The document discusses India's economic growth story over the last 25 years and highlights the importance of governance in ensuring prosperity and happiness. It emphasizes that while India's GDP growth has been robust, governance issues, such as high absenteeism in education and healthcare, undermine institutional effectiveness. The text also reflects on India's unique market-led economic model, demographic dividend, and the interplay between democracy and economic expansion.

1. INDIA’S FUTURE Or prosperity will spread in India but happiness will not, until we fix governance by Gurcharan Das November 12, 2009 WIPRO Marbella

2. Where are we coming from? Where are we today? Where are we going in the future?

3. Even though the world has just discovered it, the India growth story is not new It has been going on for 25 years

4. What is the India story?

5. 28 years of high growth 1.0 3.5 6.0 8.9 (%) Average annual GDP growth 0 2 4 6 8 10 1900-1950 1950-1980 1980-2002 2002-2007

6. Population growth is slowing Sources: 1900-1990: Angus Maddison (1995), Monitoring the World Economy, 1990-2000:Census of India (2001) 1.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.5 (%) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1901-1950 1951-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010

7. Literacy is rising Source: Census of India (2001) 17 52 65 80 (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 1950 1990 2000 2010 (proj)

8. When middle class is 50% then the politics will also change Source: The Consuming Class, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 2002 65 220 368 8% 22% 32% 0 100 200 300 400 1980 2000 2010 (m)

9. Poverty is declining 46 26 16 1% of the people have been crossing poverty line each year for 25 years Equals ~ 200m (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 1980 2000 2010

10. Per capita income gains Source: World Bank US$ ppp 2005 3,051 1980 1,178

11. India is now the 4th largest economy It will overtake Japan between 2012 and 2014 to become the 3rd largest

12. The India model is unique

13. Drivers of growth India Domestic East and S.E. Asia Exports

14. Drivers of growth India Domestic Services East and S.E. Asia Exports Manufacturing

15. Drivers of growth India Domestic Services Consumption East and S.E. Asia Exports Manufacturing Investment

16. Drivers of growth India Domestic Services Consumption High tech, capital intensive industry East and S.E. Asia Exports Manufacturing Investment Low tech, labour intensive industry

17. Implications of India model ‘ Domestically led’ means: Insulation from global downturns Less volatility We will come out of the global crisis faster

18. Implication of India model ‘ Services led’ raises uncomfortable questions: Have we skipped the industrial revolution? How do we take people from farms to cities? Will SEZ’s be our tipping point?

19. Implication of India model – Consumption led People Friendly: Consumption as % of GDP People Friendly, Less inequality: Gini Index Will India become the next big consuming economy after the U.S.? 41% 45% 59% U.S. China Brazil India 33% 58% 42% 64% Europe China India

20. Reasons for success India’s success is market-led whereas China’s is state induced The entrepreneur is at the centre of the Indian model

21. Rise of globally competitive Indian companies

22. India has a vibrant private space 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn

23. India has a vibrant private space 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment

24. India has a vibrant private space 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India

25. India has a vibrant private space 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India 390 Fortune 500 companies have outsourced software development to India

26. India has a vibrant private space 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India 390 Fortune 500 companies have outsourced software development to India 2% bad loans in Indian banks (v~20% in China)

27. India has a vibrant private space 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India 390 Fortune 500 companies have outsourced software development to India 2% bad loans in Indian banks (v~20% in China) 80% credit goes to private sector (v~10% in China)

28. Public space is a problem We have Dynamic democracy with honest elections Free, lively media and press But we also have Poor governance !

29. Governance Failures Not the minister caught with a bribe 1 out of 4 school teachers absent in government schools 2 out of 5 doctors absent in primary health centers Delhi’s water Land titles Etc

30. Ironically, we used to have world class institutions from 1950-1980, but our problem was growth. Now we have growth, but our institutions are failing Bureaucracy Judiciary Police

31. The economy grows at night when the government is asleep

33. Key reforms Opened economy to trade and investment Dismantled controls Lowered tariffs Dropped tax rates Broke public sector monopolies

34. Understanding India’s economic success Remarkable --every government has reformed (slowly) since 1991 Even slow reforms add up 65 countries have done the same reforms – why did India become the second fastest in the world? Unappreciated fact – rule of law

35. “ By 2010 India will have world’s largest number of English speakers” “When 300 million Indians speak a word in a certain way, that will be the way to speak it.” Professor David Crystal Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language

36. Understanding India’s economic success Mental revolution among the young ‘ I want to be Bilgay’ Raju’s secret of success Banianisation of society 180 TV channels; 65 news channels The rise of Hinglish

37. Where are we today? Growth fell to 6.7% in 08-09; 7% in 09-10 Pain has been less than in China Competitive companies have recovered faster. Risk of protectionism has receded Recovery has been ahead of the world

38. Where are we going? Base case post recovery is 7.5 % – 8.5 % GDP growth Democracy will not permit more than 8% unless you have a Thatcher 1.5% population growth Demographic dividend – growth will continue beyond China’s

39. Per capita income 2,100 3,050 5,800 16,800 37,000 On a ppp basis 2000 2005 2020 2040 2066 0 10 20 30 40 ($000)

40. Convergence in the 21st century Why convergence is intuitive? Convergence didn’t happen in the 20th century because the world was closed Returning to a world of equality prior to 1750 When China and India accounted for 45% of world GDP

41. India will gradually turn middle-class 50% 50% 8% 22% 32% West of the Kanpur- Chennai line East of the Kanpur- Chennai line Chennai Kanpur- 1980 2000 2010 2020 2040

42. What could stop the show? Infrastructure - Improving via public-private parterships Fiscal Deficit Governance None of these stopped the show in the past 25 years - Nuclear War?

43. Education System Is reasonably good for the top 20% But it is abysmal for the rest 1 in 4 teachers is absent in government primary schools Hence, 54% of children in urban India are in private schools Solution: Education Vouchers

44. Caste system Origin of India’s caste system Classical four castes vs 3000 jatis Hostage to competitive politics Source of competitive advantage Affirmative action

45. Role of Religion India’s pluralism, diversity and tolerance Hinduism Spiritual entrepreneurialism: Gurus No hierarchy: Every Brahmin thinks he is the Pope 300 million gods: Lack of theological narcissism Nasadiya Temper 85% Hindu 12% Muslim 2% Sikh 1% Christian

46. Elephant and not Tiger India got democracy before capitalism and this has made all the difference It is slower than China but its path is surer However, an elephant at 8% growth is a formidable beast We have waited 3000 years for this moment India is more likely to preserve its way of life

47. The Wise Elephant