Data structures are specialized formats for organizing and managing data efficiently, crucial for algorithm design. They are categorized into linear structures, like arrays and linked lists, and non-linear structures, like trees and graphs. Key operations and characteristics of each type influence their applications in computing.

1. Introduction to Data Structures
Definition: A data structure is a specialized format for
organizing, processing, retrieving, and storing data.
Importance: Efficient data structures are key to
designing efficient algorithms and managing large
amounts of data.
Types: Linear and Non-linear data structures.

2. Types of Data Structures
Linear Data Structures:
Array: A collection of elements identified by index
or key.
Linked List: Elements connected by pointers.
Stack: Follows LIFO order; operations are
performed at one end.
Queue: Follows FIFO order; operations are
performed at both ends.
Non-linear Data Structures:
Tree: Hierarchical structure with a root and child
nodes.
Graph: Consists of vertices and edges.

3. Arrays
Definition: A collection of elements, each identified by
an array index.
Characteristics: Fixed size, same data type elements.
Operations: Accessing (O(1)), Insertion (O(n)), Deletion
(O(n)), Searching (O(n)).

4. Linked Lists
Definition: A sequence of elements where each element
points to the next one.
Types:
Singly Linked List: Each node points to the next node.
Doubly Linked List: Each node points to both the next
and previous nodes.
Circular Linked List: The last node points back to the
first node.
Operations: Insertion, Deletion, Traversal.

5. Stacks and Queues
Stack:
Definition: A linear structure that follows LIFO order.
Operations: Push (add), Pop (remove), Peek (view top).
Applications: Function call management, Undo
mechanism in editors.