An outbreak of Desert Locust developed in February in southwest Libya and adjacent areas of southeast Algeria due to good rains in October 2011. Monitoring and control operations were limited by insecurity in both countries. Additional breeding is expected during March and April which could cause locust numbers to increase dramatically and form hopper bands, requiring careful monitoring and control operations to prevent a further escalation of the situation.
This document provides several practical solutions for pesticide safety, including for mixing and loading pesticides, pesticide application and drift reduction, decontamination, emergency response, pesticide storage, and reducing family exposure. Some highlighted solutions include using a metal mixing table, splash shields, pre-marked measuring containers, a nurse tank for mixing, side-view mirrors on application vehicles, flaggers on public roads, a rinsate containment system, scrub brushes and pressure washers for decontamination, sloping cement pads, double locker systems, and stocking emergency response supplies in resealable bags. The document emphasizes the importance of proper safety procedures and equipment to reduce pesticide exposure for handlers and bystanders.
1. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down pesticides into non-toxic substances.
2. Common pesticides that are biodegraded include the soil fumigant methyl bromide, the herbicide dalapon, and the fungicide chloroneb.
3. For effective biodegradation, organisms must be able to degrade the pesticide, the pesticide must be bioavailable, and soil conditions must support microbial growth. Strategies to enhance biodegradation include biostimulation, bioventing, and bioaugmentation.
Pesticides are used in agriculture to protect crops from insects, fungi, and weeds. They allow farmers to improve food quality and quantity, benefiting both food production and the economy. Pesticides come in various forms including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and can be organic, inorganic, or biological. The document discusses the properties, types, modes of action, and environmental impacts of different pesticides. It also covers pesticide application, degradation processes, and advantages of biopesticides.
Pesticides Degradation Through Microorganisms (Biodegradtion)SaLim AyuBi
The document discusses a research study on biodegradation of the pesticide profenofos. It lists the group members and describes profenofos as a widely used and hazardous pesticide in Pakistan. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, which included sampling soil, enriching samples in media, incubating mixtures, conducting plate counts, and isolating and characterizing microorganisms. The researchers found specific growth of pesticide-degrading microbes and plan to isolate and characterize them further. The experience was positive and the microbiology lab was well-equipped to support the research.
This document discusses pesticides and their environmental impacts. It describes how pesticides are commonly used to control pests that damage crops but can harm non-target species and accumulate up food chains. Some key issues are pesticides polluting soil, air and water; killing beneficial organisms; and reaching toxic levels in top predators through biomagnification. The document also presents alternatives like organic farming that minimize pesticide use through ecological methods, and integrated pest management that employs multiple techniques.
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
The document discusses the current regulations for pesticide use in farming and whether they are sufficient for healthy living. It provides information on what pesticides are, the EPA regulations, types of pesticides and their effects, advantages and disadvantages of pesticide use, potential health effects, benefits of organic foods, and advances in technology that could reduce pesticide use. While pesticides improve food production and quality of life, the EPA approval process is slow and pesticides can damage the environment and health, especially for sensitive groups. More research into alternatives is still needed to establish effective regulations that protect both public health and agriculture.
This document provides several practical solutions for pesticide safety, including for mixing and loading pesticides, pesticide application and drift reduction, decontamination, emergency response, pesticide storage, and reducing family exposure. Some highlighted solutions include using a metal mixing table, splash shields, pre-marked measuring containers, a nurse tank for mixing, side-view mirrors on application vehicles, flaggers on public roads, a rinsate containment system, scrub brushes and pressure washers for decontamination, sloping cement pads, double locker systems, and stocking emergency response supplies in resealable bags. The document emphasizes the importance of proper safety procedures and equipment to reduce pesticide exposure for handlers and bystanders.
1. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down pesticides into non-toxic substances.
2. Common pesticides that are biodegraded include the soil fumigant methyl bromide, the herbicide dalapon, and the fungicide chloroneb.
3. For effective biodegradation, organisms must be able to degrade the pesticide, the pesticide must be bioavailable, and soil conditions must support microbial growth. Strategies to enhance biodegradation include biostimulation, bioventing, and bioaugmentation.
Pesticides are used in agriculture to protect crops from insects, fungi, and weeds. They allow farmers to improve food quality and quantity, benefiting both food production and the economy. Pesticides come in various forms including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and can be organic, inorganic, or biological. The document discusses the properties, types, modes of action, and environmental impacts of different pesticides. It also covers pesticide application, degradation processes, and advantages of biopesticides.
Pesticides Degradation Through Microorganisms (Biodegradtion)SaLim AyuBi
The document discusses a research study on biodegradation of the pesticide profenofos. It lists the group members and describes profenofos as a widely used and hazardous pesticide in Pakistan. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, which included sampling soil, enriching samples in media, incubating mixtures, conducting plate counts, and isolating and characterizing microorganisms. The researchers found specific growth of pesticide-degrading microbes and plan to isolate and characterize them further. The experience was positive and the microbiology lab was well-equipped to support the research.
This document discusses pesticides and their environmental impacts. It describes how pesticides are commonly used to control pests that damage crops but can harm non-target species and accumulate up food chains. Some key issues are pesticides polluting soil, air and water; killing beneficial organisms; and reaching toxic levels in top predators through biomagnification. The document also presents alternatives like organic farming that minimize pesticide use through ecological methods, and integrated pest management that employs multiple techniques.
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
The document discusses the current regulations for pesticide use in farming and whether they are sufficient for healthy living. It provides information on what pesticides are, the EPA regulations, types of pesticides and their effects, advantages and disadvantages of pesticide use, potential health effects, benefits of organic foods, and advances in technology that could reduce pesticide use. While pesticides improve food production and quality of life, the EPA approval process is slow and pesticides can damage the environment and health, especially for sensitive groups. More research into alternatives is still needed to establish effective regulations that protect both public health and agriculture.
Using GIS and remote sensing in the IPM context of early warningFAO
Presentation given at the 12th International IPM Symposium (Memphis, TN USA on 27-29 March 2012) by Keith Cressman.
FAO operates an early warning system to keep the international donor community and some 30 affected countries informed of the Desert Locust situation and potential developments concerning breeding and migration. The system is the basis of the preventive control strategy to reduce plagues. Remote sensing products are used operationally to help detect rainfall and green vegetation in locust habitats and to guide survey teams. Custom GIS applications are utilized in affected countries and at FAO for data analysis. An overview of these technologies, including lessons learned during the past two decades, is presented.
Desert Locust threat to West Africa (144th FAO Council, 12 June 2012)FAO
Desert Locust lives in the deserts of Africa and SW Asia. They need good rains to reproduce and increase in number. This is exactly what occurred along both sides Algerian/Libyan border. Good rains fell late last year and locusts have been breeding and increasing during the past six months. Normally Algeria and Libya are able to control the locusts, stop swarms from forming and prevent their movement south to the Sahel in W Africa. Insecurity this year does not allow full access to infested areas by ground teams (Algeria estimated they could reach only 15% of potentially infested areas). Libyan capacity to carry out control efforts has been affected in the past year. Although both countries carried out control operations, they could not prevent swarms from forming in May.
This document summarizes the key impacts of climate change that are already occurring and projected to occur in Uganda based on climate modeling. It notes that Uganda is experiencing more erratic rainfall patterns, with heavier rainfall events and longer dry periods, undermining agricultural production. It projects that future climate changes will have the biggest impact on the later, short rains in Uganda, bringing significantly wetter conditions. Higher temperatures are also expected, increasing risks of flooding and changing crop growing conditions. The impacts undermine livelihoods and food security in Uganda.
This document summarizes the key impacts of climate change that are already occurring and projected to occur in Uganda based on climate modeling. It notes that Uganda is experiencing more erratic rainfall patterns, with more intense rainfall events and longer dry periods, undermining agricultural production. Projections for Uganda include increased frequency of heavy rainfall events during the later rainy season from October to December, which could exacerbate flooding. Temperatures are also projected to continue increasing. The impacts on agriculture are threatening yields and varieties of staple crops in Uganda. Farmers are reporting difficulties adapting to these changes in weather patterns.
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on poverty in Uganda. It discusses how climate changes like more erratic rainfall and intense downpours are negatively impacting agriculture, pastoralism, health, and access to water. These climate shocks undermine development and exacerbate food insecurity, hitting the poor hardest. While Uganda's contribution to global warming is minimal, it is highly vulnerable to current and future climate impacts. Adaptation efforts are needed to build resilience.
Desert Locust threat in the Sahel 2012 - Informal Donors' Meeting presentatio...FAO
An update of the Desert Locust threat in the Sahel, funding received and action taken that was presented by Keith Cressman (Senior Locust Forecasting Officer) at an Informal Donors' Meeting at FAO Headquarters in Rome on 5 October 2012.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
The document summarizes a study assessing drought risk and vulnerability in Baringo County, Kenya. Socioeconomic data on livelihoods, poverty rates, and population density were used to determine vulnerability levels. Remote sensing data on NDVI, NDWI, and NDDI were analyzed to assess drought hazard. Drought risk was calculated as the product of vulnerability and hazard. Results found high poverty among pastoral and marginal livelihoods, with these groups most vulnerable. Drought in 2009 was severe in northern and eastern areas. Overall, marginal and pastoral livelihoods faced serious drought risk, undermining populations due to high poverty.
1. Desert locust swarms have formed in Algeria and Libya due to good rains, and are now moving south into the Sahel region of West Africa, threatening agriculture.
2. There is a high risk that uncontrolled breeding could dramatically increase locust populations in inaccessible areas of Mali and Niger.
3. Countries must activate locust management plans and mobilize survey and control teams now to contain the threat and prevent a potential plague.
Desert Locust threat to W Africa (144th FAO Council, 12 June 2012)FAOLocust
1. Desert locust swarms have formed in Algeria and Libya due to good rains, and are now moving south into the Sahel region of West Africa, threatening agriculture.
2. There is a high risk that uncontrolled breeding could dramatically increase locust populations in inaccessible areas of Mali and Niger.
3. Countries are called to immediately activate locust management plans, survey and control efforts, and public awareness campaigns to prevent further deterioration of the situation.
Mapping landuse dynamics and Rift Valley Fever in Baringo, Isiolo and Garisa ...Gladys Mosomtai
This document summarizes a study mapping land use dynamics and Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Baringo, Isiolo, and Garissa districts of Kenya. The study aims to understand how factors like land use intensification, population dynamics, and climate variability impact RVF outbreaks. Maps of landforms, drainage patterns, soils, land cover, NDVI trends, animal densities, and flooding were generated. Findings show little land use change but RVF occurred in new ecologies with higher cultivation and humidity. The disease also appeared in districts with non-ideal soil types, suggesting RVF's niche may be expanding. Further analysis is still needed to fully understand changing RVF determinants.
The document discusses a feasibility study of using sterile insect technique (SIT) to control the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in the Neretva River Valley of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. The valley contains over 80% of Croatia's citrus production and is an important agricultural area that is also ecologically sensitive. Baseline data on the medfly's distribution, host plants, seasonal occurrence, and population levels was collected. Trapping data showed the highest medfly captures occurred in the city of Metkovic, likely due to abundant host plants. A proposed SIT program could treat 25,000-30,000 hectares. SIT could provide economic and environmental benefits by
Desert Locust threat in the Sahel 2012 (updated 4 Oct)FAO
An overview of the Desert Locust threat in the Sahel in 2012 explaining the origin and nature of the threat, assistance required, action taken so far, and the current situation and forecast as of 4 October 2012. Prepared by Keith Cressman, FAO Senior Locust Forecasting Officer, Rome (Italy).
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Using GIS and remote sensing in the IPM context of early warningFAO
Presentation given at the 12th International IPM Symposium (Memphis, TN USA on 27-29 March 2012) by Keith Cressman.
FAO operates an early warning system to keep the international donor community and some 30 affected countries informed of the Desert Locust situation and potential developments concerning breeding and migration. The system is the basis of the preventive control strategy to reduce plagues. Remote sensing products are used operationally to help detect rainfall and green vegetation in locust habitats and to guide survey teams. Custom GIS applications are utilized in affected countries and at FAO for data analysis. An overview of these technologies, including lessons learned during the past two decades, is presented.
Desert Locust threat to West Africa (144th FAO Council, 12 June 2012)FAO
Desert Locust lives in the deserts of Africa and SW Asia. They need good rains to reproduce and increase in number. This is exactly what occurred along both sides Algerian/Libyan border. Good rains fell late last year and locusts have been breeding and increasing during the past six months. Normally Algeria and Libya are able to control the locusts, stop swarms from forming and prevent their movement south to the Sahel in W Africa. Insecurity this year does not allow full access to infested areas by ground teams (Algeria estimated they could reach only 15% of potentially infested areas). Libyan capacity to carry out control efforts has been affected in the past year. Although both countries carried out control operations, they could not prevent swarms from forming in May.
This document summarizes the key impacts of climate change that are already occurring and projected to occur in Uganda based on climate modeling. It notes that Uganda is experiencing more erratic rainfall patterns, with heavier rainfall events and longer dry periods, undermining agricultural production. It projects that future climate changes will have the biggest impact on the later, short rains in Uganda, bringing significantly wetter conditions. Higher temperatures are also expected, increasing risks of flooding and changing crop growing conditions. The impacts undermine livelihoods and food security in Uganda.
This document summarizes the key impacts of climate change that are already occurring and projected to occur in Uganda based on climate modeling. It notes that Uganda is experiencing more erratic rainfall patterns, with more intense rainfall events and longer dry periods, undermining agricultural production. Projections for Uganda include increased frequency of heavy rainfall events during the later rainy season from October to December, which could exacerbate flooding. Temperatures are also projected to continue increasing. The impacts on agriculture are threatening yields and varieties of staple crops in Uganda. Farmers are reporting difficulties adapting to these changes in weather patterns.
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on poverty in Uganda. It discusses how climate changes like more erratic rainfall and intense downpours are negatively impacting agriculture, pastoralism, health, and access to water. These climate shocks undermine development and exacerbate food insecurity, hitting the poor hardest. While Uganda's contribution to global warming is minimal, it is highly vulnerable to current and future climate impacts. Adaptation efforts are needed to build resilience.
Desert Locust threat in the Sahel 2012 - Informal Donors' Meeting presentatio...FAO
An update of the Desert Locust threat in the Sahel, funding received and action taken that was presented by Keith Cressman (Senior Locust Forecasting Officer) at an Informal Donors' Meeting at FAO Headquarters in Rome on 5 October 2012.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
The document summarizes a study assessing drought risk and vulnerability in Baringo County, Kenya. Socioeconomic data on livelihoods, poverty rates, and population density were used to determine vulnerability levels. Remote sensing data on NDVI, NDWI, and NDDI were analyzed to assess drought hazard. Drought risk was calculated as the product of vulnerability and hazard. Results found high poverty among pastoral and marginal livelihoods, with these groups most vulnerable. Drought in 2009 was severe in northern and eastern areas. Overall, marginal and pastoral livelihoods faced serious drought risk, undermining populations due to high poverty.
1. Desert locust swarms have formed in Algeria and Libya due to good rains, and are now moving south into the Sahel region of West Africa, threatening agriculture.
2. There is a high risk that uncontrolled breeding could dramatically increase locust populations in inaccessible areas of Mali and Niger.
3. Countries must activate locust management plans and mobilize survey and control teams now to contain the threat and prevent a potential plague.
Desert Locust threat to W Africa (144th FAO Council, 12 June 2012)FAOLocust
1. Desert locust swarms have formed in Algeria and Libya due to good rains, and are now moving south into the Sahel region of West Africa, threatening agriculture.
2. There is a high risk that uncontrolled breeding could dramatically increase locust populations in inaccessible areas of Mali and Niger.
3. Countries are called to immediately activate locust management plans, survey and control efforts, and public awareness campaigns to prevent further deterioration of the situation.
Mapping landuse dynamics and Rift Valley Fever in Baringo, Isiolo and Garisa ...Gladys Mosomtai
This document summarizes a study mapping land use dynamics and Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Baringo, Isiolo, and Garissa districts of Kenya. The study aims to understand how factors like land use intensification, population dynamics, and climate variability impact RVF outbreaks. Maps of landforms, drainage patterns, soils, land cover, NDVI trends, animal densities, and flooding were generated. Findings show little land use change but RVF occurred in new ecologies with higher cultivation and humidity. The disease also appeared in districts with non-ideal soil types, suggesting RVF's niche may be expanding. Further analysis is still needed to fully understand changing RVF determinants.
The document discusses a feasibility study of using sterile insect technique (SIT) to control the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in the Neretva River Valley of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. The valley contains over 80% of Croatia's citrus production and is an important agricultural area that is also ecologically sensitive. Baseline data on the medfly's distribution, host plants, seasonal occurrence, and population levels was collected. Trapping data showed the highest medfly captures occurred in the city of Metkovic, likely due to abundant host plants. A proposed SIT program could treat 25,000-30,000 hectares. SIT could provide economic and environmental benefits by
Desert Locust threat in the Sahel 2012 (updated 4 Oct)FAO
An overview of the Desert Locust threat in the Sahel in 2012 explaining the origin and nature of the threat, assistance required, action taken so far, and the current situation and forecast as of 4 October 2012. Prepared by Keith Cressman, FAO Senior Locust Forecasting Officer, Rome (Italy).
Similar to Ipm12cressmanfaolocust 120402071009-phpapp02 (14)
5. Combination of best possible practices
Strategic 13 0.4
management not eradication
2003-05 2006-12
preventive before curative
millions ha sprayed
Operational
24/7 monitoring & forecasting
GIS & remote sensing (find more infestations faster)
targeted & timely control
use biopesticides & barrier treatments
6. front-line
secondary
invasion
warning level: CAUTION
DESERT LOCUST BULLETIN
FAO Emergency Centre for Locust Operations No. 401
General Situation during February 2012 (2 Mar 2012)
Forecast until mid-April 2012
A Desert Locust outbreak developed in early near Djanet. National ground teams treated 2,365
February in southwest Libya. Some adults moved ha in Libya and 230 ha in Algeria during February.
into adjacent areas of southeast Algeria where Good rains fell over a large area at mid-month and
local infestations were already present. Survey high-density adult groups were seen copulating.
and control operations were limited due to Consequently, a second generation of breeding will
insecurity in both areas. Good rains that fell in occur with hatching and hopper band formation during
both countries will allow a second generation of March and April. This is expected to cause locust
breeding to occur during March and April. This numbers to increase dramatically in Libya and, to a
is expected to cause locust numbers to increase lesser extent, in Algeria. The situation is not entirely
dramatically and hopper bands to form. Scattered
adults arriving from northern Niger may augment on both sides of the border that hamper survey and
local populations. All efforts are required to control operations. In northern Niger, scattered adults
monitor the situation carefully and undertake the that are likely to be present in the Air Mountains may
necessary control operations to avoid a further move into southern Algeria during March. No locusts
escalation in the situation. Elsewhere, there was were reported elsewhere in the region.
very little locust activity in the winter breeding
data collection • analysis • inform
areas along both sides of the Red Sea due to Central Region. Vegetation continued to dry out
poor rainfall and dry conditions. In South-West in the winter breeding areas along both sides of
www.fao.org/ag/locusts
Asia, small-scale breeding is expected to occur the Red Sea due to a lack of rain during February.
during the forecast period in western Pakistan and Nevertheless, breeding conditions were favourable on
southeastern Iran but locust numbers will remain the southern coast in Sudan where scattered adults
below threatening levels. were present and laying eggs, and on the central Red
Sea coast in Yemen. Isolated adults were present in
Western Region. An outbreak developed in early northern Oman. No locusts were seen during surveys
February in southwest Libya near the Algerian in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. During the forecast
border as a result of good rains in October 2011 and period, limited hatching will occur in Sudan but no
7. 0.25 degree
daily, decadal, monthly
daily averages of 3-hourly CMORPH (NOAA/CPC)
source: IRI, Columbia Univ (USA)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 mm
Rainfall estimates
8. rainfall & temperature forecasts
6 months in advance, updated monthly
ECMWF anomaly 1981-2012
source: Prescient Weather (PA, USA)
20 50 100 180 300% normal rainfall
Seasonal predictions
13. Key to success
use appropriate products available on time
beware of RS limitations
open source / module architecture GIS
provide sufficient training & support
Keith Cressman
Senior Locust Forecasting Officer
UN FAO, Rome
keith.cressman@fao.org
www.fao.org/ag/locusts