficiation
art mining and beneficiation
technologies
technologies
¾
¾ To harness coal resources with due regard to
To harness coal resources with due regard to
environmental and social issues
environmental and social issues
¾
¾ To promote exploration and exploitation of CBM,
To promote exploration and exploitation of CBM,
CMM & AMM
CMM & AMM
¾
¾ To promote underground coal gasification and coal
To promote underground coal gasification and coal
liquefaction
liquefaction
¾
¾ To
To modernise
modernise mining practices through IT driven
mining practices through IT driven
process control and management
process control and management
¾
¾ To promote research and development in Coal Sector
To promote research and development in Coal Sector
12. Coal Mining Technology
¾ Most of coal production comes from open-pit
mines, contributing about 85%
¾ Technology in-place in Open-pit mining:
Shovel-dumper, Dragline, In-pit crushing &
conveying, Surface Miners & Bucket-wheel
excavators (in Lignite mining)
¾ Technology in-place in Underground mining :
Conventional & Mechanised Bord & Pillar
with SDL, LHD; Powered support Longwall,
Continuous miner.
13. Coal Movement in India
¾ Bulk of coal (47%) is transported by well
developed railway network
¾ Pit-head consumers by dedicated MGR rail
link(23%)
¾ Coastal consumers in Southern India by rail-
cum- Sea Route.
¾ Limited Aerial Ropeway and belt conveyors
14. Coal Preparation
¾ As per GoI stipulation, power houses situated
beyond 1000 kms from pitheads, load centers and
specified areas must use <34% ash coal.
¾ Number of washeries currently in operation:
89.80
34
30.95
18
Capacity (Mt)
Non-coking
Capacity (Mt)
Coking
¾Technologies in vogue:
9Jigs
9Heavy Media Baths
9Heavy Media Cyclones
9Froth Floatation
9Water-only Cyclones
¾
¾Need for more number of
Need for more number of washeries
washeries
15. Largest Equipment Size
-
2.20m - 3.70m
0.3m - 0.6m
SURFACE MINER
Cutting Width
Cutting Depth
-
24/96
DRAGLINE
42 cum
20 cum
ROPE SHOVEL
PROPOSED TO
BE INDUCTED
AT PRESENT
16 cum
11.8 cum
HYDRAULIC SHOVEL
DOZER
RBH DRILL
REAR DUMPER
770 hp
311 mm
170 T
850 hp
381 mm
250T
16. Technology-wise Break-up of Underground
Coal Production
62.75
TOTAL
2.61
Other methods
2.87
Mechanized Longwall
0.14
Conventional Longwall
34.40
Mechanized Bord & Pillar
22.74
Manual Bord & Pillar
2005 – 06 (MT)
Method of mining
17. Production Projection of UG Mines
66.0
82.0
159.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
2006-07 2011-12 2024-25
( in Mt)
18. Future Trends : (Underground Mining)
„ Phasing out of manual mining
„ Adoption of higher level of mechanisation
‰ Powered Support Longwall
‰ Continuous miner
‰ Blasting Gallery
‰ High wall mining
19. Underground Coal Mining-
Thrust Areas
„ Extraction of coal locked in pillars/ below
developed seams
„ Strata control, particularly Hard Roof Management
„ Mining of Thick seams
„ Mining of moderately inclined seams ( 150 to 250)
„ Mining of steeply inclined seams ( more than 250)
„ Fast drivage of Inclines / Shafts
„ Communication Technology allowing control
room operation of UG mines
20. CMM Demonstration Project
CMM Demonstration Project
CBM Recovery and Commercial
CBM Recovery and Commercial Utilisation
Utilisation
¾
¾ Being implemented jointly by BCCL and CMPDIL in
Being implemented jointly by BCCL and CMPDIL in
Sudamdih
Sudamdih and
and Moonidih
Moonidih mines of BCCL
mines of BCCL
¾
¾ Fund provided by GoI/GEF/UNDP
Fund provided by GoI/GEF/UNDP
¾
¾ The aim of the project is:
The aim of the project is:
¾
¾ To acquire exposure in CBM production from
To acquire exposure in CBM production from
virgin area and working mine by drilling from
virgin area and working mine by drilling from
surface and underground
surface and underground
¾
¾ Utilisation
Utilisation technique of extracted CBM
technique of extracted CBM
¾
¾ The gas is likely to be available from 2007
The gas is likely to be available from 2007-
-08 for
08 for
utilisation
utilisation
21. Thrust Areas for Research Activities
Thrust Areas for Research Activities
¾
¾ Development of mining methods for steep and thick seams
Development of mining methods for steep and thick seams
¾
¾ Development of hard roof management technique like Hydro
Development of hard roof management technique like Hydro
fracturing or safe blasting etc.
fracturing or safe blasting etc.
¾
¾ CBM / CMM resource assessment and recovery techniques
CBM / CMM resource assessment and recovery techniques
suitable for Indian conditions
suitable for Indian conditions
¾
¾ In
In-
-situ gasification of identified coal/lignite seams
situ gasification of identified coal/lignite seams
¾
¾ Detection and mapping of old and unapproachable underground
Detection and mapping of old and unapproachable underground
workings
workings
¾
¾ Application of I.T for detection of trapped miners in the event
Application of I.T for detection of trapped miners in the event of
of
disasters
disasters
¾
¾ Cost effective beneficiation of LVHR coals
Cost effective beneficiation of LVHR coals
¾
¾ Improved fine coal recovery techniques for coking coal
Improved fine coal recovery techniques for coking coal washeries
washeries
¾
¾ Conversion of coal to Liquid hydro
Conversion of coal to Liquid hydro-
-carbons/surface gasification
carbons/surface gasification
23. Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- STEEP SEAM EXTRACTION IN NEC
¾ NEC is a unit of Coal India Limited in North East India.
¾ Presently working 3 UG mines and 2 Open Cast mines
¾ Tertiary Coal – Low ash, high sulphur, caking in nature
¾ All seams are of Deg –III gassiness ( >10m3 CH4/te of
coal produced)
¾ Coals are friable, soft and prone to spontaneous heating
¾ Soft roof and soft floor
¾ Roof & floor consists of clay, shale, mudstone & siltstone
¾ Highly acidic mine water due to presence of sulphur
24. Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
Evergreen tropical forest
Vegetation
Humid but short summer, prolonged rainy
season and fairly cold winter
Climate
Hilly rugged terrain having steep slopes
with elevations ranging from 175m - 500m
above mean sea level in Tipong Block and
160m - 360m above mean sea level in
Lachitkhani Block
Topography
GENERAL FEATURES
25. Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
Upto 500m
Upto 400m
Upto 560m
Upto 450m
Explored
depth(m)
15m to 50m
15m to
50m
15m to
50m
15m to 50m
Incrop
depth
250 to 400 in southern &
250 to 300 in the
northern side
550 to 750 in eastern part
& 400 to 550 in western
part
Gradient
5.4 –19.2
4.05-9.00
7.84-19.8
3.93 – 8.62
Thickness
(m)
60ft seam
20 ft seam
60ft seam
20 ft seam
LACHITKHANI BLOCK
(LEDO)
TIPONG BLOCK
Particulars
TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF 20 ft & 60 ft SEAMS
26. 60ft seam
60ft seam
LACHITKHANI BLOCK
( LEDO)
TIPONG BLOCK
Particulars
20 ft seam
20 ft seam
27.22
58.38
Grand Total
(Mt)
20.26
6.96
43.67
14.71
Total (Mt)
3.68(New)
2.03(T)
14.55(B)
1.43 (T)
3.84(B)
1.68(T+B)
32.63
(west)
11.03(East)
8.08 (West)
6.629 (East)
Reserve
(Mt)
COAL RESERVES
Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
27. 78
77
66
50*
35
% of extraction
within panel
135
210
220
175*
150
Avg. Prod(TPD)
450 to 550
Above 600
400 to
500
250 to 350
Above
380
Seam Gradient
4 to 4.5
5 to 6
6 to 9
6 to 9
3 to 11
Seam
Thickness (m)
CK
Shield
Sectional
Shield
Rigid Descending
Shield Method
Flexible
Roofing
Scaper
Assisted
Chamber
Tipong
Particulars
UG METHODS OF WORK APPLIED IN NEC
Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
28. „ Present Method
‰ Tipong mine: Modified Tipong Method
‰ Ledo mine: Scraper assisted chamber method.
„ Methods tried earlier
‰ Flexible roofing:
The net used for flexible roofing got punctured
resulting in deterioration of quality
As total coal could not be evacuated, it led to fire
‰ Descending shield method:
Non availability of thick timber required in this method.
Uneven roof and floor surface creating difficulty in
shield sliding.
Variation in seam thickness did not allow the shield to
descend.
METHODS OF WORK USED IN TIPONG & LEDO
Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
29. „ Seams are steep and highly gassy
„ Seams are friable
„ Prone to spontaneous heating
„ Requires special method
„ Production and productivity low
OBSTACLES BEING FACED PRESENTLY
Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
31. OBJECTIVE OF CO-OPERATION
‰ To achieve improved production
performance and extraction percentage of
the steep seam higher value coal by utilizing
improved mining technology.
‰ Explore alternative mining methods available
in the member countries to the unique
characteristics of the coal bearing strata of
the North Eastern Region.
Extraction of Steep & Thick Coal Seam
32. Study on Coal Quality Management
System in India - Beneficiation
of Coking and Thermal coals
33. INDIAN
INDIAN COALS
COALS -
- CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
FAVOURABLE
¾ Low sulphur content [around 0.5 %]
¾ Less trace elements
¾ More environment friendly due to above
UNFAVOURABLE
¾ Contain high percentage of inorganic impurities (due
to Drift origin); 65% of non-coking coal belongs to
high ash category (grade ‘E’ and below)
¾ Contain high percentage of Near Gravity Materials
(NGM)
34. CONSUMERS
CONSUMERS’
’ COAL QUALITY NEED
COAL QUALITY NEED
< 34
Power Sector
20-25
Cement Sector
About 15
Coal Dust Injection (CDI)
About 25
Heat Intense Industries
20-25
Corex Technology for Steel
About 25
Sponge Iron Technology
17+0.5
Steel Sector
Acceptable limit of
Ash%
Coal Consumers
35. COAL BENEFICIATION
COAL BENEFICIATION –
– 2025 (Projection)
2025 (Projection)
1061
Grand Total
1012
Total Non-Coking
810
Inferior Grade
202
Superior Grade
Non-Coking
13
LVHR
36
Coking
2025 (in Mt)
Quality of Coal
¾ The entire production of coking & low volatile high rank
coal and most of the inferior grade non-coking coal will
need beneficiation.
36. COAL BENEFICIATION (cont.)
COAL BENEFICIATION (cont.)
¾ Most of the existing washeries have outlived their
lives and require replacement.
¾ New plants have to be erected to cater to the
additional production of coking and LVHR coal
¾ The capacity of non-coking coal washeries need
to be greatly increased considering that around
40-45% of the inferior grade non-coking coal
would require beneficiation.
38. Typical Characteristics
• Thick seams with number of bands spreading over approximately
30 km stretch along the strike direction.
• General characteristics of these coals are
• Low in Volatile Matter content (15 to 20%)
• High ash content ( 30 to 35% or even more),
• These coals posses unique petrographic characteristics as
follows:
• Mean vitrinite reflectance varies between 1.25 and 1.45%
showing desirable maturity of coal.
• High inertinite content (60-70%, sometimes even more) which
are intimately mixed with inorganic micro components as
well as with vitrinite, which gives a high percentage of near
gravity material (50-60%) at the desired specific gravity of cut.
39. Typical Characteristics (Contd...)
™ Due to intimate mixing of micro
components, these coals have extremely
poor liberation characteristics –
• when raw coal is progressively crushed
from 75 to say, 13 or 6 or even 3 mm, the
yield of cleans at 17.5 + 0.5 % ash varies
between 30 and 35% only.
™ Existing coking coal washery circuits are
not capable to beneficiate such coal
economically.
40. LVC Coal :
Projected production programme
Projected production programme by the year 2011-12
is as follows :
Presently used
for Power
generation
Nil
13
Low Volatile High
Rank (LVHR), i.e.,
high ash Coking
coal
Remarks
Existing
Washing
Cap, mty
Projected
Production
mty
Type of Coal
41. In the context of fast depleting reserves of prime coking
coal it has become necessary to utilize low volatile
coking coal (LVCC) for coke making for use in blast
furnace after proper blending.
™ To develop/ establish a suitable technology for
beneficiation of high ash difficult-to-wash Coking coal
from V/VI/VII/VIII seams coal of Jharia coal field
™ To set up a Demonstration Plant of capacity around 0.5
– 1 Mty of raw coal for washing of V/VI/VII/VIII seam
coal of Jharia coal field to obtain:
„ Metallurgical grade coking coal (Ash % ~ 18 + 0.5) as
Cleans
„ Power grade coal (Ash < 34)
„ Low Carbon Rejects
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
43. • Development of CBM from deep seated coal
deposits (VCBM) has made considerable
progress.
• 26 CBM blocks have so far been allotted with
prognosticated resource of 1.45 tcm in 13591 Sq.
Km area.
• The production potential from the allotted blocks
is 38 MMSCMD.
Development of
Development of Coalbed
Coalbed Methane in India
Methane in India
44. • Development of CMM/AMM has been visualised through a
concept paper and steps are being taken in this regard.
• A CMM demonstration project is under implementation jointly
by BCCL and CMPDI in Sudamdih and Moonidih mines of
BCCL with GoI/GEF/UNDP funding
¾ The surface drilling has started.
¾ The gas is likely to be available from 2007-08 for
utilisation.
• CMM resource of 150 BCM has been tentatively assessed for 5
coalfields viz Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro (East & West) and S.
Karanpura. This resource would, however, require firming up.
Coalmine Methane
Coalmine Methane
45. • The development of CMM/AMM in India is not at par with
VCBM as it is constrained on account of various reasons.
• Constraints in development of CMM/AMM
9 Capacity is lacking in resource modeling of de-stressed coal
seams and determination of techno-economic feasibility of
CMM project
9 Legal/safety frame work for CMM exploitation
9 Ownership issues
9 Lack of infrastructure for cost effective transportation &
utilisation of recovered methane.
Coalmine Methane …
46. Assistance and Collaboration Area
¾ Resource modelling of coal seams under
de-stressed condition by experts in the field
¾ Development of a model project with well
defined functional areas of each stake
holders
¾ Economic analysis of the project conceived
Coalmine Methane …
48. • In India, UCG was taken up as a National Project in early 80's.
• The Pilot Scale Project at Merta Road could not be taken up
due to apprehension of contamination of ground water, on
which the local population is dependent.
• With the thrust on clean coal technology and advancement in
supportive technologies, there is a renewed interest in UCG.
• Keen interest is being shown by several agencies in Public and
Private sector.
• Headway is being made by the national coal & lignite
companies in association with ONGC and SIM Russia in UCG.
Underground Coal Gasification
49. Proposed collaboration area
• Technology transfer for pursuing UCG in following
areas
¾ Site selection initially for a pilot scale studies
¾ Taking up pilot scale studies in an collaborative
regime for establishing techno-economics
¾ If found feasible pursuing a commercial project
with CO2 sequestration under a collaborative
regime
Underground Coal Gasification
50. Capacity creation in assessing
Carbon Credit benefits related to
CBM/CMM/UCG etc.
51. • Development of CBM/CMM/UCG is priority
area of GoI
• To accrue full benefit of clean coal technologies
such as CBM,CMM,UCG etc, we need to
develop expertise in formulating relevant
projects in these areas qualifying carbon credit
mechanism
• Capacity building for carbon credit is identified
as an area of cooperation
Capacity creation for Carbon Credit
