The document analyzes Langston Hughes' poem "The South" using textual, contextual and hypertextual analysis. It finds the poem is dominated by imagery, symbolism and satire. Imagery is used to describe the South visually and tactilely. Symbols like "South" and "North" represent places and races. Satire is used to criticize the South for being lazy, child-minded and cruel towards African Americans. In conclusion, analyzing the intrinsic elements of imagery, symbol and satire provides understanding of the poem's deeper meaning.
It is best to know the branches of literature since it evolves and involves our everyday life that connects individuals with larger truths and ideas in a society as it creates a way for people to record their thoughts and experiences that is accessible to others, through fictionalized accounts of the experience.
Part 1:
Laura (Riding) Jackson(1901-1991) was an American poet, critic, novelist, essayist and short story writer whom I came to know about in the first years of my retirement after a 50 year student-and-paid-employment life: 1949 to 1999. In 1938 W.H. Auden called her "the only living philosophical poet, and in 1939 another American poet, Robert Fitzgerald, expressed the hope that with the 1938 publication of her Collected Poems, "the authority and the dignity of truth-telling, lost by poetry to science, may gradually be regained."1
For the last two days I have spent many hours reading about this most philosophical of poets who has come onto the radar of many writers and poets since the early 1990s, partly due to the extensive publication of her work which has continued since her death in 1991. I began reading and writing poetry seriously, myself, in the early 1990s. I first heard of Laura Riding back in the 1990s, but time and circumstance, responsibilities and health issues, prevented me from taking a serious look at her life and work.
Part 1.1:
Jack Blackmore, in a paper given at The Laura (Riding) Jackson Conference in 2010 expressed the view that: "There are affinities between Riding, Coleridge, and William Blake. There is a common optimism and conviction: that one’s self, one self, through the most intense scrutiny of and engagement with language and life, can take the measure of the universe."2 Blackmore included the following quotation from Coleridge to support that poet's affinity with Riding: "The Poet is not only the man who is made to solve the riddle of the Universe, but he is also the man who feels where it is not solved and this continually awakens his feelings …"-Coleridge, Lecture on Poetry, 12 December 1811.
Blackmore went on to say that "more than any poet in recent times Laura Riding conceived of her poems as a whole work, a universe."2 And so, too, do I in relation to what has become a vast corpus, a very large personal oeuvre. There are many aspects of Riding's philosophy of poetry, her view of writing, literature and life that provide parallels with my own way of going about my literary enterprise. It is for this reason that I write this prose-poetic piece.
It is best to know the branches of literature since it evolves and involves our everyday life that connects individuals with larger truths and ideas in a society as it creates a way for people to record their thoughts and experiences that is accessible to others, through fictionalized accounts of the experience.
Part 1:
Laura (Riding) Jackson(1901-1991) was an American poet, critic, novelist, essayist and short story writer whom I came to know about in the first years of my retirement after a 50 year student-and-paid-employment life: 1949 to 1999. In 1938 W.H. Auden called her "the only living philosophical poet, and in 1939 another American poet, Robert Fitzgerald, expressed the hope that with the 1938 publication of her Collected Poems, "the authority and the dignity of truth-telling, lost by poetry to science, may gradually be regained."1
For the last two days I have spent many hours reading about this most philosophical of poets who has come onto the radar of many writers and poets since the early 1990s, partly due to the extensive publication of her work which has continued since her death in 1991. I began reading and writing poetry seriously, myself, in the early 1990s. I first heard of Laura Riding back in the 1990s, but time and circumstance, responsibilities and health issues, prevented me from taking a serious look at her life and work.
Part 1.1:
Jack Blackmore, in a paper given at The Laura (Riding) Jackson Conference in 2010 expressed the view that: "There are affinities between Riding, Coleridge, and William Blake. There is a common optimism and conviction: that one’s self, one self, through the most intense scrutiny of and engagement with language and life, can take the measure of the universe."2 Blackmore included the following quotation from Coleridge to support that poet's affinity with Riding: "The Poet is not only the man who is made to solve the riddle of the Universe, but he is also the man who feels where it is not solved and this continually awakens his feelings …"-Coleridge, Lecture on Poetry, 12 December 1811.
Blackmore went on to say that "more than any poet in recent times Laura Riding conceived of her poems as a whole work, a universe."2 And so, too, do I in relation to what has become a vast corpus, a very large personal oeuvre. There are many aspects of Riding's philosophy of poetry, her view of writing, literature and life that provide parallels with my own way of going about my literary enterprise. It is for this reason that I write this prose-poetic piece.
Goe and catche the falling stare by john donne, it includes introduction, summary, themes, analysis, literary devices, tone, conceits, metaaaphysical elements, examples and conclusion.
Goe and catche the falling stare by john donne, it includes introduction, summary, themes, analysis, literary devices, tone, conceits, metaaaphysical elements, examples and conclusion.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. By : Elizabeth Tambunan
INTRINSIC ELEMENTS: IMAGERY, SYMBOL,
SATIRE IN POEM THE SOUTH BY LANGSTON
HUGHES
2. ABSTRACK
This paper the author tried to analyze “the South” by Langston Hughes. The
purpose is to analyze and understand the meaning beyond the words in the
poem. Theories that used are textual, cotextual, and hyper textual by close
reading method. The writer found that this poem is dominated by imagery,
symbol and satire that used in this poem. In conclusion, “the South” by Langston
Hughes is easier to understand by analyzing the intrinsic elements.
KEYWORD : imagery, symbol, satire, Langston Hughes.
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most powerful literary works, which is relatively close to human
desire and emotion, is a poem. Poetry has an essential meaning from the human life,
which reflects moral values. According to William Wordsworth (1770-1850), Poetry is the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in
tranquility. Another definition of poetry comes from Laurence Perrine in “Sounds and
Sense: An Introduction to Poetry” (1969:3) which defines poetry as a kind of language
that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language.
Therefore it can be interpreted that the main purpose of poetry is to convey
such powerful emotions written in words by the poets to whomever reading it.
4. 2. METHODOLOGY
1. To analyze the using of Imagery in the poem.
2. To analyze the using of Symbol in the poem
3. To analyse the using of Satire in the poem
5. 3. RESEARCH OBJECT
The objects of research are sorted into a material and formal
object. Material object in this study is “the South” by Langston
Hughes. Formal object of this research is intrinsic elements in this
poem.
6. 4. BIOGRAPHY AND POETRY
4. 1 Biography of Langstn Hughes
James Mercer Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902, in Joplin,
Missouri. In 1925, Hughes’s poem “The Weary Blues” won first prize in
the Opportunity magazine literary competition, and Hughes also received a
scholarship to attend Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania. After his graduation
from Lincoln in 1929, Hughes published his first novel, Not Without Laughter. In
1934 he published his first collection of short stories, The Ways of White
Folks. In 1937 he served as a war correspondent for several American
newspapers during the Spanish Civil War. In 1949 he wrote a play that inspired
the opera Troubled Island and published yet another anthology of work, The
Poetry of the Negro. During the 1950s and 1960s, he published countless other
works, including several books in his "Simple" series, English translations of the
poetry of Federico García Lorca and Gabriela Mistral, another anthology of his
own poetry, and the second installment of his autobiography, I Wonder as I
Wander. On May 22, 1967, Langston Hughes died from complications of
prostate cancer.
7. Seductive as a dark-eyed whore,
Passionate, cruel,
Honey-lipped, syphilitic —
That is the South.
And I, who am black, would love her
But she spits in my face.
And I, who am black,
Would give her many rare gifts
But she turns her back upon me
So now I seek the North —
The cold-faced North,
For she, they say
Is a kinder mistress,
And in her house my children
May escape the spell of the South
The lazy, laughing South
With blood on its mouth
The sunny-faced South,
Beast-strong
Idiot-brained.
The child-minded South
Scratching in the dead fire's ashes
For a Negro's bones.
Cotton and the moon,
Warmth, earth, warmth,
The sky, the sun, the stars,
The magnolia-scented South.
Beautiful, like a woman,
4.2. POETRY
THE SOUTH
8. 5. DISCUSSION
5.1. IMAGERY
Imagery is the stage when the speaker tries to describe his experience based
on the sense of touch, visual, smell, movement and onther sense.
With blood on its mouth.
The sunny-faced South, (line 3-4)
This is an example of visual imagery which is we can see by our visual sense, our eye.
The word ‘blood on its mouth’ and ‘sunny face’ it can only by seen by our eyes. In these
lines, Hugdes want to describe that the south only have a big mouth, they talk whatever
they want to talk without respecting other. The sunny-face represented how they look
like. They have white skin.
Warmth, earth, warmth, (line 11)
According to Oxford Dictionary (2012:1556) warmth means The quality, state, or
sensation of being warm; moderate and comfortable heat. We can see that this feeling
can be felt by our sense which is our skin. So, this line uses tactile imagery.
9. Passionate, cruel, (line 15)
According to Oxford Dictionary ( 2012: 1073) Passionate means having or showing strong feeling
of sexual love or of anger, also cruel means wilfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling
no concern about it. This is one of the examples of Organic Imagery which is concentrates on
recreating internal sensations. However, this line explain that the land is rich and sensual, but it is
also harsh and inhospitable to those who had to work it
5.2. SYMBOL
Something in the world of the senses, including an action, that reveals or is a sign for something
else, often abstract or otherworldly.
The lazy, laughing South
With blood on its mouth (line 1-2)
"South" can be literally interpreted as a place that is a place in South America. But also it
becomes a symbol of white people, where they are the laziest people because they could not
perform and complete or accomplish the work or anything without slaves.
10. And I, who am black, would love her
But she spits in my face.
And I, who am black,
Would give her many rare gifts (stanza 5)
Black is a symbol of colored people or commonly called African American. Black can also means
slave, because in this age all colored people are treated like slaves by whites.
So now I seek the North —
The cold-faced North, ( line 23-24)
'North" also be interpreted as a place in North America where described by Langston is a better
place to live and work than in the South. North once again be a symbol of white Americans, but
they are white people with a more friendly attitude according to the author's perspective.
11. 5.3 SATIRE
Satire, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both
particular and wider issues in society.
The lazy, laughing South
With blood on its mouth. (line 1-2)
This line represented how the writter insult the South, he used setire explain how lazy the South is,
they only used them for slavery because they can’t do their own stuff. In fact, they all need African-
American for their works, if they are gone, who will doing their stuuf? No one, because they only use
their mouth.
Idiot-brained.
The child-minded South (line 5-6)
In this line, the writter also use setire to describe the behaviour of the South, an idiot and child-minded.
As we know when someone shouted someoen idiot it means they do someting stupid or behaving in the
stupid way. So we can see what they do for African-America by slavering and bullying them is a stupid
thing. They don’t even have a fault for the start. More, childed-minded they have such a ignorant. They
often see how bad it affected for African-American but they still continued it.
12. Beautiful, like a woman,
Seductive as a dark-eyed whore,
Passionate, cruel,
Honey-lipped, syphilitic–
That is the South. (line 14-20)
According to the previous line before this line, this line explains the
condition of nature in South. In fact, the South has a good enviroment to farming
and breeding. This beautiful woman is immediately transformed into a “seductive”
and “dark-eyed whore”. The writting also wants to depict how he sees the South as
something beautiful, something that everyone will love as it is beautiful, passionate
and seductive as a whore. But he also wants to tell that the South is cruel, and even
worse, a person affected with syphilis. It shows that the white people in the South
were cold and cruel to the black the relationship with the South. The writter satiring
the South by describing the South as a beautiful woman or a whore, Hughes is
drawing upon the common association of the South with a certain degree of
seductive fertility, due to its agricultural climate. The land is rich and sensual, but it
is also harsh and inhospitable to those who had to work it.
13. 6. CONCLUSION
Racial discrimination happened in America in 1920 to the African-American. In
1815 slave trade domestic in the united states has become economic activity important
and sustainable to the decades 1860. Between 1830 and 1840, almost 250.000 slaves
transferred passing border of the state. Told in the poet how bad The South treat African-
American and until many of African American people criticize about cruel act by white
people.
In the poem we can get something interesting conclusion that there is a
revenge from the African American to the American white people as long as they
oppressed. Also their dreams and hope to free from that slavery.
14. REFERENCES
• Hunter, Paul J.1973. 5th ed. The Nothorn Intoduce To Poetry. London. Fifth avenue
• Keraf, Gorys. 2010. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta. Gramedia Pustaka
• Kennedy X.J. 1996. An intoduction to Fiction, Poetry and and Drama. New York. St. Martin
• Leader, Z. (1981). Reading Blake's Songs. Retreived. Desember 6
https://lilipedia.wikispaces.com/Lilies+in+Myth+and+Literature
• Oxford. 2010. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York. Great Clarendom St.
• Newton, Michael. 2010. The Ku Klux Klan In Mississippi. Ebook. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.
• Perrine, Laurence. 1969. 3th ed. Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. United States of
America: Harcourt College Pub
• Poetry Foundation. February 25, 2016. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/
• Robert, Edgar V. 2011. Writing About Literature (13th Edition). United States of America: Pearson.
• Biography. 23 March 2017 https://biography.com/people/langston-hughes-934631
• Wikipedia. October 6, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagery
• Wordsworth, William and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 1798. Lyric Ballads with a Few Other Poems.
London: J. & A. Arch.
• Mayer, Michael. 1990. 2nd ed. The Bedford Introduction To Literature. Boston. Bed Fordbooks of St.
Martin.