3. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by pancreatic beta-cells
used as medication to treat high blood glucose
This include :
1.Diabetes mellitus Type 1
2.Diabetes mellitus Type 2
diabetes3.Gestational
4.Complication of Diabetes such as
a.Diabetic ketoacidosis
b.Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Three types of insulin are available in the UK:
human insulin, human insulin analogues, and animal insulin.
4. Mechanism of action
main functions of insulin are :
1. Reduce glucose by:
↓ gluconeogenesis
↓ glycogenolysis
↑ uptake of glucose by cell
2.Inhibit fat breakdown (lipolysis)
(3. Inhibit protein breakdown (proteolysis
5. Route of administration
Insulin is inactivated by gastrointestinal enzymes and
must therefore be given by injection
1.Subcutaneosly
2.Intramascular
3.Intravenous
4.intraperitoneal
9. Insulin regimens
A.Conventional Insulin therapy: Twice daily mixed Insulin.
B.Intensive Insulin therapy:
Basal – Bolus(3 Injections):
2 bolus of short acting before breakfast and lunch +
Mixture of short acting and Intermediate acting at evening meal.
Basal – Bolus(3 +1 Injections):
3 bolus of short acting before breakfast + lunch + evening meal +
Intermediate acting before bedtime.
Basal – Bolus(3 +1 Injections):
3 bolus of Rapid acting before breakfast + lunch + evening meal +
Long acting before bedtime.
Basal – Bolus(3 +1 Injections):
Long acting before bedtime.
Rapid acting before meal according to Carbohydrate Counting and Insulin Correction
Insulin should be injected into a body area with plenty of subcutaneous fat—usually the abdomen (fastest absorption rate) or outer thighs/buttocks (slower absorption compared with the abdomen or inner thighs)
