January 2016

Asian Journal of
Multidisciplinary Studies
Editor in Chief:
Dr. Mohan L. Jamdade
Managing Editor:
Mrs. Pramila M. Jamdade
Language: Multilingual
Published by
Sonhira Publication,
204, Om, Chandrangan Swaroop Society,
Near Sinhgad Institute, Ambegaon Bk.
Pune- 411046
Copyrights: Editors 2016
All rights reserved
ISSN: 2321-8819 (Online)
ISSN: 2348-7186 (Print)
Volume-IV, Issue - I, January, 2016
Available at www.ajms.co.in

2348-7186 (Print)
Impact Factor : 0.923
ASIAN JOURNAL OF
MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES
Welcome to AJMS
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (AJMS) is a monthly international journal
published in English, Hindi & Marathi for scholars, practitioners, and students. All research
papers submitted to the journal will be double – blind peer reviewed referred by members of
the editorial board readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes
government and industry with research interest in the general subject.
Our aim is worldwide recognition and fast publication. AJMS publishes high-quality work
from different epistemological, methodological, theoretical, and cultural perspectives and
from different regions across the globe. AJMS makes readers of the change happening in
higher education and society as well as research an end us. Our journal helps in providing a
convenient, reliable as well as cost effective solution of processing and delivering the
publication to the door step of our readers. It provides a forum for innovation, questioning of
assumptions, and controversy and debate, and aims to give creative impetuses for academic
scholarship and for applications in education, policy making, professional practice, and
advocacy and social action.
To achieve these aims, AJMS will publish original research articles, book reviews,
commentaries, correspondence, review articles, technical notes, short communications, case
study, books, thesis and dissertation relevant to the fields of Agricultural Science, Ayurved,
Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Botany, Chemistry, Commerce, Computer Science,
Economics, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Food Science, Geology, Geography,
History, Horticulture, Law, Library & Information Science, Linguistics, Literature,
Management Studies, Mathematics, Medical Sciences, Microbiology, Molecular Biology,
Nursing, Pharmacy, Physics, Social Science, Zoology, etc.
Indexed
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies is included in different indexing agencies, Google Scholar,
Directory of Research Journal Indexing, BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine etc.

Editorial Board Advisory Board
Editor in Chief
Dr. Mohan L. Jamdade, Bharati Vidyapeeth
University, Pune, India
Managing Editor
Mrs. Pramila Mohan Jamdade, Librarian,
Tehmi Grant Institute of Nursing Education,
Pune., India
Members, Editorial Board
Dr. Ethelbert P. Dapiton,
Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela
City, Philippines.
Dr. Hamdan Ahmed Kaid AL-Saidi, Head,
Dept. of Accounting, National Institute of
Administrative Sciences, Republic of Yemen,
Yemen.
Dr. Kalpana Pai,
Associate Professor of Accounting School of
Business Administration Texas Wesleyan
University 1201 Wesleyan St. Fort Worth,
Texas 76105.
Dr. N. B. Dahibhate,
Principal Technical Officer, National
Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.
Dr. R. S. Zirange,
Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth University,
Pune, India.
Dr. S. Raja,
Assistant Librarian, AUCB Public
Library,Alagappa University, Karaikudi,
Tamilnadu, India.
Dr. R. S. Mane, Professor, Swami
RamanandTirthMarathwada University,
Nanded, India
Dr. Shivaji N. Borhade,
Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth University,
Pune, India
Dr. Tapas Pal,
Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan West
Bengal, India.
Dr. Susan Silverstone,
Associate Professor, Department of
Marketing and Management, School of
Business and Management National
University 9980 Carroll Canyon Road San
Diego, CA 92131
Dr. Christina DeCoursey,
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong
Kong
MC. Aurelio DenizGuizar,
Director School of Foreign Trade, University
of Colima, C. P. 28219, Manzanillo, Colima,
Mexico
Dr. Coomie Vevaina,
Head, Department of English, Mumbai
University, Mumbai, India
Dr. B. M. Panage,
Librarian, Jaykar Library, University of
Pune, India, India
Adv. Dr. Rajendra Anbhule,
Professional office No. 1, 325/1A, Shantai
Apt. ShaniwarPeth, Pune-30, India
Dr. Vishwanath Bite,
Assistant Professor, Department of English,
Government of Maharashtra‟s Ismail Yusuf
College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
Jogeshwari (E), Mumbai 60. Maharashtra,
India
Subscription
Demand draft should be in fabour of “Mohan
Jamdade” payable at Pune (Maharashtra-India)
India Foreign
Annual Rs.6000/- $360
Single Copy Rs.500/- $30
Address : Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Mohan L. Jamdade, Editor in Chief, Asian
Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Ramkrishna Apartment, Anandnagar, Suncity Rd., Shinhgad
Rd., Pune – 411 051 (India).
Mb. 919890449895, Email : drmohanjamdade@gmail.com website : www.ajms.co.in

CONTENTS
Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Page No.
Science
1 A Critical review on Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
and its Ayurvedic Approach
Shubhangi,
S.S. Mulik,
D.B.Kadam
01-02
2 Decreasing wheat Producation Due to
Increasing Temperature in Rohtas District Bihar
Sandeep Kumar Singh 03-07
3 Anxiety: A Comparative Study of the Level of
Anxiety in Married Women with Children and
Married Women without Children
Tanishka Safari,
Laxmi Vajpeyi
08-11
4 Self-Care Behaviour Practices and Related Factors
among Hypertensive Men and Women in Delhi
Shipra Gupta,
K. Geeta,
Geeta Mehto
12-19
Social Science & Humanities
5 Marketing of Library and Information Services in
University Libraries: A Practical Experience
Md. Milan Khan
Mostafa Kamal
20-26
6 The Study of the Language of Pakistani News
Channels and Its Impact on Viewers: A Perceptive
Study
Emma Behar Alam
Furrakh Abbas
27-37
7 Forest Biomass and Tribal Economy:
A case study of Daitari Hill Ranges of Keonjhar
District, Odisha, India.
G.B. Prusty,
H.P. Sahoo
38-40
8 An Analysis of Relationship between Happiness
and Personality: A Literature Review
Mamata Prasad 41-46
9 A Study on Employee Retention with Special
Reference to Software Companies
N.Srinivas Kumar 47-53
10 “A Land that is not my own”: Pull of home in the
poetry of Ahmed Ali
Farah Afrin 54-56
11 Indeginous Tourism Development: Case Analysis
of Saharia Tribes
Surabhi Srivastava 57-66
12 Assessing Credit Risk in SME: Need to Focus On
Credit Rating
Geetika Gupta 67-81
13 Code Switching in English as Second Language in
ESL class room: students‟ identities, attitudes and
feelings
Shaiza Riaz Dar 82-88
14 Revisiting Koch-Mughal Relations: A Political
History from Alliance to Disintegration
Durgeswar Sahariah,
Tarun Kumar Halder
89-92
15 Support from extra-curricular activities to strategic
thinkers in private sector companies: with special
reference to western province in Sri Lanka
Hashan S. Wimalasiri 93-103
16 A Comparative Study onNon-Performing Assets
(NPAs) of Selected Private Banks in India
Mahabub Basha S,
M.S. Ramaratnam
104-109
17 Dimensions of Poverty, Unemployment and
Inequality in India
Khudeja Khursheed 110-115
18 Crime in Politics of Contemporary Bangladesh Sayeed Raas Maswod 116-131

Sr.No. Article Name Author Name Page No.
19 A Citation Analysis of the Doctoral Dissertations
Submitted to the Department Of English, Gauhati
University, India during 2009-2012
Seema Devi
Rajdeep Das
132-138
20 Study of impact of Quality of
Education on Employability in Pune
Alfred Rodrigues and Komal
Chopra
139-146
21 Imaginary „Casteism‟ is India‟s „Divide and Rule
Policy‟ Political Economics of India
Gurumurthi Balakrishnan
Pandipeddhi
147-161
22 Open Access Social Science Journals on Nlist: An
Anlytical Study
Vaishali B. Wadnerkar 162-165
23 Motherhood in Mahasweta Devi‟s Breast-Giver Prabal Jagadeesh Roddannavar 166-167
24 A Study to find the usefulness of library
automation and internet usage of the academic
staff of the Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Rani Kumari Kulatunga 168-177
25 Innovative Financing for Development: An
Anecdote from India
Rajni
Priyanka Chaddha
178-186
26 Amish Tripathi‟s The Immortals of Meluha (Shiva
Trilogy 1) : A Critical Appreciation
Dipanjoy Mukherjee 187-193
27 Growing Potentials of Rural Marketing in India:
The Changing Paradigms
Harpreet Kaur 194-200
28 An Exploratory Study on Management of
Demographic Diversity of Workforce in Indian IT
Companies
Shraddha Patil
Jaya Chitranshi
201-207
29 Empowerment of Women through Panchayati Raj
Institutions: A Critical Analysis
Sudipta Biswas 208-215
30 Psychological First Aid: A Way of Disaster
Management
Amal Kr. Sarkar 216-219
31 Displaced Author, Creative Reader and Ubiquitous
Text: A Postmodern Reading of Italo Calvino‟s If
on a Winter’s Night a Traveller
Sambit Panigrahi 220-224
32 Right to Environment – A Critical Appraisal Bikram Kumar Das 225-229
33 Treatment of Life Amitab Ghosh‟s Fiction: A
Critical Study
Manoranjan Behura 230-231
34 Relationship between Female Literacy Rate and
Child Sex Ratio in Gujarat (2011)
Lata Singh 232-238
35 Motivational Climate in Technical Educational
Institutions in Telangana - A Study
Gowthami Chinthala
N.Hanumantha Rao
239-249
36
नज़ीर अकबराबादी के काव्य में आर्थिक
पररदृश्य
इमरान अऱी 250-252
37 Women Empowerment through Women
Centric Movies in Malayalam: A critical
study 2004-2014
Seena J,
D Nivedhitha
253-259
38 fxjfefVvk Jfed iz.kkyh ds mUewyu es
egkRek xka/kh dh Hkwfedk
vfer dqekj lSuh 260-264
39 Caste Assertion and Issues of Identity
among Ashrafs of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh
Manu Gouraha 265-268
40 Practice of Caste and Hierarchical Division
among Muslims of Sagar
Manu Gouraha 269-271

Asian Journal of
2348-7186 (Print)
Impact Factor: 0.92
Vol. 4, Issue 1, January 2016
Available online at www.ajms.co.in 1
A Critical review on Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis and its Ayurvedic Approach
Shubhangi Gathe1
; S.S. Mulik2
; D.B.Kadam3
1
PG Scholar , Dept. Of shalakyatantra,
Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Ayurved, Pune
2
Asst. Professor , Dept. Of Shalakyatantra,
3
Prof & HOD, Dept. Of shalakyatantra,
ABSTRACT: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a allergic conjunctivitis, mostly childhood and adolescent age
group suffering from this troublesome ocular disease , and rarely occur after 14 yr . The diseases incidence
is more common in hot and dry climate .Children suffers from itching, redness, discharge, grittiness,
lacrimation, photophobia, and etc. Thereby , decreasing in study hours of childrens. These symptoms get
exaggerate in the spring season so called as “spring catarrh”. Topical Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, mast cell stabilizers are the available treatment options which gives symptomatic
relief but have some side effects if use for long-term. So, there is an increasing demand in Ayurvedic
system of medicine to understand the disease and find some alternative for management on it.
After going through the clinical presentation from most of the Ayurvedic text, it concluded that Vernal
Keratoconjunctivitis means Spring Catarrh resemble to Kaphaja Abhishyanda . The nomenclature of the
disease „spring catarrh‟ is indicative of season Vasanta Ritu , and as per the Ayurvedic classical text
principles, Vasanta Ritu is the Kapha Prakopa kala ( period) and childhood age group is also the Kapha
dominating span of life. The clinical features of the disease are very much resemble to Kaphaja
Abhishyanda.
Key words – Kaphaja Abhishyanda,Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
INTRODUCTION
Well- being of the society and balanced ecosystem
are closely related to awareness, environment, and
health, ignoring any one of them will lead to a
disturbed ecosystem and well-being of the society
as a whole . Ayurved is perfect life science, which
completely depend on nature, its resources, and
environment, for the maintenance of a healthy life
and defending the disease condition. Environment
is key to human health. And the study of the
disease is study of man and environment. In fact
many of man's health problem cause due to
environmental factors. Altered homeostasis occurs
because of adverse environmental factors, which
disturb the natural rhythmic and seasonal rhythms.
This imbalance directly or adversely affects body
and the disease resistance power.
In such condition, human body suffers to serious
disease even with minor infectious factor. “The
respiratory tract, eyes, skin show immediate
response to the exogenous factors called
ALLERGENS’’. Oral cavity is at the least risk as it
being continuously cleaned with saliva in life
Sensitivity towards allergies can develop any time,
in childhood and adolescence greater chances for
the allergic diseases development occur.
Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) does not affect the
vision but, in childhood it is an extremely
comfortless disease, decreasing the studying time
of children, and some time it will last for a years.
Rarely it cause corneal ulcer or keratoconus which
effects vision.
In childhood and adolescent age Allergic
conjunctivitis is very common and often diagnosed
as infective conjunctivitis. Vernal
Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is the most common
and troublesome, among all varieties of allergic
conjunctivitis, In this child suffers from intense
itching grittiness, discharge, redness, lacrimation,
photophobia etc. The disease becomes worse
during the warm months. The main allergens
considered are Pollens, but recent observations
show that the pollens are not the only cause behind
it.
The optional treatment like NSAIDs, topical
corticosteroids and Mast cell stabilizers are
available, but with that we can get only
symptomatic relief and these drug cause sensitivity,
increasing resistance, preservative-induced dry eye,
and some time complications of the corticosteroids,
for example, glaucoma, cataract, and increased risk
of bacterial and fungal infections.

A Critical review on Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis and its Ayurvedic Approach
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1) January, 2016 2
On reviewing the clinical presentation from the
classical Ayurvedic text, Spring Catarrh resembles
Kaphaja Abhishyanda. The disease spring catarrh
nomenclature is indicative of season Vasanta Ritu,
it is the Kapha Prakopa period of the year as per
the Ayurvedic principles and childhood age group
is the Kapha dominating period of life. The clinical
features of the disease are similar to those
of Kaphaja Abhishyanda as per Ayurvedic text.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was carried out by literature search and
critical review of the obtained facts. The
pathogenesis of VKC was studied from various
modern textbooks of various authors and by
searching various online medical research
databases like pubmed, Google scholar, and other
national research databases.
The studies of various Ayurvedic texts were made.
Observation
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a recurrent
bilateral disorder in which both IgE- and cell-
mediated immune mechanisms play important
roles, It primarily affects boys and onset is
generally from about the age of 5 years onwards .
VKC is rare in temperate regions but relatively
common in warm dry climates.
Heredity is one of the major distinguishing factors.
As scientific research has found, the risk of
developing allergies increases by approximately
30% if one of the parents is allergic. If both the
parents have allergies, offspring’s risk is greater
than 60%.
In Ayurveda hereditary disorders explained under
Janmabal pravrutta roga in addition to inherited
tendencies, whether a person experiences an
allergic reaction or not for that several other key
factors are there which determine it, and how
severe that will react. These include the strength of
the individual’s digestive fire known as Agni, the
quantity and strength of allergen that enters the
body, and a person’s current state of balance or
imbalance of doshas in the body. Fortunately, there
are techniques to strengthen our agni and avoid
allergen exposure means, and improve state of
doshic balance.
DISCUSSION
As per Ayurvedic text childhood age is the
Kaphaja Dosha– dominant period of life, due to
liking for sweet, curd, excess intake of fluids, and
day sleep leads to Kapha Sanchaya in this age.
Kapha Prakopa occur as there is rising atmospheric
temperature in the spring season. This
increased Kapha goes to supraclavicular region
through the blood stream, where the already
increased Kapha lead to features like inflammation
(Shotha), itching, Upadeha Srava, etc. in Kapha
dominating parts of the eye, that is, Shweta
Mandala and vartma,
Through the Sira Marga (blood stream) the
increased Kapha being carried and raise the Rasa–
Rakta Dhatu. As Rakta and Pitta are subsistent
to each other , Pitta also get increased. Because of
the sun or heat in Vasanta Ritu Pitta get vitiate,
wherein the eyes get redded , discharge and
lacrimation as well as photophobia appear. Being
the junction of the Kapha and Pitta / Raktaja-
Srotas derivative structures (Shweta
Mandala and Krishna Mandala) Limbus, is more
involved.
Corneal ulcer occurs if the Rakta / Pitta level
increase more. even though VKC is said to be
Kaphaj the line of treatment should be anti-
Kapha and Pitta / Rakta. Perhaps, this is the reason
Abhishyanda has been categorized / classified
as Raktaja Roga on pathological grounds.
CONCLUSION
Kaphaja Abhishyanda is a benign, but distressing
illness of childhood, which can be better managed
or treated with a simple, safe, non-toxic, cheap, and
effective Ayurvedic formulations.
References
Khurana AK. 4th ed. New Delhi: New Age International Pvt. Ltd; 2007. Comprehensive Ophthalmology.
Kanski JJ. 4th ed. New Delhi: Butterworth / Heinmann; 2000. Clinical Ophthalmology.
Graziano FM, Bell CL. The Normal Immune Response and what can goWrong? A classification of
Immunologic disorders. Med Cli North Ammerica [PubMed]
.4. Ibid,Comprehensive Opthalmology.
8. Vagbhatta . Choukhambha Sanskrita Sereis. Varanasi. Ashtanga Sangraha.
Singh Shailendra, Dhiman KS. A comparative study on the effect of Triyushandi anjana & Sodium
Chromoglycate 2% eye drops on Kaphaja Abhishyanda w.s.r.Spring Catarrh, MS Shalakya thesis
Dass G. Choukhambha Sanskrita Bhawan. Varanasi: NetraRogaChikitsa Prakarna; 2006. Bhaishajya Ratnawali;
p..
14. Yadavaji T. Varanasi: Choukhambha Sanskrita Sansthan; 2002. CharakSamhita Chakrapani Commentary;
Sharma Gunjana, Dhiman KS. A Clinical Study on the effect of Triyushandi anjana in the management of
Kaphaja Abhishyanda (Spring Catarrh), MS Shalakya thesis, HPU. 2003

Asian Journal of
2348-7186 (Print)
Impact Factor: 0.92
Decreasing wheat Producation Due to
Increasing Temperature in Rohtas District Bihar
Sandeep Kumar Singh
Punjab University, Chandigarh
ABSTRACT-Increasing temperature enhances stress on crop particularly wheat and rice. Wheat production
has been decreasing from few decades in developing countries as there is marked shortening of ripening
period due to global warming.The grain weight become less as there is not plenty time for crop to be mature.
.At globally or locally it may be experienced.The data collected for Rohtas District Bihar is clear evident of
the validity of hypothesis.
Keywords : Climate Change,Soil Zone, Agro-Climatic Zone,Observation,Methodology,Future Plan,Stress On
Crop, Scatter Diagram,Regression Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Global wheat yields are likely to fall significantly
as climate change takes hold . New research as
shown the research found that wheat production
would fall by 6% for every 1˚c increase in
temperature. The world is now nearly certain to
warm by up to 2˚c compared with pre-industrial
levels, with political efforts. Concentrated on
holding the potential temperature rise to no longer
no higher than that limit. But some analysis suggest
that if green house gas imagines continue to grow
at current rates then warming of as much as 50c
could be in store. In forecasting the effect on wheat
production the researcher tested 30 computers
models against field experiment to establish the
most likely scenario. A fall of 6% in yield may not
sound dramatic but as the world population grows
the pressure on staple crops will increase. The
global population is currently 7 billion and is
forecast to rise to as least 9 billion by 2050 which
will put more pressure on agricultural land and
water sources. Bihar with a geographical area of
about 94.2 thousand square km is divided by river
Gangas into two parts, north Bihar with an area of
40.9 thousand square km. Base on soil
characterization, rainfall, temperature and terrain
four main agro-climatic zones in Bihar are
identified. These are-
1. north alluvial plane
2. north east alluvial plane
3. south-east alluvial plane
4. south-west alluvial plane
Agro climatic zone[ 1] and [2] are located north of
the river Gangas.
Agro-climatic zone [3] and located south of the
river Gangas
Across the state, soil texture is varies from sandy
loamy to heavy clayey. However the majority of
the soil belongs to loam category which is good for
crop production. Bihar is potentially an imp0rtant
wheat growing state that contributes 5.7 % towards
national production from 8% of the wheat growing
area with low productivity of 1.9 ton /hectare. The
yield gap between farmers fields and front line
demonstration is about 1.2 ton /hectare.
BIHAR Natural precipitation- 990-1700mm
Monsoon- July- September
Location- 25-27˚c north altitude [sub-tropical
area]
Middle + south Bihar-sandy loamy soil
all types of crops are cultivated in these
North Bihar- clayey soil
All types of crops are not cultivated in these
areas.
Regions close to tropical cancer experiences
tropical climate
Like all Indian states Bihar also reels under hot
summer season, during march-may
Average temperature- 35˚c - 40˚c in summer
hottest month- April - June
in winter-5˚c-10˚c
Average rainfall-120 cm
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE [1]
Sivan, East and west Chaperon , Saran,
Muzafferpur, Sitamarhi,
Shivhar,Darbhanga, Samastipur, Vaisali,
Madhubani, Gopalganj.
[north-western part]
Purina, Katihar, Saharsa, Madhepura, Supaul,
Khagaria, Araria,

Decreasing wheat Producation Due to Increasing Temperature in Rohtas District Bihar
Kisanganj.
[North-eastern part]
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE [3] [A]
Shekhpura, Jamui, Munger, Banka, Lakhisaray,
Bhagalpur.
[south-eastern part]
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE [3 (b)]
Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxar, Bhabhua, Nalanda, Arwal,
Patna, Nawada,
Aurangabad, Gaya, Jahanabad.
[south-western part]
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE 3RD [B]
This zone is the alluvial plains of river Ganga.
Southern side and
the sediments are received both from river Ganga
and those flowing from south having real origin in
the Chhota Nagpur plaque which rise abruptly from
the plains.
There is vast stretch of back waters known as Tal
lands extending
from Buxar to parapet where most of the rivers
and rivulets coming from the south get lost.
Rohtas- red gravelly soil
Sasaram- older alluvial soil
Gaya- older alluvial soil+ minor red gravelly soil
Aurangabad- red loamy soil+ red sandy soil+
brown-red and yellow soil
North of 3rd
B
Younger alluvial soil+ calcareous soil
Irrigated timily sown
Ko307, HD2824, HD2733, HP1761, PBW443,
HUW468
IRRIGATED LATE SOWN
DBW14, NW2036, HW2045, NW1014, HD4643
RAINFED TIMILY SOWN
K8962, MACSW6145, K8027, HD2888
Rohtas district which is a part of Patna devision is
one of the admonstrative districts of Bihar.
Sasaram is the head quarter of Rohtas.
Location of Rohtas
24˚30’- 25˚20’ north
83˚14’- 83˚20’ east
Total area covered by district Rohtas--- 3847.82km
The area production and productivity arranged
cover 5 years are 2.1 million hectare, 4 billion ton
and 1.9 ton /hectare. Bihar posses high potential
for wheat in the light of favorable geo climatic and
soil conditions. The major constraints in production
are low seed replacement seeds, late sowing, foliar
blight disease.
Suitable technological inventions are –
1. Timely sowing and harvesting.
2. Development of short and medium duration
varieties.
3. Side specific nutrient management.
4. Mechanization.
5. Growing salinity alcanity tolerant varieties –
KRL 19, KRL 1.
6. Resources conservation technology- zero tillage,
firbs and laser land labeling.
AIMS:
1. To study different aspects of climate change and
particularly temperature change.
2. To observe the increasing trend of temperature.
3. Study the progression of rabi sowing, harvesting
and production.
4. To observe how wheat production is affected by
temperature change.
5. To detect the level to which extent wheat
production has been decreasing by increasing
temperature in agro-climatic zone 3rd
B of state
bihar and particularly district Rohtas.
OBJECTIVES-
1. To study the association between climate and
agriculture.
2. Collection of data of temperature and wheat
productivity of agro-climatic zone 3rd
B of state
Bihar
HYPOTHESIS-
1. Temperature drives crop growth and duration.
Increasing temperature increases the risk to yield.
2. Increasing temperature due to various factors
cause decreasing trend in wheat production.
Temperature increase bring long- term impact on
wheat production which may be high as 25% and
short- term impacts in 10 to 15 years( in the range
of 4 to 6%).
NEED OF THE STUDY:
The world population has been increasing at rapid
speed , so the pressure on agriculture is increasing
but due to climate change includes temperature
increase, rainfall variability , extreme events, water
scarcity the production of crop has been
minimized. Wheat is likely to be negatively
impacted in rabi due to terminal affected trace. The
topic is important one need to be discussed and
studied the detect the level to which production is
affected
METHODOLOGY-
1. Observation and experimentation.
2. Data collection regarding temperature.
3. Data collection primary and secondary both
regarding wheat production.
4. Co-relation method to detect the level of extent
to which wheat production is affected by
temperature increase.
5. Crop model validation is used to access the
effect of temperature change on yield of wheat.

OBSERVATION-
As we know Bihar experiences tropic climate and
south Bihar particularly agro-climatic zone 3rd
b
which has sandy loamy soil experience more
temperature. It is observed that air temperature has
been increasing past 10 to 15 years due to green
house effect and other factor. It has been observed
that in the areas crop growth season encounter
limitation, climate change, earth warming can late
to the improvement of crop yieLds by increasing
the growth season and the improvement plant
flowering strength. But selected areas already have
sufficient temperature that favors wheat
production. The rise in temperature has been
increasing the development speed of crops the
experimental evidences has showed that under this
condition the length of majority of seed in grains
and seed plants will be reduced. Since achieving
optimal performance depend on the solid material
accumulation during the growth season warm on
one hand and also on the existence of enough time
transfer the material to the grain.
DATA ANALYSIS :
Daily data for air temperature is collected from different sources and its relation with wheat production in
Rohtas district is establish
Year- 1999
[metric
ton]
2000-01
[metric
ton]
2001-02
[metric ton]
2002-
03
[metric
ton]
2003-04
[metric
ton]
2004-05
[metric
ton]
2005-06
[metric
ton]
2006-
07
[metric
ton]
Zone[1] 20.07 19.78 18.50 16.51 14.72 16.00 12.02 11.00
Zone[2] 7.14 7.43 6.75 6.11 4.60 4.82 2.82 1.92
Zone [3] A 2.66 2.86 2.49 2.31 2.73 2.03 1.82 1.11
Zone [3] B 15.60 14.10 16.19 15.42 14.83 9.78 11.12 10.02
All Bihar 45.84 44.17 43.93 40.36 36.89 32.63 27.78 23.05
By analyzing with year by year. The data it is clear that wheat production declined
Oct. 2001-
02
2002-
03
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Temp. 26˚c 26.5˚c 26.6˚c 27˚c 28˚c 29˚c
Croping pattern
1.rice-wheat 2.rice- wheat-moong
3.rice-gram-rice 4.rice-potato-onion
5.rice-rai-moong 6.rice-bar-seem
7.rice-gram-moong 8.rice-lentil
SOIL- sandy loamy soil
P.H.VALUE- 6.5 - 8.4
TOTAL RAINFALL- 1040-1450mm
TEMPERATURE- max.36.6˚c, min. 7.70˚c
SOIL-sandy soil, clayey soil
TOTAL RAINFALL-1200-1700mm
TEMPERATURE- max. 33.8˚c, min. 8.8˚c
AGRO-CLIM ATIC ZONE [3]
SOIL- sandy loamy, clayey loamy, loamy, clayey
P.H.VALUE-6.8-8.0
TOTAL RAINFALL- 990-1240mm
TEMPERATURE- max. 37.1˚c min. 7.8o˚c
IRRIGATION OF ROHTAS
Canal- 262570 hectare
Tubewell- 36037 hectare
Other sources- 32227 hectare
Total irrigated area- 330834 hectare

RESULT
This scatter diagram showing relation between wheat production and Temperature increase in agro-climatic
zone 3rd
B OF BIHAR
IN WHICH ===
X axis Shows temperature increase where Y axis shows production in metric ton. Hence we conclude that the
wheat production get decreasing with temperature increasing. Therefore increasing temperatures affected the
wheat production very badly.
X[temp.] Y
[product.]
XY X2 Y2
26˚c 16.19 420.94 676 262.12
26.5˚c 15.42 408.63 702.25 237.78
26.6˚c 14.83 394.478 707.56 219.93
27 ˚c 9.78 264.06 729 95.65
28 ˚c 11.12 311.36 784 123.65
29˚c 10.02 290.58 841 100.40
163.1˚c 77.36 2090.048 4439.81 1039.53

CONCLUSION
Most studies on the impact of climate change on
agriculture come to the same conclusions that
climate change will reduce crop yield in the
tropical area. According to the IPCC the next few
dekets are likely to bring benefits to higher latitude
through longer growing seasons but in lower
latitudes even small amounts of warming will tend
to decrease yields. The regional in acculating food
productivity resulting from climate change will
have a very great implication for global food
politics. The study area selected for project work
agro-climatic zone 3rd
B in which Rohtas district
lies commander hot tropical climate. Wheat are not
capable to face even moderate warming of 10c for
wheat will reduce yields significantly. The most
vulnerable agriculture system are the erid, semi-
erid and dry sub-humid regions of the developing
world.
The project work done to detect the level of yield
losses in agro-climatic zone 3rd
B and particularly
in Rohtas come to result that there is strong
negative co-relation are there between temperature
increase and wheat production as it is demonstrated
by scatter diagram.
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM
1. To undertake basic and applied research in
the agriculture zone areas.
2. To provide leadership and coordinate
network research for generating location
specific technologies.
3. To provide consultancy to farmers.
4. Early forecast can reduce crop losses as
farmers became ready to face the problem.
5. By inventing and using strongly abled
seeds which can face thev high
temperature.
6. Parliamentary committee on agriculture
should be act in positive manner.
7. District level contingency plan for various
situations.
8. Effective of operationalisation of these
contigency plan require realiable district
level forecast of all types.
9. Block and village level advise these
should be constituted.
10. Technology demonstration should be
organise to help farmers cope with climate
variability.
11. Capacity building of state builders for
greater awareness and community action.
12. The emission of green house gases to be
restricted to check the increasing
temperature
FUTURE PLAN
1. To increase the length of cropping season
by early sowing of the wheat.
2. A knowledge intensive, rather than
input intensive approach should be
adopted to develop adaptation strategies.
2.
3. Traditional knowledge about the
community coping strategies should be
documented and used in training
programme to help fine solutions to
address the uncertainties of warming.
4. A common programme should be
developed to decrease emission of green
house gases and conserving the genetic
diversity of crops specially wheat that is
more likely affected by temperature
increase.
5. The lack of data hinder in research
work so at universities level it is to
encourage the students to do more primary
data collection.
6. A national grid of grain storages,
ranging from pusabins and grain golas at
the household and community level to
ultramodern silos at the district level must
be established to ensure local food
security
7. An early warning system should be put to place
to monitor changes in pest and disease profiles.
8. Finally there needs to be further development of
a network of community level seed banks which
provide such seeds of wheat which are capable to
face the variability of temperature
References
savindra singh, Environmental geography.
Atlas of our changing environment [2005]
United Nation Environmental Programme
Agricultural revolution-a cool look at global warming. Author- Lawson, Nigel
Economical environment list-Vaze, Prasan
Prasad Rao, G.S.H.L.V.impact of weather extremes On india food grain production.

Asian Journal of
2348-7186 (Print)
Impact Factor: 0.92
Anxiety: A Comparative Study of the Level of Anxiety in Married Women with
Children and Married Women without Children
Tanishka Safari1
and Laxmi Vajpeyi2
1
Research Scholar
Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow
2
Associate Professor
Department of Humanities,
Babu Banarasi Das National Institute and Technology and Management
Abstract: Every now and then we talk about anxiety, and the word is quite frequently used to denote general
feelings of stress and worry. Some people experience anxiety to a degree where they feel everything is
difficult or even almost impossible for them to tackle, while others are able to deal with anxiety quite
efficiently. A large and compelling body of evidence from general population surveys confirms that anxiety
and anxiety disorders are more common in females than in males. There are several reasons behind this
finding. Indian women play a very complicated and demanding role as compared to the women in western
countries. In India, women experience high levels of anxiety, especially if they are unable to fulfill the
demands placed in front of them by the society and their family. Here becoming a mother and raising your
children can be very anxiety provoking, but even worse is a situation when a female is unable to become a
mother, which can also lead her to experience very high levels of anxiety. Therefore the present paper aims
to find out which females experience more anxiety, ‘those who have the burden of raising their children’ or
‘those who are unable to bear any children at all, (inspite of their desire to have children)’. The study has
been conducted on 30 married females, out of which 15 have children, and 15 are unable to have children
(inspite of their desire to have children). The result shows that married females who do not have children,
experience a greater level of anxiety compared to married women with children.
Keywords- Anxiety, India, Married women, child raising, childlessness
Introduction
A general feeling of apprehension about possible
danger- was in Freud’s formulation, a sign of an
inner battle or conflict between some primitive
desire (from the id) and prohibition against its
expression (from the ego and the superego).
Anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling of fear or
impending disaster and reflects the thoughts and
bodily reactions a person has when they are
presented with an event or situation that they
cannot manage or undertake successfully. Anxiety
is a psychological and physiological state
characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive and
behavioral components. Intuitively, anxiety seems
to be experienced as an unpleasant inner state in
which we are anticipating something dreadful
happening that is not entirely predictable from our
actual circumstances, (e.g., Barlow, 2002a).
As stated above that anxiety has several
components; at a cognitive /subjective level,
anxiety involves negative mood, worry about
possible future threat or danger, self-preoccupation,
and a sense of being unable to predict the future
threat or to control it if it occurs. At a physiological
level, anxiety often creates a state of tension and
chronic over arousal, which may reflect readiness
for dealing with danger, should it occur. At a
behavioral level, anxiety may create a strong
tendency to avoid situations where danger might be
encountered.
Women everywhere in the world and also in India
play a very demanding and difficult role.
Especially in a country like India, it is expected of
a female that she should keep her family before
her, and should be able to fulfill the societal
demands. One very important such demand is the
demand imposed on them to become a mother and
to raise children. But sometimes a female is unable
to fulfill this particular demand of her
husband/family/herself, due to several reasons, this
in turn results in the female being called a ‘baanjh’
which is the taunt given to childless women in
India. This leads a woman to doubt herself, her
self-concept and her role and confidence, and leads
her to experience great levels of anxiety. On the
other hand are females who have children, and
even they experience high levels of anxiety because
they have to bring them up and look after them.
Causes of Anxiety
There are a number of causes that contribute to the
development of anxiety, anxious thought and
behavior. Some of these causes are-

Anxiety: A Comparative Study of the Level of Anxiety in Married Women with Children and Married Women without Children
Hereditary Factors- Research has shown that
some people with a family history of anxiety are
more likely (though not always) to also experience
anxiety.
Biochemical Factors- Research suggests that
people who experience a high level of anxiety may
have an imbalance of chemicals in the brain that
regulate feelings and physical reactions.
Life Experiences - Certain life experiences can
make people more susceptible to anxiety. Events
such as family breakup, abuse, ongoing bullying at
school, etc, challenge a person’s coping resources
and leave them vulnerable to experiencing anxiety.
Personality Style- Certain personality types are
more at risk of high anxiety than others. People
who have a tendency to be shy, have low self
esteem and a poor capacity to cope are more likely
to experience high levels of anxiety.
Behavioral Style- Certain ways of behaving, also
place people at risk of maintaining high anxiety.
For instance, people who are avoidant are not likely
to learn ways of handling stressful situations, fears
and high anxiety.
Effects of Anxiety
Anxiety affects a person in a number of ways-
Physical Effects- The physical effects of anxiety
may include palpitation of heart, tachycardia,
muscle weakness and tension, fatigue, nausea and
chest pain, difficulty in breathing, churning in
stomach and headache. The body prepares to deal
with the threat, blood pressure and heart rate
increases, sweating also increases.
Emotional Effects- The emotional effects of
anxiety may include, feelings of apprehension or
dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or
jumpy, anticipating the worst, irritability,
restlessness, watching and waiting for signs and
occurrence of danger and feeling like your mind is
gone blank. This might also be accompanied
nightmares or bad dreams and obsession about
sensations.
Cognitive Effects- The cognitive effects of anxiety
may include thoughts about suspected dangers such
as fear of dying, fear that chest pain (physical
symptom of anxiety) is a deadly heart attack, or
that the shooting pain in your head is the result of
tumor.
Behavioral Effects- The behavioral effects of
anxiety may include withdrawal from the situations
which have provoked anxiety in the past. Anxiety
can also be experienced in ways which include
changes in sleeping pattern, nervous habits, and
increased motor tension like foot tapping.
Symptoms of Anxiety
The symptoms of anxiety include –
i. Excessive and ongoing worry and tension
ii. An unrealistic view of problems
iii. Restlessness or feeling of being ‘edgy’
iv. Irritability
v. Muscle tension
vi. Headaches
vii. Sweating
viii. Difficulty concentrating
ix. Nausea
x. The need to go to the bathroom frequently
xi. Tiredness
xii. Trouble falling or staying asleep
xiii. Trembling and being easily startled
Anxiety as a Warning Signal
This unique emotion can be at times beneficial to
us in that it can be an important warning signal that
something is occurring in our lives which needs to
be understood and addressed. For example, anxious
feelings may develop because one’s confidence is
shaken by marital and family or professional
relationships or stresses. Then one can reflect upon
and be thankful for his/her special gifts and take
other steps to address the stress, such as
recognizing need to have more balance in one’s
life, to set aside more time for marital friendship, to
have proper sleep hygiene, to correct selfish or
controlling individual or to learn to surrender more
often one’s worries.
Treating Anxiety
There are a number of ways to reduce and treat
anxiety:
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
The most notable treatment for anxiety is cognitive
behavior therapy (CBT). Cognitive behavior
therapy involves changing of one’s thoughts by
therapist. Patients are asked to explain their feeling
towards certain things or incidents that cause their
anxious behavior.
Parental Anxiety Management
Studies show that there are parental variable
involved in most cases of anxiety. So, parental
anxiety management (PAM) is also a viable
treatment option.
Caffeine Elimination
For some people, anxiety can be very much
reduced by coming off caffeine.
Medication
Medication can be good for treating anxiety,
especially if someone has a specific anxiety
disorder. In terms of medication, buspirone
(BUSPAR) is known to be quite effective for
treating GAD. However, it seems to be less
effective in managing many other disorder that
often co-occur (ARE COMRBID) with GAD
Practicing Meditation and Relaxation

Two basic types that help in anxiety reduction and
management are-
1. Transcendental meditation -
Transcendental meditation involves
focusing the mind on an object until the
mind achieves stillness. An
electromyography, measures muscle
relaxation and teaches people to control
their own level of muscle relaxation which
in turn helps them to reduce and control
their anxiety
2. Mindfulness meditation encourages
awareness of one’s thoughts while
maintaining detachment. This types of
mediation also helps a person to reduce
anxiety
Practicing Yoga
Yoga helps to assess an inner strength that allows
one to face the sometimes over whelming fears,
frustration and challenges of everyday life. A few
yoga exercises practiced daily helps to reduce
anxiety.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the present study is to find out the
level of anxiety in married women who have
children and married women who do not have
children (in spite of their desire to have a baby).
Hypotheses
1)Anxiety will be more among married women
without children as compared to married women
with children.
2)A significant difference will exist between the
anxiety level of the two groups of women.
Variables
Independent variable - Anxiety
Dependent variable – having children or
being childless
Sample
The sample consists of 30 married females
(between the ages 25 – 45 years), out of which 15
have children and 15 do not have any child
whatsoever due to one or the other reason in spite
of their desire to have a baby.
Tools Used for the Study
Sinha Anxiety Scale: The scale was constructed
and standardized by Dr. A.W.Sinha. The scale was
developed to tap the various areas and forms of
anxiety. Questions were designed to elicit self
ratings on items descriptive of anxiety reactions to
the following areas: (1) Health, appearance and
injury, (2) Ambition (Success and failure in work,
money and occupation), (3) Family anxiety,
regarding friendship and love, (4) social relations
and social approvals, (5) anxiety regarding future,
(6) Anxiety about civilization, war, virtue, (7) Guilt
and Shame, (8) Physical and psychological
manifestations and (9) Purely psychological
manifestations. The scale consists of 100 items of
Yes/No type questions. The scale consists of five
anxiety levels. They are extremely high anxiety
level, high anxiety level, average anxiety level, low
anxiety level and extremely low anxiety level.
Data Analysis
The data was analyzed by using appropriate
statistical method, such as T-Test, which is used to
see the significant difference between the means of
the two groups.
Result and Interpretation
Showing the T-Test between married females who
have children (denoted by C) and married females
who do not have children (denoted by CL).
Table: 01
MEAN SD SED T Df
C 30.73
13.25 4.77 2.12 28
CL 40.86
Inference
The above table shows the t-test between married
females who have children and married females
who do not have children. The mean for married
females with children is 30.73. The mean for
married females who do not children is 40.86. The
value of Std. deviation is calculated to be 13.25.
The value of standard error of difference was
calculated to be 4.77. The t-test value was
computed as 2.12. The degree of freedom was 28.
When this t-test value was checked at 0.01 and 0.05
levels a significant difference was found between
the anxieties levels of married females with kids
and married females without kids.
Interpretation
The purpose of the present study is to find out
whether married females who have children have a
greater anxiety level or married females who do not
have children experience more anxiety.
A sample consisted of 30 women, out of which 15
had kids and 15 did not have kids. The research
was conducted successfully with the help of Sinha
Anxiety Scales. It was inferred that married
females who do not have children experience a
greater level of anxiety compared to married
women with children. Thus, our hypothesis that
married women who do not have children will have
higher anxiety levels as compared to a married
women with children and that a significant
difference will exist between the two groups of
women have been proved true and therefore,
accepted. Women in India have a very demanding
role to play. They have to place their family and
society before their wishes and desires, this leads

many females to experience very high levels of
anxiety, especially if they feel they are unable to
fulfill these demands and roles imposed onto them
by the society. Therefore it is important to
understand the prevalence of anxiety among
females especially relating to the criterion of
raising children or being childless, and to spread
awareness about the same.
Suggestions
1. The sample size of the present study was
small; therefore studies in the future can
consist of larger sample size.
2. Here to assess the anxiety level only a
single test i.e. the t-test has been used. But
future studies related to the present
research topic can employ other
appropriate tests, also to make a better
comparison of anxiety.
References
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.).
Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 189.
Barker, P. (2003). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. London: Edward Arnold.
Barlow, David H. (2000). "Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of
emotion theory". American Psychologist 55 (11): 1247–63. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247.
Bouras, N.; Holt, G. (2007). Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersAmerican Psychiatric Associati. (5th ed.). Arlington:
American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 189–195.
Davison, Gerald C. (2008). Abnormal Psychology. Toronto: Veronica Visentin. p. 154.
Iacovou, Susan (July 2011). "What is the Difference Between Existential Anxiety and so Called Neurotic
Anxiety?: 'The sine qua non of true vitality': An Examination of the Difference Between Existential
Anxiety and Neurotic Anxiety". Existential Analysis 22 (2): 356–67.
Ormel J.; Jeronimus, B.F.; Kotov, M.; Riese, H.; Bos, E.H.; Hankin, B. (2013). "Neuroticism and common
mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship". Clinical Psychology Review 33 (5)
Öhman, Arne (2000). "Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives". In Lewis, Michael;
Haviland-Jones, Jeannette M. Handbook of emotions. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 573–93.
Rynn MA, Brawman-Mintzer O (2004). "Generalized anxiety disorder: acute and chronic treatment". CNS
Spectr 9 (10): 716–23.
Scarre, Chris (1995). Chronicle of the Roman Emperors. Thames & Hudson. pp. 168–9.
Seligman, M.E.P.; Walker, E.F.; Rosenhan, D.L.. Abnormal psychology (4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton &
Company.
Smith, Melinda (2008, June). Anxiety attacks and disorders: Guide to the signs, symptoms, and treatment
options.
Sylvers, Patrick; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Laprairie, Jamie L. (2011). "Differences between trait fear and trait
anxiety: Implications for psychopathology". Clinical Psychology Review 31 (1): 122–37.
doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.004.

Asian Journal of
2348-7186 (Print)
Impact Factor: 0.92
Self-Care Behaviour Practices and Related Factors
among Hypertensive Men and Women in Delhi
Shipra Gupta*, K. Geeta, Geeta Mehto
Department of Food and Nutrition,
Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi,
F-4 Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhi, India
Abstract: A descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken to assess and compare the self-care behaviour
practices and related factors such as perceived health status, knowledge about hypertension related aspects,
physical exercise patterns, and food intake among hypertensive men and women in Delhi. A total of 80
hypertensive subjects; 40 men and 40 women between 45-59 years of age constituted the study sample.
Questionnaire-cum-interview schedule was used to collect data on general profile, perceived health status,
knowledge about hypertension related aspects, and physical exercise patterns of the subjects. Food intake
data were gathered using 24-hour diet recall method. Behavioural practices on six self-care activities were
assessed using an adapted Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effects Scale (H-SCALE). Results revealed
that as compared to women, men had relatively better awareness about causes and consequences of
hypertension; and methods of controlling blood pressure. On the subscales of H-SCALE, females scored
slightly better than the males in terms of medication adherence, weight management, and consumption of
low-salt low-fat diets though the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p≤0.05).
Males had significantly higher scores (p≤0.001) than females for only smoking and alcohol consumption,
which were negative indicators and connoted greater risk for hypertension. The study indicated that the
male subjects had relatively better knowledge about hypertension related aspects while the female subjects
followed slightly better self-care behaviour practices. Moreover, there was a lot of scope for improvement in
knowledge about hypertension as well as the self-care behaviour practices of both men and women to
effectively control their blood pressure levels.
Key words: Hypertension, Self-care behaviour, Physical exercise pattern, Food intake
Introduction
Hypertension, a major cause of cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality is a
significant public health problem in many
developing countries. It is estimated that 16% of
ischemic heart disease, 21% of peripheral vascular
disease, 24% of acute myocardial infarctions and
29% of strokes are attributable to hypertension in
India (Mohan et al., 2011). Furthermore,
hypertension has been estimated to be attributable
for nearly 10% of all deaths (Patel et al., 2011).
According to WHO 2008, the prevalence of raised
blood pressure among Indian men and women was
21.3% and 21.0% (WHO, 2014). The number of
people with hypertension in India is projected to
increase from 118 million in 2000 to 214 million in
2025, with nearly equal numbers of men and
women (Reddy, 2009). A recent study has reported
the overall prevalence of hypertension in India to
be 29.8% with significant differences in rural
(27.6%) and urban (33.8%) regions (Anchala et al.,
2014).
Age, alcohol, smoking and chewing tobacco, Body
Mass Index (BMI), central obesity (defined as
waist circumference >90cm in men and >80cm in
women), low consumption of vegetables/ fruits,
high consumption of dietary fat and salt, and
sedentary activity have been identified as the
significant risk factors for hypertension among
Indian patients (Anchala et al., 2014). Majority of
hypertensive subjects still remain undetected and
the control of hypertension is also inadequate. This
calls for urgent prevention and control measures for
hypertension in India (Mohan et al., 2007).
Hypertension is a chronic but preventable disease;
and thus adequate knowledge of the disease,
lifestyle modification and correct dietary
approaches are important features in its effective
control and management. While it is difficult or
impossible to change demographic and personal
characteristics, cultural norms and socioeconomic
status, increasing knowledge (Magadza et al.,
2009) and improving self-care behaviour can
positively influence patients’ beliefs about
medicines and management of hypertension.
Researchers have emphasized that compliance with
hypertension self-care guidelines such as weight
reduction, smoking cessation, a low sodium diet,
and physical activity can contribute substantially to
regulating blood pressure (Kojuri & Rahimi, 2007;
Park et al., 2011; Logan et al., 2012).
Most of the studies focus only on the adverse
effects of non-compliance to medication regimens.
There are very few studies that address the issue of
compliance and recommendations for a healthy
lifestyle that are equally essential in controlling

Self-Care Behaviour Practices and Related Factors among Hypertensive Men and Women in Delhi
hypertension. With this background, an attempt
was made in the present study to assess the self-
care behaviour practices and related factors such as
knowledge about hypertension related aspects,
physical exercise patterns and food intake among
hypertensive men and women (45 – 59 years) in
Delhi.
Materials and Methods
This study was carried out in communities of Delhi
inhabited by families belonging to middle-income
group. Based on purposive sampling technique, a
total of 80 hypertensive adults (45-59 years), 40
males and 40 females were selected to constitute
the study sample. The subjects were selected based
on the inclusion criteria viz. 1) patients with known
hypertension for not less than a year, and 2)
patients willing to participate and assuring full
cooperation. The patients who had undergone any
major cardiac or other surgery and those suffering
from any other serious health complications were
excluded from the study.
Blood pressure (BP) measurements of the subjects
were taken with a digital sphygmomanometer
(Omron Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor) using
the recommended technique. The same instrument
was used for all the subjects to eliminate error.
Classification of blood pressure given by the
Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on
Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment
of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) (U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, 2004) was used to
categorize the subjects into different grades of
hypertension.
A questionnaire-cum-interview schedule was
designed to gather data on general profile,
perceived health status, knowledge about
hypertension related aspects and physical exercise
patterns of the subjects. Food intake data was
gathered using 24-hour dietary recall method for
one typical day. The subjects were asked to recall
and report details of all the food items and
beverages that they had consumed in the previous
day and also their ingredients and serving sizes in
household measures. Those were then translated
into raw weights and the total food group intake
was calculated for all male and female subjects.
The mean intake of different foods by the subjects
was then compared with the intake
recommendations for the same foods given by
ICMR, 2011 for sedentary males and females.
Self-care behaviour practices of the subjects were
assessed using a suitably adapted Hypertension
Self-Care Activity Level Effects, or H-SCALE.
This tool is designed to measure the recommended
self-care activities in a way that would facilitate
examining the theoretical dose-response
relationship between adherence to the expected
behaviours and better control of blood pressure
(Warren-Findlow & Seymour, 2011; Warren-
Findlow et al., 2013). JNC7 recommends that
people with hypertension should engage in six self-
care activities: adhering to antihypertensive
medication regimens, maintaining or losing weight,
following a low-salt diet, limiting alcohol,
engaging in regular physical activity, and
eliminating tobacco use (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 2004). The H-SCALE
measures the six self-care activities recommended
by JNC7 (Warren-Findlow & Seymour, 2011). For
the six self care activities in the present study,
scores were given as directed which ranged as -
medication adherence (0 - 21), weight management
(10 - 30), low fat low salt diet (0 - 84), physical
activity (0 - 14), smoking (0 - 7) and alcohol intake
(0 - 21). The scores for each of the self-care
activities were calculated for all subjects followed
by calculation of mean scores for the male and
female subjects. All the data obtained were coded,
entered into the computer and analyzed using
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
version 16.0.
Results and Discussion
General Profile
The data on general profile of the subjects (Table
1) showed that a significantly higher percentage
(45%) of women were hypertensive at younger age
(45-50 years) as compared to a greater percentage
(50%) of hypertensive men at the age of 56 to 59
years. However, there was no significant difference
between the percentages of hypertensive males and
females in different stages of hypertension when
classified as per JNC7. As the duration of suffering
from a disease could affect an individual's self-care
activities, an attempt was made to find out the total
duration for which the subjects had been suffering
from hypertension. Significantly higher
percentages of men (22%) were found to be
suffering from hypertension for more than 10 or 15
years as compared to only 2% women (p≤0.001).
Most of the women (98%) had hypertension for
less than 10 years.
The male subjects in the study sample had a
comparatively better educational status than the
female subjects. While a large percentage of men
(77%) were employed either in government or
private set ups, most of the women (75%) were
self-employed and this category included
homemakers also. Although higher numbers of
male subjects in the study were more educated and
gainfully employed outside homes, greater monthly
expenditure on food and medicines was reported by
significantly higher percentage of women (p≤0.05).
Expenditure on health services varied on a monthly
basis for higher percentages of men (73%) and
women (52%) (Table 1).

Table 1: Distribution of the subjects according to their general profile
*significant at p≤0.05, **significant at p≤0.01, ***significant at p≤0.001
#Normal-(<120/<80), Prehypertensive-(120-139/80-89), Stage 1-(>140-159/90-99) and Stage 2-(≥160/≥100)
Health profile and knowledge about hypertension related aspects
Subjects were categorized as per their response for their perceived health status and knowledge about
hypertension related aspects and the results obtained have been presented in Table 2. Higher percentages of both
men (73%) and women (67%) perceived their health to be ‘good’. A significantly lower number of male
subjects (20%) as compared to 35% of female subjects reported that they had a family history of hypertension.
Further, a statistically significant difference was observed between the male and female subjects in terms of
their knowledge about family history of hypertension (p≤0.05). Guddad et al. (2012) in a study on hypertensive
patients in Karnataka, India also reported that 50% of the subjects did not have a family history of hypertension.
About one-third (34%) of the total subjects (40% males and 27% females) reported that they had blood pressure
monitors at home. However, only 5% men and 2% women ‘regularly’ monitored their blood pressure at home
while 35% men ‘sometimes’ did that as compared to 25% women (Table 2). Beth et al. (2012) in their study on
hypertensive subjects also reported that only 32.3% respondents monitored their blood pressure at home; and
18.4% respondents did this as they were aware of the complications of hypertension. Further, it was observed in
the present study that higher percentage (45%) of males as compared to 38% females practiced self-medication
but this was practiced for some common illnesses only.
Table 2: Distribution of the subjects as per perceived health status and knowledge about hypertension
related aspects
Parameter Group/Category Male (N=40)
N (%)
Female
(N=40)
N (%)
Total
(N=80)
N (%)
χ 2
Age (years) 45-50 11 (28) 18 (45) 29 (36) 6.70*
51-55 9 (22) 8 (20) 17 (21)
56-59 20 (50) 14 (35) 34 (43)
#Stages of
hypertension
Normal 2 (5) 3 (7) 5 (6) 2.40
Prehypertensive 13 (32) 9 (23) 22 (28)
Stage 1 17 (43) 18 (45) 35 (44)
Stage 2 8 (20) 10 (25) 18 (22)
Duration of
hypertension
<10 years 31 (78) 39 (98) 70 (88) 19.60***
10-15 years 4 (10) 1 (2) 5 (6)
>15 years 5 (12) 0 (0) 5 (6)
Educational status Upto Class X 12 (30) 22 (55) 34 (43) 13.88***
Class XII 5 (13) 2 (5) 7 (9)
Graduate 23 (57) 16 (40) 39 (48)
Occupation Employed 31 (77) 10 (25) 41 (51) 66.42***
Self-employed 7 (18) 30 (75) 37 (46)
Not employed 2 (5) 0 (0) 2 (3)
Monthly
expenditure on
food (Rs)
5,000-10,000 17 (42) 10 (25) 27 (33) 6.90*
10,001-15,000 8 (20) 12 (30) 20 (25)
>15000 15 (38) 18 (45) 33 (42)
Monthly
expenditure on
health services
(Rs)
<1000 9 (22) 16 (40) 25 (31) 9.44**
1001-3000 2 (5) 3 (8) 5 (6)
Variable 29 (73) 21 (52) 50 (63)
Monthly
expenditure on
medicines (Rs)
<1000 33 (83) 27 (68) 60 (65) 6.51*
1001-3000 3 (7) 4 (10) 7 (9)
Variable 4 (10) 9 (22) 13 (16)
N (%)
Female
(N=40)
N (%)
Total
(N=80)
N (%)
χ 2
Self perception
about health
Poor 10 (25) 13 (33) 23 (29) 1.52
Good 29 (73) 27 (67) 56 (70)
Excellent 1 (2) 0 (0) 1 (1)
Family history of
hypertension
Present 8 (20) 14 (35) 22 (28) 5.64*
Absent 32 (80) 26 (65) 58 (72)

*significant at p≤0.05, ***significant at p≤0.001
The data on knowledge about hypertension among
the subjects revealed that 33% males and 40%
females had no idea about the term 'hypertension'
though they themselves suffered from it. They
identified their problem as that of increased blood
pressure but were not aware of its medical
terminology. Only 60% male and 55% female
subjects knew the term and its meaning correctly
and no significant difference was found between
this knowledge among males and females (Table
2). Similar finding was reported by Bhandari et al.
(2012) in their study on hypertensive patients that
showed only 56% hypertensive patients were aware
of the meaning of the term 'hypertension'.
A significantly higher percentage of male subjects
reported to be aware of at least some causes of
hypertension (Table 2). High salt intake and stress
were cited as the most common causes of
hypertension by maximum number of both male
and female subjects. The knowledge about
consequences of hypertension and methods of
maintaining normal blood pressure was higher
among the male subjects though the difference
between the two groups was not found to be
statistically significant (Table 2). Heart attacks
were listed as the most common consequence of
hypertension by maximum number of males and
females. Restricting salt intake and doing physical
exercises emerged as the most common methods of
controlling blood pressure in the study group. This
was in consonance with the commonly listed
causes for hypertension by these subjects.
The subjects were specifically asked about their
knowledge regarding the role of salt and physical
exercise in hypertension. Majority of the male
(82%) and female (87%) subjects reported that they
were aware that high salt intake could increase
their blood pressure levels. A study by Shaikh et al.
(2012) on hypertensive patients in Pakistan also
reported that 76% of the patients knew that salt was
not good for hypertension. The fact that physical
exercises could lower BP values was reported by
65% male and 48% female subjects in the present
study. Further, it was found that a slightly higher
percentage of females were concerned with the salt
intake while more males were aware of the correct
role of exercises in hypertension though the
difference in the knowledge of males and females
about these aspects was not statistically significant
(Table 2).
Knowledge about
family history
Present 17 (43) 10 (25) 27 (34) 8.10*
Absent 9 (22) 9 (23) 18 (22)
Did not know 14 (35) 21 (52) 35 (44)
Measured blood
pressure at home
Sometimes 14 (35) 10 (25) 24 (30) 3.00
Regularly 2 (5) 1 (2) 3 (4)
Never 24 (60) 29 (73) 53 (66)
Self medication Practiced 18 (45) 15 (38) 33 (41) 1.00
Not practiced 22 (55) 25 (62) 47 (59)
Knowledge about
meaning of
hypertension
Correct 24 (60) 22 (55) 46 (58) 1.22
Partially correct 3 (7) 2 (5) 5 (6)
No idea 13 (33) 16 (40) 29 (36)
Knowledge about
causes of
hypertension
Yes 30 (75) 14 (35) 44 (55) 12.93***
No 10 (25) 26 (65) 36 (45)
Knowledge about
consequences of
hypertension
Yes 21 (53) 17 (43) 38 (48) 0.80
No 19 (47) 23 (57) 42 (52)
Knowledge about
methods of
maintaining normal
BP
Yes 27 (68) 20 (50) 47 (59) 2.53
No 13 (32) 20 (50) 33 (41)
Knowledge about
salt intake in
hypertension
Yes 33 (82) 35(87) 68 (85) 1.05
No 7 (18) 5 (13) 12 (15)
Knowledge about
physical exercise
in hypertension
Yes 26 (65) 19 (48) 45 (56) 1.23
No 14 (35) 21 (52) 35 (44)

Salt intake and physical exercise pattern
Salt consumption and physical exercise patterns of
the male and female subjects have been presented
in Table 3. Salt consumption patterns of subjects in
both the groups were found to be similar.
Maximum male and female subjects reported low
consumption of salt (65% each). Only 2% males
reported that they consumed high amounts of salt
in their diet as otherwise their food did not taste
good. Furthermore, majority of the male and
female subjects (95% each) reported that they
consumed normal iodized salt; and 5% subjects
each reported that they consumed low sodium salt
to maintain normal blood pressure levels. Majority
of the males (90%) and almost all the female
subjects (98%) reported that they ‘never’ added
extra salt in the cooked food while eating. But
among the subjects who added extra salt,
significantly higher percentage (10%) was of the
male subjects.
Table 3: Salt consumption and physical exercise pattern of the subjects
*significant at p≤0.05, **significant at p≤0.01
A significantly higher number of males (73%) reported to be performing regular physical exercises as compared
to 55% female subjects. Those who did not
exercise regularly reported that they either did not
have time for them or were not keeping well
enough to perform them. Similar to our findings,
Bhandari et al. (2012) also reported that 64% of the
hypertensive patients performed regular exercises.
Of those who exercised regularly, 83% males and
86% females reported that they went for a brisk
walk; and 17% males and 14% females performed
yoga as the physical exercise. Guddad et al. (2012)
in their study on hypertensive patients also reported
that exercise in the form of walking was practiced
by 63% and yoga by 18% of subjects; and 36%
subjects did not do any form of exercise.
Around three-fourths of the subjects who
performed physical exercises reported that they
exercised daily (76% males and 73% females).
Further, 55% male and 63% female subjects
performed exercises for about 20-30 minutes at a
stretch; and another 31% males and 28% females
did exercises for 30 minutes to one hour each time
(Table 3). Overall, the study group seemed to be
conscious of the benefits of exercising and a large
number of them did some physical exercise as
frequently as possible. Misra et al. (2009) among
other forms of physical activities have also
recommended aerobic physical exercise which
includes brisk walking for 30 minutes for 5 days a
week for adults suffering from obesity and
metabolic syndrome. In the present study, it was
observed that many of the subjects were
performing these simple exercises for the
recommended duration.
Intake of different food groups by the subjects
A higher percentage of male subjects (65%) were
non-vegetarian as compared to 43% female
subjects (43%). Data for intake of different food
groups by male and female subjects has been given
in Table 4. Results indicate that the mean intake of
cereals by male and female subjects was
significantly low as compared to the recommended
cereal intake of 375g and 270g respectively.
Female subjects consumed significantly higher
amount of pulses (56.7±38.0g) when compared
with the recommended amounts for non-vegetarian
females. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3,
2007) has also reported higher daily consumption
of pulses by women. However, as more than half of
the female subjects reported to be vegetarians in
the present study, their intake of pulses was
actually almost similar to the recommended intake.
In males, pulse intake was higher than the
recommended, however, the difference was not
N (%)
Female
(N=40)
N (%)
Total
(N=80)
N (%)
χ 2
Salt consumption Low 26 (65) 26 (65) 52 (65) 0.52
Medium 13 (33) 14 (35) 27 (34)
High 1 (2) 0 1 (1)
Extra salt on
cooked foods
Always 1 (2) 1 (2) 2 (2) 6.63*
Sometimes 3 (8) 0 (0) 3 (4)
Never 36 (90) 39 (98) 75 (94)
Physical exercise Performed 29 (73) 22 (55) 51 (64) 7.03**
Not performed 11 (27) 18 (45) 29 (36)
Frequency of
exercise
Daily 22 (76) 16 (73) 38 (75) 7.36*
2-3 times/week 2 (7) 4 (18) 6 (12)
Once a week 5 (17) 2 (9) 7 (13)
Duration of
exercise per
episode
20-30 min 16 (55) 14 (63) 30 (59) 1.78
>30-60 min 9 (31) 6 (28) 15 (29)
>60min 4 (14) 2 (9) 6 (12)

statistically significant. Consumption of milk by
both groups of subjects was lower than
recommended intakes but the difference was not
significant. The intake of meat/
chicken/fish/eggs/poultry, green leafy vegetables,
other vegetables and sugar by male as well as
female subjects was significantly lower than that
recommended by ICMR, 2011. The mean intake of
fruits and visible fat by male and female subjects
was similar to the recommended intakes for these
foods (ICMR, 2011).
Table 4: Mean daily intake (g/ml) of different food groups by the subjects in comparison with
recommended daily intake (ICMR, 2011)
Food Group Recommen
ded intake
for Males
(g/day)
Male
(n=40)
Mean ±SD
(g)
t value Recommend
ed intake
for Females
(g/day)
Female
(n=40)
Mean ± SD
(g)
t value
Cereal 375 189.1 ± 59.7
(60-300)
-19.67*** 270 165.8±44.6
(60-255)
-14.74***
Pulse 45∞
56.8±43.3
(0-210)
1.73NS 30@
56.7±38.0
(0-160)
4.4 ***
Milk 300 257.3±143.2
(60-690)
-1.88NS 300 273.3±158.3
(54-700)
-1.06NS
Meat 50 19.0±45.4
(0-180)
-4.3 *** 50 11.0±26.8
(0-130)
-9.1***
Green leafy
vegetables
100 37.0±59.1
(0-220)
-6.73*** 100 47.1±71.3
(0-310)
-4.68***
Other
vegetables
200 88.0±76.3
(0-270)
-9.27*** 200 75.1±75.7
(0-290)
-10.42***
Root and
tubers
200 193.6±89.3
(0-375)
-0.4NS 200 166.0±96.5
(0-565)
-2.22*
Fruits 100 118.8±72.4
(25-355)
1.64NS 100 120.1±69.3
(25-285)
1.83NS
Visible fat 25 27.0 ±11.7
(7-65)
1.07NS 20 22.1± 8.8
(12-55)
1.6 NS
Sugar 20 9.4±6.22
(0-25)
-10.71*** 20 13.0±8.8
(0-40)
-4.98***
Figures in parentheses denote range; ∞
75g for Vegetarian Males; @
60 g for Vegetarian Females; *significant at
p≤0.05, ***significant at p≤0.001, NS: Not significant
The subjects, however, needed to be cautious about
their intake of fat in visible forms as well as
invisible forms because any negligence could have
resulted in higher intakes and increased their risk to
hypertension. They also needed to continue
adequate consumption of fruits and increase their
intake of vegetables and other foods, which were
low fat and were being consumed in insufficient
amounts by them.
Self-care behavior of the subjects
Self-care behaviour helps in the management of
blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. In this
study, an attempt was made to gather information
regarding self-care behaviour of hypertensive
males and females using Hypertension Self-Care
Activity Level Effects, or H-SCALE, which is a
self-report assessment designed to measure the
recommended self-care activities (Warren-Findlow
et al., 2013). The results have been consolidated
according to the six self-care activities
recommended by JNC7 (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 2004) and focus upon
the total scores for each activity, for both male and
female subjects.
As indicated in Table 5, the mean medication
adherence score of female subjects was slightly
higher (11.4±7.6) as compared to the males (10.1±
7.4) though the difference was not significant
(p≤0.05). Moreover, the mean score was almost
50% lower than the maximum score the subjects
could have attained on this sub-scale. Warren-
Findlow et al. (2013) reported a mean score of
17.64±5.32 on medication adherence subscale in
their study that primarily comprised hypertensive
women. Weight management scores of male and
female subjects were 16.8±3.03 and 18.15±3.5
respectively. The scores for weight management in
both groups of subjects were also much lower than
the maximum attainable score on this subscale.
Scores on consumption of low salt, low fat diet by
the males (16.8±3.32) and females (20.1±3.5)
subjects were very poor in comparison with the
maximum achievable score of 84, though there was
no significant difference observed between the two
study groups (p≤0.05). Contrary to the findings in
the present study, Warren-Findlow et al. (2013) in
their study on hypertensive patients in North
Carolina reported higher mean scores of
57.73±11.98 for low salt, low fat DASH (Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet subscale.

Lack of enough knowledge about hypertension and
its control in the subjects in the present study could
have attributed to their low scores on these
subscales.
On physical activity subscale too, scores for both
the groups of subjects were lower by more than
50% of the maximum achievable score of 14
(Table 5). Warren-Findlow et al. (2013) also
reported similar findings of mean score of
6.59±4.88 on physical activity subscale for patients
suffering from hypertension.
Scores on smoking and alcohol consumption are
actually negative indicators where a higher score
on these subscales indicates a greater risk to
hypertension. In the present study, scores on
smoking subscale were significantly higher for
male subjects (1.6±2.9) as compared to the females
(0.17±0.6) (p≤0.001). None of the females in the
study group reported to be smoking but as the
subscale included a response for "how many days
in the past 7 days did you stay in a room or ride in
an enclosed vehicle while someone was smoking', a
few females responded in affirmative and a small
score was calculated for them (Table 5). With
regard to alcohol consumption, females scored a
zero as none of them consumed alcohol. A
significantly higher score of 1.92±3.54 (p≤0.001)
was obtained by the male subjects in comparison
with the females (Table 5), though it was
heartening to note that this score was almost
negligible compared to the maximum achievable
score of 21. The habit of not indulging in smoking
and drinking by the Indian women due to traditions
and societal norms decreases their risk to
hypertension and related disorders to some extent.
Similar scores were reported by Warren-Findlow et
al. (2013) on subscales for smoking and alcohol
intake.
Overall, it was observed that on the subscales of
Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effects
Scale or H-SCALE, females were doing slightly
better than the males in terms of medication
adherence, weight management and consumption
of low salt, low fat diets though the difference
between them was not statistically significant. In
terms of smoking and alcohol consumption, males
had significantly higher scores than females but
these higher scores indicated a greater risk to
hypertension. The findings indicated that the
females were following a slightly better self-care
regimen as compared to men.
Table 5: Mean self-care behaviour scores of male and female subjects
Self-care activities
(Subscales of H-
SCALE)
Scores
(Range)
Mean Score
t valueMale
(n=40)
Female
(n=40)
Medication adherance 0-21 10.1± 7.4
(0-21)
11.4±7.6
(0-21)
0.75NS
Weight management 10-30 16.8±3.03
(13-25)
18.2±3.5
(13-25)
1.82NS
Low fat, low salt diet 0-84 16.8 ± 3.32
(12-27)
20.1± 3.5
(13-28)
4.30NS
Physical activity 0-14 6.4±5.7
(0-14)
5.4 ± 6.1
(0-12)
0.78NS
Smoking 0-14 1.6±2.9
(0-12)
0.17±0.6
(0-3)
3.08***
Alcohol consumption 0-21 1.9±3.54
(0-12)
0.0±0.00
(0)
3.43***
***significant at p≤0.001, NS: Not significant
Conclusion
From the findings of the present study, it could be
concluded that though the male subjects seemed to
have relatively better knowledge about
hypertension and related aspects, the female
subjects were following slightly better self-care
regimens and had better practices as compared to
men. However, there seemed a need for both
hypertensive men and women for greater
improvement in their knowledge about aspects
related to hypertension and their self care
behaviour practices to maintain normal blood
pressure levels and prevent themselves from the
adverse consequences of hypertension.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express their gratitude to
the Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of
Home Economics for facilitating the research work.
They would also like to thank all the subjects who
willingly gave their precious time to participate in
the study and gave full cooperation during the
entire process of data collection.

References
Anchala, R., Kannuri, N.K., Pant, H., Khan, H., Franco, O.H., Angelantonio, E. D., & Prabhakaran, D. (2014).
Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of
hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 32, 1170 – 1177.
Beth, M.R.M., Low, S.Y., & Chung, P.Y. (2012). A study to assess the knowledge on self-blood pressure
monitoring (SBPM) among hypertensive patients in selected wards of Hospital Lam Wah Ee, Malaysia.
International e-Journal of Science, Medicine and Education, 6(2), 43-45. Retrieved August 25, 2015
from http://web.imu.edu.my/ejournal/approved/8.Research_Mini_p43-45.pdf
Bhandari, B., Bhattarai, M., Bhandari, M., & Jha, N. (2012). Awareness of disease and self-care among
hypertensive patients attending Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Journal
of Nobel Medical College, 1(2), 29-35.
Guddad, S., Malagi, U., Kasturiba, B., & Hasabi, I. (2012). Knowledge and lifestyle factors of hypertensive
patients. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(3), 373-376.
ICMR (2011). Dietary Guidelines for Indians – A Manual. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.
Kojuri, J., & Rahimi, R. (2007). Effect of ‘‘no added salt diet’’ on blood pressure control and 24 hour urinary
sodium excretion in mild to moderate hypertension. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 7, 34.
Logan, A.G., Irvine, M.J., McIsaac, W.J., Tisler, A., Rossos, P.G., Easty, A., & Cafazzo, J.A. (2012). Effect of
home blood pressure telemonitoring with self-care support on uncontrolled systolic hypertension in
diabetics. Hypertension, 60, 51–57.
Magadza, C., Radloff, S.E., & Srinivas, S.C. (2009). The effect of an educational intervention on patients’
knowledge about hypertension, beliefs about medicines, and adherence. Research in Social and
Administrative Pharmacy, 5, 363–375.
Misra, A., Chowbey, P., Makkar, B.M., Vikram, N.K., Wasir, J.S., Chadha, D., Joshi, S.R., Sadikot, S., Gupta,
R., Gulati, S., & Munjal, Y.P. (2009). Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity
and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and
surgical management. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 57, 163–170.
Mohan, S., Reddy, K.S., & Prabhakaran, D. (2011). Chronic non-communicable diseases in India-Reversing the
tide. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi. Retrieved January 5, 2014 from
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/PHFI_NCD_Report_Sep_2011.pdf
Mohan, V., Deepa, M., Farooq, S., Datta, M., & Deepa, R. (2007). Prevalence, Awareness, and Control of
Hypertension in Chennai – The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES – 52). Journal of
the Association of Physicians of India, 55(May).
NFHS-3 (2007). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06 India. International Institute for Population
Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International.
Park, Y.H., Song, M., Cho, B.L., Lim, J.Y., Song, W., & Kim, S.H. (2011). The effects of an integrated health
education and exercise program in community-dwelling older adults with hypertension: a randomized
controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 82, 133–137.
Patel, V., Chatterji, S., Chisholm, D., Ebrahim, S., Gopalakrishna, G., & Mathers, C., et al. (2011). Chronic
diseases and injuries in India. Lancet, 377, 413–28.
Reddy, K.S. (2009). Regional case studies–India. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program, 63:15-
24, discussion 41-16, 259-268.
Shaikh, M.A., Yakta, Dur-e., Sadia, Kumar, R. (2012). Hypertension knowledge, attitude and practice in adult
hypertensive patients at LUMHS. Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, May-
Aug, 11(2), 113-116.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2004). The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on
Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Institutes of Health
and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (NIH
Publication No.04-5230).
Warren-Findlow, J., & Seymour, R.B. (2011). Prevalence rates of hypertension self-care activities among
African Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 103, 503–512. Retrieved July 15,
2013 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390197/
Warren-Findlow, J., Basalik, D.W., Dulin, M., Tapp, H., & Kuhn, L. (2013). Preliminary validation of the
Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effects (H-SCALE) and clinical blood pressure among patients
with hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension,1-7.
WHO (2014). Non communicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. World Health Organization. Retrieved
August 22, 2015 from http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/ind_en.pdf?ua=1

Asian Journal of
2348-7186 (Print)
Impact Factor: 0.92
Vol.4, Issue 1, January 2016
Marketing of Library and Information Services in
University Libraries: A Practical Experience
Md. Milan Khan1
Mostafa Kamal2
1
Librarian, (Ph.D), Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
2
Professor & Adviser, Dept. of Real Estate, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Abstract: At present, libraries and information centers are facing a time of unprecedented change
and challenge. Marketing concepts itself is changing and has different meaning form different
renowned people. The concept of marketing is widely applicable in library and information
environment. Now marketing is whole organization concept which requires years of continual
activities. Marketing of library services is the effective execution of all the activities involved in
enhancing satisfaction of users by providing maximum value of them. It is a total solution for
library and information centers. There have been enormous developments in marketing of library
and information services around the world. The present research paper aims to explore the
discipline of marketing for librarians. Practical solutions are provided on how to implement a
marketing strategy and plan with particular emphasis on the value of using information resources
in libraries to the users.
Keywords: Library Marketing, Information Services, Perception and Librarianship.
Introduction: Libraries are playing vital role to
market their information services for the benefit for
their users to use new technologies, to anticipate
the trends. Libraries and information centers have
become profit making organizations due to new
technological storage, processing, retrieval &
services. Instead of the user’s approaching for
information services in the libraries or information
centers, the information must reach the user’s place
of work, whether it is a classroom, the research
laboratory, the home or any other place of activity
in any field of life (Kotler and Andersen, 1995).
Marketing is an integral part of library service,
because it has to do with basic principles of
librarianship i.e. to develop good collection and
user-oriented services. Marketing aims to identify
the client base, and to determine and fill its needs,
wants, and demands by designing and delivering
appropriate and services. Under the umbrella term
marketing, this study concepts like building
customer relationships, branding and corporate
identity, marketing communications, servicing
policy, collection development policy, marketing
policy & planning and information literacy policy
for enhancing the library and information services
at the right time to the right users.
Review of Related Literature
Review of literature plays a vital role and important
unrefined materials for building up a total
infrastructure of a specific subject area in any type
of research study. It is conducted to get a clear
understanding about the specific field of study. The
literature review is prepared on emerging themes
directly drawn from the literature, thematically and
chronologically within this study. It aims to
identify the changing perspectives, the present
challenges, and the benefits offered by examining
information science specialists’ views.
Martey (2000) stated that: "Libraries must survive
and thrive because they still have a role to play in
the community. Librarians like all other
professionals have to adapt and cope with the
changes taking place in the environment in which
they operate".
Aguolu (2002)posited that university libraries are
integral part of the university system. He added that
they should not exist as inertia of knowledge, but
as dynamic instrument of education to enable their
parent institutions to achieve their goals.
Gupta (2003) stressed the importance on library
services rather than manage collection, staff and
technology. According to him the notion of
services has changed, from basic to value added,
from staff assisted to self -service, from in-house to
outreach, from free to price. He divided the
existing appendices into four categories, namely:
selective bibliographies that list bibliographical
information, annotated bibliographies that contain
descriptive or evaluative comments, web
biographies that consist of web-based resources,
and critical reviews of the literature.

Marketing of Library and Information Services in University Libraries: A Practical Experience
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1)January, 2016 21
Kanaujia (2004) describes the assess to nature of
the relationship between different aspects of
marketing; the attitudes of certain personal,
specialized and organized features; to examine the
resources and facilities of libraries in relation to
marketing; to gather information about the
products/ services with charging patterns; and to
determine the extent to which the principles of
marketing are put into actual practice in libraries.
The paper provides a reminder of the four Ps of
marketing identification.
Mi (2006) gain basic classic marketing principles
to appeal and better serve new generations of users
its emphasis is not only marketing library services
but also user satisfaction with library services,
those services must determined not by what
libraries have but by what users need. Author then
provide brief idea about branding, information
seeking, determining the information seeking
behavior of users, thinking and education process.
“Branding” is here seen as to get librarians on their
way with labeling further library marketing. The
paper reviews classical marketing texts and current
user studies for applicability to library service.
Mu (2007) suggests approaches for marketing
academic library resources and information
services to assign international students. It looks
also at what information literacy programs and
activities are suitable to accommodate the
information needs. Cuiying Mu identifies that
academic libraries need to market their services and
resources proactively and librarians need to
consider patrons appearances, language expertise,
learning styles and their subjects of interests. The
main focus of every library is customer service,
which is an approach of marketing.
Munshi (2008) conducted a case study of
marketing approach aimed at determining the
needs, wants and demands of the target clients
through designing and delivering appropriate
products and services more effectively for the
purpose of achieving organizational goals and
objectives. It was an attempt to conceptualize the
strategic approaches of marketing mix to library
and information centers. Finally, it recognized
some benefits of proposed marketing plan.
Gupta (2010)surveyed the introductory studies
remarked on the definition of marketing, the
evolution of library & information services (LIS)
marketing was explained. The author found that the
research described that how marketing was applied
to LIS over the years. Marketing was also related to
other concepts used in the management of LIS. The
major finding of the survey revealed a useful fact
about the role of professional associations in
diffusing marketing theory was portrayed & the
importance of education addressed. The entry ends
with a reflection on the future on marketing for
LIS.
Makori (2011)conducted a study of marketing of
information products & services in research
libraries in Kenya. The author found that the
literature survey were currently published articles
& the researcher’s professional experience. The
major finding of the survey reveal useful facts
about the marketing was basic and essential
management process for promoting information
products and services in university research
libraries. The study emphasized the marketing
avails university research libraries were unique
opportunity to provide quality, demand based, and
user oriented information products / resources &
services.
Kaushik (2012) discus about open access initiative
discovers the new way to access intellectual
literature free of cost which published in
miscellaneous online journals on different subjects.
The study goals to identify growth and publication
arrangements of marketing library and information
services related literature published in LIS open
access journals by various bibliographic points of
view. The consequences of the paper demonstrated
that maximum quantity of articles published in
marketing library services, this of articles
concentrated on library marketing theme.
Ronke (2013) determines some reasons for
marketing library and information products, as
libraries are no longer the only information services
trade, online book dealers, information
professionals, the Internet services providers, free
web access providers and individual customers will
not hesitate to market to potential library customers
or users. Libraries have to market because of the
necessity to maintain significance and remain
connected to the communities they serve and have
some bearing on the present day’s occasion and
real-world problems. Librarians have to market
their services and products in order to improve the
image of their libraries. For instance, libraries have
to be exceptional in the kind of admittance and
services they provide.
Objectives
• to evaluate the gap between customer
expectation and perception of the service;
• to identify information need and
information seeking behavior of academic
community;
• to examine the resources and facilities of
the library in relation to marketing;
• to investigate the knowledge of awareness
of marketing of information services.
Significance of the study
Libraries are the best candidates for marketing
among non-profit service organizations. Here, the
important thing is that we can see these benefits
from the point of view of users and communicate in
the way they can understand. The public image of

Marketing of Library and Information Services in University Libraries: A Practical Experience
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1)January, 2016 22
the library comes through experiences or moments
of truth when users really come into contact. All
promotion, advertisement, promises will be
wasteful if we are unable to transform these
experiences into pleasant ones and that too from
user's point of view. The deciding factors are our
own attitude and our commitment to the
community. We who work in the library are the
greatest marketing forces in libraries.
Marketing is an integral part of library services,
because it has to do with basic principles of
librarianship: to develop good collection and user-
oriented services. This is the very first aspect of
employing effective marketing in any kind of
libraries. Many librarians correlate marketing with
profit and consider that libraries are not for making
profits. Basically because they were not taught
marketing at library schools and do not see
marketing to have anything to do with running a
library.
Marketing helps show a library staff’s expertise,
further an organization’s mission, promote
productivity by quickly and efficiently finding the
right information at the right time, and add value to
an organization’s products. Without any
promotional effort, some key individuals may not
be supporters or even users of the Information
Centre. Libraries therefore, will look impressive
and the librarians will emerge as activists fostering
proactive services to the users. Every service
activity must be performed with a conscious mind
to meet users’ needs exceptionally.
Research Methodology
This present study has been carried out to evaluate
the necessity of marketing strategy and plan for
building a new user perception in libraries. To
obtain this objective of the present study,
researchers mostly have used secondary data from
the period of 2000-2013. Secondary data collected
from various relevant publications and books. It is
a qualitative research and mainly focused on library
resources and services among the users through the
concepts of marketing.
Discussion and Realization
1. Marketing in Library Perspectives
Stanton (1981) “ marketing is a total system of
interacting business / service activities to plan,
price, promote and distribute want satisfying
products & services and present to potential
customers/users”.
Kotler (1996) “Marketing means working with
markets to actualize potential exchanges for the
purpose of satisfying human needs and wants. It is
the process of planning and executing the
conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of
goods, services and ideas to create exchanges with
target groups that satisfy customer and
organizational objectives”.
Figure 1 Marketing in Library Perspective
M
A
R
K
E
T
I
N
G
(Source: Developed by the Authors)
M= Manpower (staffs, users, suppliers and committees)
A= Authenticate (confirm to provide services to the users)
R= Relationship (relation between users and library staffs)
K= Knowledge (latest information/ new arrival in the library)
E= Evaluation (users satisfaction level)
T= Technique (library service system using technology)
I= Innovative (modernization: automation and digitalization)
N= Noble (professionalism)
G= Goal (proper services to the right users at the right time at the right place)
Manpower
Relationship
Evaluation
Innovative
Goal
Authenticate
Knowledge
Technique
Noble

January 2016

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to January 2016

Similar to January 2016 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

January 2016