This document provides an overview of macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of aggregate economic quantities, such as national income, output, consumption, investment, unemployment and price indices. It outlines the development of macroeconomics from classical economists to Keynes and modern macroeconomic schools of thought. It describes key macroeconomic concepts like equilibrium, stocks and flows. It also explains important macroeconomic goals like full employment and price stability. Finally, it discusses macroeconomic policies like fiscal and monetary policy and their tools, as well as the circular flow of income in closed, open and two-sector economies.
This document provides an introduction and overview of macroeconomics. It defines key concepts in macroeconomics like stocks and flows, equilibrium and disequilibrium. It outlines the development of macroeconomics from classical economists to Keynes and modern macroeconomics. It also discusses the goals of macroeconomic policy like full employment and price stability. The document concludes by discussing tools used in macroeconomic policy including fiscal policy and monetary policy.
Macroeconomics studies aggregate economic quantities such as growth, inflation, and unemployment across entire markets and national economies. The document outlines several key aspects of macroeconomics including its focus on economy-wide phenomena, its main areas of research, major schools of thought, differences from microeconomics, features such as giving an overall view of the national economy, and examining important macroeconomic issues like employment, inflation, and economic growth.
Macroeconomics deals with issues related to data that give summary descriptions of the economy of an entire nation.
It is that part of economic theory which studies the economy in its totality or as a whole. Macroeconomics is the study of aggregates and averages of the entire economy.
Such aggregates are national income, total employment, aggregate savings and investment, aggregate demand, aggregate supply general price level, etc.
Macroeconomics is the study of the overall economy, including factors like total output, income, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. It examines how the whole system works and the effects of policies on outcomes. The document traces the evolution of macroeconomic thought from classical to Keynesian to new classical schools. Classical economists believed markets always clear on their own, while Keynes argued governments need policies to boost demand and employment during recessions. Modern macro draws on different schools but remains an imperfect science for predicting crises and their effects.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsRai University
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic performance. It discusses key issues macroeconomists address such as economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, international trade, and macroeconomic policies. It also outlines different macroeconomic theories including classical, Keynesian, and unified approaches.
- Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic indicators such as output, consumption, employment, investment and price levels of an entire economy. It analyzes performance, structure and decision-making of national, regional and global economies.
- Three major macroeconomic concerns are unemployment, inflation and output growth. Unemployment refers to those without work, inflation is a sustained increase in price levels, and output growth is changes in economic activity and development.
- Macroeconomics is important for understanding how the whole economy works, evaluating overall performance through national income, analyzing causes of economic issues, and understanding individual economic unit behavior in context of aggregates.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics, including:
- Defining macroeconomics as the study of an overall economy and its aggregates, rather than individual units.
- Describing key macroeconomic variables such as output, unemployment, prices, and objectives like economic growth, full employment, and price stability.
- Explaining the importance of learning macroeconomics by how the overall economy impacts society's well-being and individuals, and how it influences politics and current events.
This document provides an introduction and overview of macroeconomics. It defines key concepts in macroeconomics like stocks and flows, equilibrium and disequilibrium. It outlines the development of macroeconomics from classical economists to Keynes and modern macroeconomics. It also discusses the goals of macroeconomic policy like full employment and price stability. The document concludes by discussing tools used in macroeconomic policy including fiscal policy and monetary policy.
Macroeconomics studies aggregate economic quantities such as growth, inflation, and unemployment across entire markets and national economies. The document outlines several key aspects of macroeconomics including its focus on economy-wide phenomena, its main areas of research, major schools of thought, differences from microeconomics, features such as giving an overall view of the national economy, and examining important macroeconomic issues like employment, inflation, and economic growth.
Macroeconomics deals with issues related to data that give summary descriptions of the economy of an entire nation.
It is that part of economic theory which studies the economy in its totality or as a whole. Macroeconomics is the study of aggregates and averages of the entire economy.
Such aggregates are national income, total employment, aggregate savings and investment, aggregate demand, aggregate supply general price level, etc.
Macroeconomics is the study of the overall economy, including factors like total output, income, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. It examines how the whole system works and the effects of policies on outcomes. The document traces the evolution of macroeconomic thought from classical to Keynesian to new classical schools. Classical economists believed markets always clear on their own, while Keynes argued governments need policies to boost demand and employment during recessions. Modern macro draws on different schools but remains an imperfect science for predicting crises and their effects.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsRai University
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic performance. It discusses key issues macroeconomists address such as economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, international trade, and macroeconomic policies. It also outlines different macroeconomic theories including classical, Keynesian, and unified approaches.
- Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic indicators such as output, consumption, employment, investment and price levels of an entire economy. It analyzes performance, structure and decision-making of national, regional and global economies.
- Three major macroeconomic concerns are unemployment, inflation and output growth. Unemployment refers to those without work, inflation is a sustained increase in price levels, and output growth is changes in economic activity and development.
- Macroeconomics is important for understanding how the whole economy works, evaluating overall performance through national income, analyzing causes of economic issues, and understanding individual economic unit behavior in context of aggregates.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics, including:
- Defining macroeconomics as the study of an overall economy and its aggregates, rather than individual units.
- Describing key macroeconomic variables such as output, unemployment, prices, and objectives like economic growth, full employment, and price stability.
- Explaining the importance of learning macroeconomics by how the overall economy impacts society's well-being and individuals, and how it influences politics and current events.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is used to measure the size and output of a country's economy. GDP counts the total value of all goods and services produced within a nation's borders in a given year. It includes private consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. GDP is commonly used to compare the relative economic performance of different countries and see how a country's economy is growing or contracting over time by adjusting for inflation.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of the economy as a whole, including aggregates like total employment, income, and prices. Macroeconomics is important because it helps understand how the entire economy works and analyze factors that influence growth, development, income, output, and employment. The objectives of macroeconomics include achieving full employment, price stability, and economic growth. Macroeconomics also examines problems like unemployment and inflation that can occur during economic contractions and expansions.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of factors that determine aggregate production, employment, prices and their changes over time in an economy. Key aspects covered include the classical and Keynesian views of macroeconomics, macroeconomic variables, models and approaches used in analysis. Important macroeconomic issues discussed are achieving economic growth, preventing business cycles, controlling inflation, unemployment, budget deficits, and managing international economic issues.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It discusses key macroeconomic concepts such as stocks and flows, equilibrium and disequilibrium, and the circular flow of income in closed and open economies. It also outlines macroeconomic goals like full employment and price stability. The development of macroeconomics from classical to Keynesian and monetarist theories is summarized. Finally, it discusses important macroeconomic indicators and policy tools like fiscal and monetary policy.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics by outlining key topics and issues addressed in macroeconomics. It discusses what macroeconomics studies, including long-run economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of international trade. It also examines macroeconomic theories like classical and Keynesian approaches. Government macroeconomic policies, including fiscal and monetary policies, are introduced as tools that can potentially influence economic performance.
Bba 2 be ii u 1.1 introduction to macro economicsRai University
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It discusses that macroeconomics examines the structure and performance of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic outcomes. It addresses what determines economic growth, causes of economic fluctuations and unemployment, inflation, the effects of globalization, and whether government policies can improve the economy. It also discusses different economic theories and approaches, such as classical and Keynesian, and how the field has evolved over time to incorporate elements of both.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics by outlining key topics and issues addressed in macroeconomics. It discusses what macroeconomics studies, including long-run economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of international trade. It also examines macroeconomic theories like classical and Keynesian approaches. Government macroeconomic policies, including fiscal and monetary policies, are introduced as tools that can potentially influence economic performance.
An introduction to macroeconomics www.brainwareuniversity.ac.inBrainware University
Macroeconomics covers the entire economy and not just parts of it. Thus, macro-economics is related to study of aggregates like total employment, total output, total consumption, total savings, total investment, national income, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, general price level, etc.
Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate or total level of key economic variables for an entire economy, such as output, consumption, investment, employment, and prices. It examines unemployment, inflation, and output growth. The document provides definitions and explanations of these macroeconomic concepts as well as the scope and importance of macroeconomics in understanding national economies and formulating policy.
This chapter introduces macroeconomics and the key topics studied by macroeconomists. It discusses what macroeconomics involves, including analyzing factors that influence long-term economic growth, fluctuations in economic activity, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of globalization. It also explores macroeconomic policies governments can use to impact the economy and different schools of macroeconomic thought, such as classical and Keynesian approaches. The chapter provides an overview of macroeconomics as a field of study.
This chapter introduces macroeconomics and the key topics studied by macroeconomists. It discusses what macroeconomics involves, including analyzing factors that influence long-term economic growth, fluctuations in economic activity, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of globalization. It also explores macroeconomic policies governments can use to impact the economy and different schools of macroeconomic thought, such as classical and Keynesian approaches. The chapter provides an overview of macroeconomics as a field of study.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of a country's overall economic structure, performance, and how government policy impacts economic conditions. Macroeconomics analyzes factors that contribute to economic growth like job opportunities, goods/services, and standards of living. It also examines broad aggregates like total employment, income, and prices. The objectives of macroeconomics are achieving full employment, price stability, and economic growth. Common macroeconomic problems discussed are inflation, unemployment, and the business cycle.
A mixed economy combines characteristics of market, command, and traditional economies. It benefits from the advantages of all three while suffering from few disadvantages. A mixed economy protects private property and allows market forces to determine prices but also allows government intervention to care for vulnerable groups and prioritize certain industries. Successful mixed economies can experience the benefits of efficiency and innovation as well as social protections. However, too much emphasis on any one system can lead to imbalances.
This document discusses microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics focuses on individual decision-making and the allocation of resources at the micro level, while macroeconomics takes a top-down approach to study the behavior of the overall economy through macroeconomic variables like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. The document also outlines some key macroeconomic variables, the importance of macroeconomics in understanding economic policies and fluctuations, and some limitations of macroeconomic analysis.
Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic quantities, like growth, unemployment and inflation. It analyzes data on indicators like GDP, inflation and unemployment. Governments use fiscal, monetary and supply-side policies to influence the macroeconomy and achieve goals of growth, employment and price stability. These policies target aggregate demand and supply through measures like government spending, taxation, interest rates and money supply.
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
1) It distinguishes between microeconomics, which studies small economic units like consumers and businesses, and macroeconomics, which studies a country's overall economic issues.
2) It describes the four types of market structures in private enterprise systems and the three major types of economic systems.
3) It identifies the four stages of the business cycle and explains how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage an economy's performance.
4) It notes that the major global economic challenges of the 21st century will require international cooperation and new policy approaches.
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
1) It distinguishes between microeconomics, which studies small economic units like consumers and businesses, and macroeconomics, which studies a country's overall economic issues.
2) It describes the four types of market structures in private enterprise systems and the three major types of economic systems.
3) It identifies the four stages of the business cycle and explains how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage an economy's performance.
4) It notes that the major global economic challenges of the 21st century will require international cooperation and new policy approaches.
Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole and focuses on aggregate economic variables such as national income, output, employment and general price levels. It has four main uses: 1) understanding how the economy works; 2) formulating economic policies; 3) making international comparisons; and 4) informing business decisions. The scope of macroeconomics includes theories related to national income, employment, money, prices, and economic growth. It differs from microeconomics in that macroeconomics examines the large-scale or overall economy rather than individual agents.
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making and the behavior of individual markets, while macroeconomics analyzes economy-wide phenomena such as inflation, output, and unemployment. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand, individual firms and consumers, and industries. Macroeconomics examines government policies, national income, GDP, and factors influencing the overall economy. Keynesian macroeconomics proposes that government intervention is needed for markets to reach equilibrium. Real income refers to purchasing power after accounting for inflation.
Macroeconomics studies the overall economy and aggregates like total output, income, employment and prices. It examines how the whole economy behaves, including why economic activity rises and falls. Macroeconomists analyze indicators like GDP, unemployment, inflation, interest rates, stock markets and exchange rates. GDP measures the total value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year. Other key concepts include consumption, investment, and the relationship between gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product and national income.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is used to measure the size and output of a country's economy. GDP counts the total value of all goods and services produced within a nation's borders in a given year. It includes private consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. GDP is commonly used to compare the relative economic performance of different countries and see how a country's economy is growing or contracting over time by adjusting for inflation.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of the economy as a whole, including aggregates like total employment, income, and prices. Macroeconomics is important because it helps understand how the entire economy works and analyze factors that influence growth, development, income, output, and employment. The objectives of macroeconomics include achieving full employment, price stability, and economic growth. Macroeconomics also examines problems like unemployment and inflation that can occur during economic contractions and expansions.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of factors that determine aggregate production, employment, prices and their changes over time in an economy. Key aspects covered include the classical and Keynesian views of macroeconomics, macroeconomic variables, models and approaches used in analysis. Important macroeconomic issues discussed are achieving economic growth, preventing business cycles, controlling inflation, unemployment, budget deficits, and managing international economic issues.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It discusses key macroeconomic concepts such as stocks and flows, equilibrium and disequilibrium, and the circular flow of income in closed and open economies. It also outlines macroeconomic goals like full employment and price stability. The development of macroeconomics from classical to Keynesian and monetarist theories is summarized. Finally, it discusses important macroeconomic indicators and policy tools like fiscal and monetary policy.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics by outlining key topics and issues addressed in macroeconomics. It discusses what macroeconomics studies, including long-run economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of international trade. It also examines macroeconomic theories like classical and Keynesian approaches. Government macroeconomic policies, including fiscal and monetary policies, are introduced as tools that can potentially influence economic performance.
Bba 2 be ii u 1.1 introduction to macro economicsRai University
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It discusses that macroeconomics examines the structure and performance of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic outcomes. It addresses what determines economic growth, causes of economic fluctuations and unemployment, inflation, the effects of globalization, and whether government policies can improve the economy. It also discusses different economic theories and approaches, such as classical and Keynesian, and how the field has evolved over time to incorporate elements of both.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics by outlining key topics and issues addressed in macroeconomics. It discusses what macroeconomics studies, including long-run economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of international trade. It also examines macroeconomic theories like classical and Keynesian approaches. Government macroeconomic policies, including fiscal and monetary policies, are introduced as tools that can potentially influence economic performance.
An introduction to macroeconomics www.brainwareuniversity.ac.inBrainware University
Macroeconomics covers the entire economy and not just parts of it. Thus, macro-economics is related to study of aggregates like total employment, total output, total consumption, total savings, total investment, national income, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, general price level, etc.
Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate or total level of key economic variables for an entire economy, such as output, consumption, investment, employment, and prices. It examines unemployment, inflation, and output growth. The document provides definitions and explanations of these macroeconomic concepts as well as the scope and importance of macroeconomics in understanding national economies and formulating policy.
This chapter introduces macroeconomics and the key topics studied by macroeconomists. It discusses what macroeconomics involves, including analyzing factors that influence long-term economic growth, fluctuations in economic activity, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of globalization. It also explores macroeconomic policies governments can use to impact the economy and different schools of macroeconomic thought, such as classical and Keynesian approaches. The chapter provides an overview of macroeconomics as a field of study.
This chapter introduces macroeconomics and the key topics studied by macroeconomists. It discusses what macroeconomics involves, including analyzing factors that influence long-term economic growth, fluctuations in economic activity, unemployment, inflation, and the effects of globalization. It also explores macroeconomic policies governments can use to impact the economy and different schools of macroeconomic thought, such as classical and Keynesian approaches. The chapter provides an overview of macroeconomics as a field of study.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of a country's overall economic structure, performance, and how government policy impacts economic conditions. Macroeconomics analyzes factors that contribute to economic growth like job opportunities, goods/services, and standards of living. It also examines broad aggregates like total employment, income, and prices. The objectives of macroeconomics are achieving full employment, price stability, and economic growth. Common macroeconomic problems discussed are inflation, unemployment, and the business cycle.
A mixed economy combines characteristics of market, command, and traditional economies. It benefits from the advantages of all three while suffering from few disadvantages. A mixed economy protects private property and allows market forces to determine prices but also allows government intervention to care for vulnerable groups and prioritize certain industries. Successful mixed economies can experience the benefits of efficiency and innovation as well as social protections. However, too much emphasis on any one system can lead to imbalances.
This document discusses microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics focuses on individual decision-making and the allocation of resources at the micro level, while macroeconomics takes a top-down approach to study the behavior of the overall economy through macroeconomic variables like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. The document also outlines some key macroeconomic variables, the importance of macroeconomics in understanding economic policies and fluctuations, and some limitations of macroeconomic analysis.
Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic quantities, like growth, unemployment and inflation. It analyzes data on indicators like GDP, inflation and unemployment. Governments use fiscal, monetary and supply-side policies to influence the macroeconomy and achieve goals of growth, employment and price stability. These policies target aggregate demand and supply through measures like government spending, taxation, interest rates and money supply.
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
1) It distinguishes between microeconomics, which studies small economic units like consumers and businesses, and macroeconomics, which studies a country's overall economic issues.
2) It describes the four types of market structures in private enterprise systems and the three major types of economic systems.
3) It identifies the four stages of the business cycle and explains how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage an economy's performance.
4) It notes that the major global economic challenges of the 21st century will require international cooperation and new policy approaches.
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
1) It distinguishes between microeconomics, which studies small economic units like consumers and businesses, and macroeconomics, which studies a country's overall economic issues.
2) It describes the four types of market structures in private enterprise systems and the three major types of economic systems.
3) It identifies the four stages of the business cycle and explains how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage an economy's performance.
4) It notes that the major global economic challenges of the 21st century will require international cooperation and new policy approaches.
Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole and focuses on aggregate economic variables such as national income, output, employment and general price levels. It has four main uses: 1) understanding how the economy works; 2) formulating economic policies; 3) making international comparisons; and 4) informing business decisions. The scope of macroeconomics includes theories related to national income, employment, money, prices, and economic growth. It differs from microeconomics in that macroeconomics examines the large-scale or overall economy rather than individual agents.
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making and the behavior of individual markets, while macroeconomics analyzes economy-wide phenomena such as inflation, output, and unemployment. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand, individual firms and consumers, and industries. Macroeconomics examines government policies, national income, GDP, and factors influencing the overall economy. Keynesian macroeconomics proposes that government intervention is needed for markets to reach equilibrium. Real income refers to purchasing power after accounting for inflation.
Macroeconomics studies the overall economy and aggregates like total output, income, employment and prices. It examines how the whole economy behaves, including why economic activity rises and falls. Macroeconomists analyze indicators like GDP, unemployment, inflation, interest rates, stock markets and exchange rates. GDP measures the total value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year. Other key concepts include consumption, investment, and the relationship between gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product and national income.
This chapter discusses key economic concepts like opportunity cost, production possibilities frontiers, comparative advantage and gains from trade. It introduces the circular flow model to illustrate how households and firms interact in markets. It also explains how free markets and private property rights help coordinate economic activity and maximize societal benefit through specialization and voluntary exchange.
This document is the first chapter of an economics textbook. It introduces some key concepts in economics, including scarcity, rational choice, incentives, and decision-making at the margin. It explains how economies answer the questions of what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives it. Both centrally planned and market economies are discussed. Microeconomics and macroeconomics are distinguished as areas of study. Important economic terms are previewed. Graphs and formulas commonly used in economic analysis and modeling are also introduced.
This document discusses international trade and the export process. It defines international trade as the exchange of goods and services between countries. It then outlines the key steps in the export process, including registering as an importer/exporter, understanding documentation and terms of sale, completing customs formalities, and receiving payment. It also provides information on several Indian institutions that support exports, such as the Export-Import Bank of India, Export Credit Guarantee Corporation, and India Trade Promotion Organisation.
Business_Cycles working fiscal measures .pptRichaGoel44
The document discusses the business cycle and how it affects the overall economy. It explains that the business cycle consists of periods of expansion and contraction that cause the economy and GDP to regularly grow and shrink. During expansions, the economy and GDP grow as unemployment decreases, wages rise, businesses profit and invest more. Eventually expansions peak and turn to contractions, where businesses cut back and lay off workers, unemployment rises, and GDP declines. The economy bottoms out at the trough before again entering an expansion phase, repeating the cycle. Understanding where the economy is in the business cycle can help individuals and businesses plan accordingly.
1. Concept of Business Env bvhjhkjljj.pptRichaGoel44
The document discusses the concepts of business and business environment. It defines business as economic activities related to production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services. Environment refers to external uncontrollable factors that affect an organization's functioning.
The business environment has internal and external components. The internal environment includes management, resources, and organizational structure. The external environment can be micro or macro. The micro environment includes suppliers, customers, competitors, and public. The macro environment includes economic, political, social, technological, natural, and demographic factors.
The key characteristics of the business environment are that it is compound, constantly changing, differs for each business, and has both long and short term impacts. Environmental scanning and analysis helps organizations
Role of Government in organized society; Changing Perspective- government in ...RichaGoel44
This document provides an overview and introduction to an Economics 130 public finance class. It discusses the structure and content of the course, including four units covering topics like public goods, externalities, healthcare, and taxation. It outlines expectations for students and assessments. It also introduces different perspectives on the role and size of government in public finance. The instructor emphasizes reading assignments, practicing problems, and using their office hours for help. The goal is to analyze government taxation and spending policies through the lens of economics.
Musgrave theory of comparaitive advantage in public financeRichaGoel44
1. The document discusses Hugh Dalton's principle of maximum social advantage, which states that a government should collect taxes and spend money in a way that maximizes social welfare by equalizing the marginal social benefit of spending and marginal social sacrifice of taxation.
2. It explains the concepts of marginal social benefit, which declines with additional spending, and marginal social sacrifice, which increases with additional taxation. Maximum social advantage is achieved when these margins are equal.
3. The document considers criticisms of this theory, such as the difficulty of quantifying and comparing utility and disutility, and that it ignores broader macroeconomic impacts.
Personal Branding Webinar on women leadership and empowerment and educationRichaGoel44
This document discusses how to build and maximize a personal brand. It defines personal branding as how others perceive you when you are not present. It recommends treating yourself as a product by developing qualities like being powerful, authentic, consistent, visible and valuable. A strong personal brand can help you differentiate yourself, maximize career potential, and get ahead. The document provides tips for determining your current brand, strengthening it through adjustments and showcasing accomplishments, leveraging social media, and managing your brand proactively and strategically on an ongoing basis.
This document provides an orientation on fundamental training for research. It discusses common qualities among researchers such as inquisitiveness, thirst for knowledge, analytical ability, perseverance, innovativeness, focus, communication, collaboration, passion, and integrity. It encourages self-discovery by reflecting on strengths, weaknesses, motivating projects, self-motivation, contributions to society, and desired career journey. It also addresses building a research team by connecting with others, motivating teammates, and identifying interests in breaking new ground or enhancing existing research areas.
This document provides an overview and introduction to an Economics 130 public finance course. It outlines the course structure, expectations, and first lecture topics. The course will cover four units: introduction and tools; public goods and externalities; health care and redistribution; and taxation. The first lecture discusses views of government and introduces the Tiebout model, which suggests people choose communities based on preferred amenities and taxes. While insightful, the Tiebout model makes unrealistic assumptions. The lecture also defines public finance and previews tools that will be used.
This document discusses a study on the effectiveness of digital marketing in India. The study had the following objectives: to understand the effectiveness of digital marketing; compare digital and traditional marketing; examine different forms of digital marketing; and understand why consumers prefer digital marketing. The study hypothesized that there are significant relationships between technology and digital marketing, and between social factors and digital marketing. A survey was conducted of 105 respondents using a Likert scale questionnaire. The data was found to be reliable and both hypotheses were supported, showing relationships between technology/social factors and digital marketing. The conclusion was that digital marketing is effective and influenced by technology, with most respondents active on social media and spending over 2 hours daily online.
The document provides an overview of the Sale of Goods Act of 1930 in India. Some key points:
- The Act governs transactions involving the sale of goods in India and defines a contract of sale as one where the seller transfers property rights in goods to the buyer in exchange for a price.
- For a contract of sale to be valid, there must be at least two parties (buyer and seller), a transfer or agreement to transfer ownership of goods, the subject matter must be goods as defined by the Act, and consideration in the form of a price must be present.
- A sale involves the immediate transfer of ownership, while an agreement to sell involves a future transfer subject to conditions. The risks and
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty. The IMF began at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference to prevent economic crises like the Great Depression by regulating international finance and currency exchange rates. Today, the IMF monitors global economic risks and advises member countries on economic policies while providing short-term loans to help nations with balance of payment issues.
The document provides an overview of India's foreign trade policies with respect to EXIM from 2015-2020. It discusses the composition and direction of India's foreign trade, including major export and import sectors. It also outlines India's foreign trade policy framework, objectives of the 2015-2020 policy, and changes introduced compared to previous policies. Finally, it provides a brief history of foreign exchange regulations in India moving from FERA to the newer FEMA.
The document discusses the business cycle and how it affects the overall economy. It explains that the business cycle consists of periods of expansion and contraction that cause the economy and GDP to regularly grow and shrink. During expansions, the economy and GDP grow as unemployment decreases, wages rise, businesses profit and invest more. Eventually expansions peak and turn to contractions, where the opposite occurs - unemployment rises, wages fall, businesses cut back and lay people off. The economy fluctuates between these phases in a regular cycle. Understanding where the economy is in the cycle can help individuals and businesses plan financially.
The document discusses various concepts related to national income, including:
1. National income is defined as the aggregate factor income arising from a nation's current production of goods and services. It can be measured as the sum of incomes, net outputs by sector, or sum of expenditures.
2. Key concepts include gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), national income at market prices, national income at factor cost, and personal income. NNP is GNP less depreciation, while national income deducts indirect taxes and adds subsidies from NNP.
3. In India, national income is estimated using sectoral approaches like the net product method for agriculture and manufacturing, and expenditure methods
Commercial banks engage in a variety of activities including processing payments, lending, and accepting deposits. Their primary functions are accepting deposits from customers and granting loans and advances to individuals and businesses. Deposits come in several forms such as current accounts, savings accounts, fixed deposits, and recurring deposits. Banks also provide secondary services like issuing letters of credit, safe deposit boxes, and money transfers. They offer short-term loans and credit through cash credits, overdrafts, and bill discounting.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
The Universal Account Number (UAN) by EPFO centralizes multiple PF accounts, simplifying management for Indian employees. It streamlines PF transfers, withdrawals, and KYC updates, providing transparency and reducing employer dependency. Despite challenges like digital literacy and internet access, UAN is vital for financial empowerment and efficient provident fund management in today's digital age.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance36 Crypto
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
2. 2
Session Outline
• Classification of economics
• Development of macroeconomics
• Meaning and Definition of macro Economics
• Nature and Scope of Macro Economics
• Importance of macro Economics
• Limitations of macro Economics
• Macro Problems
• Macro Theories
• Basic concepts of macroeconomics
• Policy instruments
• Diagnosing health of the economy
• Circular flow of income
• Interdependence of Micro and Macro
• Micro Vs Macro
4. 4
• Microeconomics deals with the behavior of
individual entities like individuals, markets,
firms, households, etc.
• Thus it looks into the micro aspects of the
economy, whereas macro economics studies
the broader aspects of the economy and
studies the behavior of an economy as a
whole.
Development of Macroeconomics
5. 5
Development of Macroeconomics
• Keynes pioneered a new approach to
macroeconomics and macroeconomic policy.
• Any discussion on macroeconomics starts with
J M Keynes, the famous economist.
6. 6
• Prior to Keynes, the business cycles were considered
to be inevitable, and there was no concrete approach
to solve these problems. These economists known as
Classical economists focused only on the micro
aspects of the economy. The Great Depression of
1930s left many of these economists helpless.
• In this backdrop, Keynes came up with a new
approach to look at the economy. In his book, 'The
General Theory of Employment, Interests and
Money'.
Development of Macroeconomics
7. 7
• Keynes argued that it is possible that high unemployment and
underutilization of the capacities may take place and continue
in the market economy. He also argued that government can
play a bigger role during the economic depressions by
effective utilization of monetary and fiscal policies.
• After the World War II, the focus of economics was just aimed
at countering unemployment and inflation, and some
economists proposed a fixed money growth rate to address
these issues like inflation and unemployment. Hence these
economists were called as monetarists as they have given
importance to money.
Development of Macroeconomics
8. 8
Development of Macroeconomics
• In the last few decades, another school of thought
has gained prominence among noted economists.
These economists opine that people should be given
enough incentives for their earnings, rather than
imposing taxes on their earnings. This group of
economists advocates incentives for savings, known
as supply side economists.
9. MEANING OF MACRO ECONOMICS
• According to Prof. Ackley,” Macro Economics deals with
the economic affairs in the large, it concerns the overall
dimensions of economic life.”
• Macro economics is the study of aggregate behaviour of the
economy as a whole.
• It is concerned with the Macro Economic Problems such as
growth of output and employment, NI, Rates of Inflation and
Deflation , BOP, Trade cycles , Exchange Rates, Total
Investment, Total Demand, etc………..
• It is the study of Interrelationships among these various
aggregates.
10. Scope of Macro Economics
1. Theory of national Income
2. Theory of Output and Employment
3. Theory of Prices
4. Theory of Economic Growth
5. Theory of International Trade
6. Theory of Business Cycles
7. Theory of Distribution
11. Importance of Macro Economics
1. Formulation of Successful Economic Policies
2. Regulation and Control of entire economy
3. Study large and Complex developing Micro Economics
4. Tracing of Economic Problem.
5. Helpful in Economic Planning
6. Study of changes in Price level
7. Study of Theories of shifting Equilibrium
8. Helpful in understanding the Dis-equilibrium in BOP
9. Full employment
10. High living standards
11.Reduction of economic inequality
12.Rapid economic growth
13.Steady foreign exchange position
13. 13
High level of output (GDP)
• The ultimate aim of any economy is to provide the desired
goods and services. The economy should be in a position to
offer these goods and services in ample number. To measure
the output of any economy, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is
the most comprehensive estimate. GDP measures the market
value of the entire output in a country during a particular
year.
• There are two variants in GDP- Nominal and Real. When
nominal GDP is adjusted for inflation, it gives real GDP.
• The importance of GDP can be analyzed by the fact that any
predictions regarding the future growth or fall in the economy
or date on the past economic performances are made in the
GDP percentage. In the recent figures released by the Central
Statistical Organization, India’s economy grew by 9.4%, in
the second quarter of 2007.
14. 14
Price Stability
• Stable prices are the third macroeconomic
objective. Consumer price index (CPI) is the most
commonly used measure of overall price level in an
economy. CPI is the measure of the cost of
different types of goods bought by the average
customer. Inflation denotes the rise or fall in
general price level in the economy. Inflation rates,
shows the rate of change in the price index. When
the inflation is high, the purchasing power of the
customers reduces.
• A negative fall in the prices is known as deflation,
as witnessed during the Great Depression of
1930s. Whereas, hyperinflation refers to the rise in
prices by thousands of percentage points, resulting
in the collapse of the price systems. Hyperinflation
was witnessed in Weimer Germany in the 1920s
and again in Brazil in 1980s and Russia in 1990s.
15. 15
Sustainable Balance of Payments
• Globalization has resulted in increased transactions
between a country and the rest of the world.
Balance of Payments records all these transactions,
both imports and exports. Countries keep a close
watch on their international trade.
• The barometer that shows the efficiency of
international trade is the net exports. It is the
difference between the value of exports and value
of imports. Net exports are also called as the
balance of trade.
• Every country desires to have a positive balance of
trade.
16. 16
Economic growth
• Every country wishes to and strives for
having a constant growth in its economy.
There are two parameters that judge the
rate of growth that an economy achieves.
Increase in production possibility curve or
schedule
Growth in GDP or per capita income
• If GDP is growing at g% per annum and
population at p%, per capita GDP must be
growing by= (1+g / (1+p) - 1
17. Limitations of Macro Economics
1. Fallacy of Composition
2. To regard the Aggregates as Homogeneous
3. Aggregate Variables may not be important
Necessarily
4. Indiscriminate Use of Macro Economics
misleading
5. Statistical and Conceptual Difficulties.
18. Macro Problems
1. Disequilibrium in BOP
2. Level of Unemployment
3. Low level of Aggregate Demand
4. Inflation and Deflation
5. Situation of Depression
6. Lack of Investment
7. Less Economic Growth
19. Macro Theories
1. Theory of National Income
2. Theories of Income, Output and Employment
3. Theories of Investment
4. Theories of Money
5. Theories of Interest Rates
6. Theories of Inflation
7. Theories of Business Cycles
8. Theories of Growth
20. 20
Basic Concepts
• Stocks and Flows
• Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
• Statics and Dynamics and Comparative
Static
21. 21
Basic Concepts in Macroeconomics
• In macroeconomics study, various variables are used. Some
are stock variables and some are flow variables.
Variables like money supply, CPI,
Foreign exchange reserves, which can
be measured at any given point of
time are called as stock variable.
• Whereas variables like GDP, inflation,
imports, consumption and investment,
which can be measured only over a period
of time, are flow variables.
22. 22
Basic Concepts in Macroeconomics
• Equilibrium reflects balance between the opposing
forces, whereas disequilibrium reflects lack of such
balance.
• In economic parlance, equilibrium does not mean a
motionless state; rather, here the action is more
repetitive in nature.
• Economic models consist of stock and flow variables.
These can be either in the state of equilibrium or
disequilibrium at a given point of time.
• Models that do not consider the behavior of variables
from one time period to another in an explicit manner
are called ‘static’ models.
• Dynamic models consider the movements of variables
over different time periods in an explicit manner.
• Comparative Statics is the method of analysis in which
different equilibrium situations are compared.
23. 23
Diagnosing Health of the Economy
• National Product and Domestic Product
• Aggregate Consumption
• Gross Domestic Savings
• Gross Domestic Capital Formation
• Wholesale Prices, Consumer Prices and Inflation
• Employment
• Balance of Payments
• Rate of Growth
25. 25
Fiscal Policy
• Fiscal policy is concerned with the use of taxes and
government expenditures. Government has to meet various
expenditures like salaries, defense expenses, infrastructure
development, etc. Another part of government expenditure
also goes in the form of transfer payments like financial
assistance to the elderly and unemployed. All these expenses
leave a positive effect on the overall economy. The impact of
government spending is also felt on the overall spending in
the economy, thus influencing the size of the GDP.
26. 26
Fiscal policy
• The other part of the fiscal policy is generation of
revenues for the government. Taxes are the main
source of revenue for any government. Taxes
affect the economy and the individuals in two
ways. First, taxes imposed on the income of the
people bring down the disposable income in the
hands of the consumers. This reduces the
spending in the economy. Second, the taxes
levied on goods and services make them costlier.
This discourages the firm to invest in capital
goods.
27. 27
Monetary Policy
• Monetary policy is the second most widely
used macroeconomic policy instrument.
Monetary policy helps government,
managing the nation’s money, credit, and
banking system. There are various entities
that are part of the monetary system of
an economy. Central bank regulates the
monetary system, and other entities like
banks, insurance companies, NBFCs are
also a part of the monetary system.
28. 28
Monetary Policy
• In India, Reserve Bank of India is the
custodian of the monetary system of the
economy. Central bank brings changes in
the interest rates, reserve requirements,
etc. These changes make significant
impact on the overall functioning of the
economy.
• For example, the lowering of interest
rates on housing loans helped the growth
of the housing sector. As a result of low
rate of interest, it became easier to avail a
housing loan and to own a house. This has
resulted in the growth of many allied
industries as well.
29. 29
Exchange Rate Policy
• Exchange rates are determined by the
demand and supply functions.
• India follows a flexible exchange rate
policy, which is determined by the demand
and supply, where RBI has a right to
intervene in the market. In order to
regulate the foreign exchange
transactions, government has come out
with an act FERA, which was replaced by
Foreign exchange management act
(FEMA).
30. 30
Employment Policy
• Employment policies are adopted by
government in order to increase the
employment level in the country. As
a part of this policy, governments
come out with various polices.
For example, in India, government has
introduced various policies and schemes
like, Jawahar Rozgar Yojna etc.
31. 31
Price and Incomes Policy
• This policy aims at regulating the prices in the
market and also to ensure the minimum
wages to the workers.
32. 32
International Trade Policy
• Globalization has given a big push to the international trade. This
has resulted in framing of specific polices by many countries to
cope with the new challenges. International trade policy
addresses issues like tariff and non tariff barriers.
• In line with the changing economic scenario, government came
out with export-import (EXIM) policy in 1997. The policy’s
primary aim is to increase the exports. It has been renamed as
foreign trade policy to reflect the new approach.
• Example: The recent policy announced in January 2006 has taken
up a series of policy initiatives to fine tune the policy 2002-07.
The policy aims at bringing down the transaction costs,
accelerating the exports and making the country a manufacturing
hub for quality goods and services. SEZs to promote not only
manufactured goods but also agricultural products. Special
emphasis is placed on exploiting Indian Labour skills to further
exports.
33. 33
The Circular Flow of Income
• Two Sector Economy
• Closed Economy
• Open Economy
34. 34
Two-Sector Economy
(When All Income is Consumed)
Household Sector
Private Consumption
(C) Rs.1000
Productive Sector
Wages and Profits (i.e.
income (Y)
Rs.1000
C
Y
C
AD
AD
Y
ium
AtEquilibr
:
36. 36
Open Economy
Household Sector
Private Consumption
(C) Rs.800
Productive Sector
Wages and Profits (i.e.
income (Y) Rs.1000
Savings (S) Rs.100
Imports (M) Rs.50
Taxes (T) Rs.50
[Withdrawals (W) Rs.200]
Investment (I) Rs.80
Exports (E) Rs.60
Government
Expenditure (G) Rs.60
[Injections (J) Rs.200]
J
C
X
G
I
C
Y
AD
Y
ium
AtEquilibr
: