Indian polity basics

1. UPSC UPPCS/SSC/BANK
INDIAN POLITY
Chapter-1
Preamble
Meaning of Sovereign, Secular, Democratic, Socialism
Gist of M Lakshmi Kant

2. PREAMBLE OF CONSTITUTION

3. PREAMBLE OF CONSTITUTION
• American constitution was the 1st to start with a
Preamble.
• Preamble means Introduction or Preface to the
constitution.
• Identity Card of The Constitution-N A Palkiwala (Jurist)
• Preamble is Based on Objective Revolution.
• Objective Revolution Moved by Nehru on 13Dec 1946
and was adopted on 22 Jan 1947.
• Amended by 42nd Constitution Amendment Act 1976.
. “Socialist, Secular, Integrity.”

4. Sovereign/सम्प्रभुता
• Dependent
• Dominion
• Independent - The power of country to control own gov.
• Internal affairs-Self Gov
• External affairs (Defence, communication, Foreign
Relation)

5. SOCIALISM/
• DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM-Mixed economy(
Public +Private)
To remove Poverty, ignorance, Disease &
inequality of opportunity.
Indian Socialism Is Blend of Gandhism+Marxism
• COMMUNISTIC SOCIALISM- nationalisation of
all means (No Private)

6. Democratic/लोकतंत्र
• Direct- Switzerland (Referendum)
• Indirect- Represtatives elected by people
 Parliamentary
 Presidential

7. Secularism- Impartial
or Neutral
• Atheistic State- Mexican constitution-1917,
China
• Theocratic State-Islamic, Nepal(Hindu),
Cambodia (Buddhism)
• Secular State- USA, INDIA

8. Republic/गणराज्य
Democratic
• Monarchy-Britain
• Republic- Head is Always
Elected Directly or Indirectly

9. 1. Liberty
2. Equality
3. Fraternity-
Brotherhood

10. Preamble is a part of constitution
Berubari Union Case-1960- Not a part of
constitution.
Kesavanand Bharati Case-1973- A part of
constitution.
LIC India Case1995 SC upheld that it is a
Integral Part of constitution.

11. Amendability of preamble
Constitution Amendment act Article -368
In Kesavanand Bharati vs state Kerla Case-
1973
It can be amended Subject to condition that
no amendment will be in “Basic Features.”

12. UPSC UPPCS/SSC/BANK
INDIAN POLITY/भारतीय राजव्यवस्था
Chapter-2
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Part-1
From Regulating act 1773 To Charter Act 1853
Gist of M Lakshmi Kant

13. नाभभषेको न संस्कारः भसंहस्य भियते वने। भविमाभजितसत्वस्य स्वयमेव
मृगेन्द्रता॥
Nobody declares a lion as the king of forest by doing rituals. By sheer
might of his own, a lion achieves the status of lord of animal
kingdom./कोई और स ंह का वन क
े राजा जै े असिषेक या ंस्कार नह ं करता है, अपने पराक्रम क
े बल
पर वह स्वयं पशुओं का राजा बन जाता है ॥

15. Changing Motive of Britishers-
merchant adventurers-1599
• British east India company from
1600 started as traders. Till 1765 it
had purely trading functions.
• In 1765, the Company, which till
now had purely trading functions
obtained the ‘diwani’ (i.e., rights
over revenue and civil justice) of
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
• In 1858, in the wake of the ‘sepoy
mutiny’ the British Crown assumed
direct responsibility for the
governance of India till 1947.
• 1600 े सिसिश ईस्ट इंसिया क
ं पन
व्यापाररयों क
े रूप में शुरू हुई। 1765
तक इ क
े पा सवशुद्ध रूप े
व्यापाररक कायय थे।
• 1765 में, क
ं पन , जो अब तक सवशुद्ध
रूप े व्यापाररक कायय करत थ ,
बंगाल, सबहार और उड ा क
े 'द वान '
(यान , राजस्व और नागररक न्याय क
े
असिकार) प्राप्त करत थ ।
• 1858 में, सिसिश क्राउन ने 'स पाह
सवद्रोह' क
े मद्देनजर 1947 तक िारत
क
े शा न क
े सलए प्रत्यक्ष सजम्मेदार
ंिाल ।

16. There were certain events in the British
rule that laid down the legal framework for
the organization and functioning of
government and administration in British
India. These events have greatly influenced
our constitution and polity
• 1. The Company Rule (1773 –
1858)
• 2. The Crown Rule (1858 – 1947)
• सिसिश शा न में क
ु छ घिनाएं हुईं,
सजन्ोंने सिसिश िारत में रकार और
प्रशा न क
े ंगठन और कामकाज क
कानून रूपरेखा तैयार क । इन घिनाओं
ने हमारे ंसविान और राजन सत को बहुत
प्रिासवत सकया है

17. The Company Rule (1773 – 1858)
Regulating Act of 1773
• first step taken by the
British Gov to control and
regulate the affairs of the
East India Company in
India.
• laid the foundations of
central administration in
India
• िारत में ईस्ट इंसिया क
ं पन क
े
मामलों को सनयंसत्रत और सवसनयसमत
करने क
े सलए सिसिश रकार द्वारा
पहला कदम।
• िारत में क
ें द्र य प्रशा न क न ंव
रख

18. Features- Regulating Act of 1773
• Governor of Bengal as the ‘Governor-
General of Bengal’ and created an
Executive Council of four members to
assist him.
• governors of Bombay and Madras
presidencies subordinate to the
governor-general of Bengal.
• establishment of a Supreme Court at
Calcutta (1774). one chief justice and
three other judges.
• Court of Directors (governing body of
the Company) to report on its
revenue, civil, and military affairs in
India.
• बंगाल क
े गवनयर 'बंगाल क
े गवनयर-जनरल'
क
े रूप में और उनक हायता क
े सलए
चार दस्ों क एक काययकार पररषद
बनाई।
• बंबई और मद्रा क
े राज्यपालों को बंगाल
क
े गवनयर-जनरल क
े अि नस्थ सकया गया।
• कलकत्ता (1774) में ुप्र म कोिय क
स्थापना। एक मुख्य न्यायाि श और त न
अन्य न्यायाि श।
• िारत में अपने राजस्व, नागररक और ैन्य
मामलों पर ररपोिय करने क
े सलए कोिय
ऑफ िायरेक्ट य (क
ं पन का ंचालन
सनकाय)।

19. Amending Act of 1781(Act of
Settlement.)It exempted the Governor-General , the Council &
servants of the company from the jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court for their official actions.
It laid down that the appeals from the Provincial Courts
could be taken to the Governor-General-in-Council and
not to the Supreme Court.
It provided that the Supreme Court was to have
jurisdiction over all the inhabitants of Calcutta.
It also required the court to administer the personal
law of the defendants Hindus were to be tried
according to the Hindu law and Muslims were to be
tried according to the Mohammedan law.
It excluded the revenue matters from the jurisdiction
of the Supreme Court.
It empowered the Governor-General-in Council to
frame regulations for the Provincial Courts and
Councils.
• इ ने गवनयर-जनरल, काउंस ल और क
ं पन क
े
कमयचाररयों को अपने आसिकाररक कायों क
े सलए वोच्च
न्यायालय क
े असिकार क्षेत्र े छ
ू ि द ।
• यह सनिायररत सकया गया सक प्रांत य न्यायालयों े अप ल
को गवनयर-जनरल-इन-काउंस ल में ले जाया जा कता
है, न सक ुप्र म कोिय में।
• यह प्रदान करता है सक वोच्च न्यायालय को कलकत्ता
क
े ि सनवास यों पर असिकार क्षेत्र रखना था।
• इ क
े सलए अदालत को यह ि आवश्यक था सक
प्रसतवासदयों क
े व्यक्तिगत कानून का प्रशा न सहंदुओं को
सहंदू कानून क
े अनु ार करने क कोसशश क जाए और
मु लमानों को मोहम्मिन कानून क
े अनु ार करने क
कोसशश क जाए।
• इ ने राजस्व मामलों को वोच्च न्यायालय क
े असिकार
क्षेत्र े बाहर रखा।
• इ ने गवनयर-जनरल-इन काउंस ल को प्रांत य न्यायालयों
और पररषदों क
े सलए सवसनयम बनाने का असिकार सदया

20. Pitt’s India Act of 1784
The act was significant for two reasons:
Company’s territories in India were for the first
time called the ‘British possessions in India’.
British Government was given the supreme
control over Company’s affairs and its
administration in India.
It distinguished between the
commercial and political functions of
the Company.
Court of Directors
Board of Control -supervise and direct all
operations of the civil and military government
or revenues of the British possessions in India.
• असिसनयम दो कारणों े महत्वपूणय था:
• िारत में क
ं पन क
े क्षेत्र पहल बार
'िारत में सिसिश ंपसत्त' कहे जाते थे।
• सिसिश रकार को क
ं पन क
े मामलों
और िारत में उ क
े प्रशा न पर
वोच्च सनयंत्रण सदया गया था।
• यह क
ं पन क
े वासणक्तज्यक और
राजन सतक कायों क
े ब च प्रसतसठित था।
• कोिय ऑफ िायरेक्ट य
• सनयंत्रण बोिय-नागररकता और नागररक
और ैन्य रकार क
े ि कायों या
िारत में सिसिश ंपसत्त क
े राजस्व को
सनदेसशत करता है।

21. Act of 1786
Lord Cornwallis was
appointed as the Governor-
General of Bengal.
Governor-General of Bengal
given power to override the
decision of his council in special
cases.
He would also be the
Commander-in-Chief.
• लॉिय कानयवासल को बंगाल का
गवनयर-जनरल सनयुि सकया गया।
• बंगाल क
े गवनयर-जनरल ने सवशेष
मामलों में अपन पररषद क
े सनणयय
को ओवरराइि करने क शक्ति द ।
• वह कमांिर-इन-च फ ि होगा।

22. Charter Act of 1793
extended the overriding power
given to Lord Cornwallis over his
council, to all future Governor-
Generals and Governors of
Presidencies.
extended the trade monopoly of
the Company in India for another
period of twenty years.
members of the Board of Control
and their staff were, henceforth, to
be paid out of the Indian revenues.
• िसवष्य क
े गवनयर-जनरलों और
प्रे िें क
े गवनय य को अपन पररषद
क
े ऊपर लॉिय कानयवासल को द गई
ओवरराइसिंग पावर को बढाया।
• िारत में क
ं पन क
े व्यापार एकासिकार
को ब वषों क अवसि क
े सलए
बढाया।
• सनयंत्रण बोिय क
े दस् और उनक
े
कमयचार िारत य राजस्व े िुगतान
सकए जाने वाले थे।

23. Charter Act of 1813
• Abolished the trade monopoly of
the company in India. Continued
the monopoly of the company
over trade in tea and trade with
China.
• Allowed the Christian
missionaries to come to India for
the purpose of enlightening the
people.
• िारत में क
ं पन क
े व्यापार
एकासिकार को माप्त कर सदया।
चाय क
े ाथ व्यापार और च न क
े
ाथ व्यापार पर क
ं पन का
एकासिकार जार रखा।
• लोगों को प्रबुद्ध करने क
े उद्देश्य े
िारत आने क
े सलए ई ाई
समशनररयों को अनुमसत द ।

24. Charter Act of 1833
This Act was the final step towards centralization in
British India.
It made the Governor-General of Bengal as the
Governor-General of India and vested in him all
civil and military powers.
It deprived the Governor of Bombay and Madras of
their legislative powers.
The laws made under the previous acts were called
as Regulations, while laws made under this act
were called as Acts.
It ended the activities of the East India Company as
a commercial body, which became a purely
administrative body in trust for His Majesty, His
heirs and successors’.
The Charter Act of 1833 attempted to introduce a
system of open competition for selection of civil
servants. was negated after opposition from the
Court of Directors
• यह असिसनयम सिसिश िारत में क
ें द्र यकरण क सदशा में
अंसतम कदम था।
• इ ने बंगाल क
े गवनयर-जनरल को िारत का गवनयर-
जनरल बनाया और उ े ि नागररक और ैन्य
शक्तियों में सनसहत सकया।
• इ ने बॉम्बे और मद्रा क
े राज्यपाल को उनक सविाय
शक्तियों े वंसचत कर सदया।
• सपछले असिसनयमों क
े तहत बनाए गए कानूनों को
सवसनयम कहा जाता था, जबसक इ असिसनयम क
े तहत
बनाए गए कानूनों को असिसनयम कहा जाता था।
• इ ने एक वासणक्तज्यक सनकाय क
े रूप में ईस्ट इंसिया
क
ं पन क गसतसवसियों को माप्त कर सदया, जो
महामसहम, उनक
े उत्तरासिकाररयों और उत्तरासिकाररयों
क
े सलए एक सवशुद्ध प्रशा सनक सनकाय बन गया।
• 1833 क
े चाियर असिसनयम ने स सवल ेवकों क
े चयन क
े
सलए खुल प्रसतयोसगता क एक प्रणाल शुरू करने का
प्रया सकया। कोिय ऑफ िायरेक्ट य क
े सवरोि क
े बाद
नकार सदया गया

25. Charter Act of 1853
last of the series of Charter Acts passed by the
British Parliament between 1793 and 1853.
It separated function of council
-legislative Council(Indian central legislative
council)-6 new members added . for the first time
local representation in the Indian (Central)
Legislative Council. Of the six new legislative
members of the Governor General’s council, four
members were appointed by the local (provincial)
governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and
Agra.MBBA
-executive Council
It introduced an open competition system of
selection and recruitment of civil servants. Open
to the Indians. Macaulay Committee (the
Committee on the Indian Civil Service) was
appointed in 1854.
• 1793 और 1853 क
े ब च सिसिश ं द द्वारा
पाररत चाियर असिसनयमों क श्रंखला का अंसतम।
• इ ने पररषद का कायय अलग कर सदया
• - सविाय पररषद (िारत य क
ें द्र य सविान पररषद)
-6 नए दस् जोडे। िारत य (क
ें द्र य) सविान
पररषद में पहल बार स्थान य प्रसतसनसित्व। गवनयर
जनरल क पररषद क
े छह नए सविाय दस्ों में
े, चार दस्ों को मद्रा , बॉम्बे, बंगाल और
आगरा क स्थान य (प्रांत य) रकारों द्वारा सनयुि
सकया गया था। MBBA
• -आसिकाररक पररषद
• इ ने स सवल ेवकों क
े चयन और िती क एक
खुल प्रसतयोसगता प्रणाल शुरू क । िारत यों क
े
सलए खुला है। मैकाले समसत (िारत य स सवल ेवा
पर समसत) 1854 में सनयुि क गई थ ।
Mini
Parliament
similar
to
British
parliament

26. UPSC UPPCS/SSC/BANK
INDIAN POLITY/भारतीय राजव्यवस्था
Chapter-2
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Part-2
From Government of India Act of 1858 to Indian Independence Act 1947
Gist of M Lakshmi Kant

27. Government of India Act of 1858/1858 का भारत
सरकार अभिभनयम
• India was to be governed by, and in the
name of, Her Majesty.
• It changed the designation of the
Governor- General of India to that of
Viceroy of India.
• It ended the system of double
Government by abolishing the Board of
Control and Court of Directors.
• created a new office, Secretary of State
for India member of the British Cabinet
and was responsible ultimately to the
British Parliament.
• It established a 15-member council of
India to assist the Secretary of State for
India. The council was an advisory body
िारत, और महामसहम क
े नाम े शास त होना
था।
इ ने िारत क
े वाइ राय क
े सलए िारत क
े
गवनयर-जनरल क
े पदनाम को बदल सदया।
इ ने सनयंत्रण बोिय और सनदेशक मंिल को
माप्त करक
े दोहर रकार क प्रणाल को
माप्त कर सदया।
एक नया कायायलय बनाया, सिसिश क
ै सबनेि क
े
िारत क
े दस् क
े सलए राज्य सचव और
अंततः सिसिश ं द क
े सलए सजम्मेदार था।
इ ने िारत क
े राज्य सचव क हायता क
े सलए
िारत क 15 दस् य पररषद क स्थापना क ।
पररषद एक लाहकार सनकाय था

28. Indian Councils Act of 1861-Involving Indians in Law
making Process.
• सिसिश रकार ने अपने देश क
े प्रशा न में िारत यों
क
े हयोग क आवश्यकता मह ू क ।
• बशते सक वाय राय को क
ु छ िारत यों को अपन
सवस्ताररत पररषद क
े गैर-आसिकाररक दस्ों क
े रूप
में नासमत करना चासहए। 1862 में तत्काल न
वाय राय लॉिय क
ै सनंग ने अपन सविान पररषद में त न
िारत यों को नासमत सकया- बनार क
े राजा, पसियाला
क
े महाराजा और र सदनकर राव।
• बंबई और मद्रा प्रे िें क
े सलए सविाय शक्तियों
को बहाल करना।
• बंगाल, उत्तर-पसिम प्रांतों और पंजाब क
े सलए नई
सविान पररषदों क स्थापना, जो क्रमशः 1862, 1886
और 1897 में स्थासपत क गईं।
• इ ने 1859 में लॉिय क
ै सनंग द्वारा शुरू क गई
'पोियफोसलयो' प्रणाल को ि एक मान्यता द ।
• अध्यादेश जार करने क
े सलए वाय राय को शि
बनाया
• the British Government felt the necessity of
seeking the cooperation of the Indians in the
administration of their country.
• provided that the Viceroy should nominate some
Indians as non-official members of his expanded
council. In 1862, Lord Canning, the then Viceroy,
nominated three Indians to his legislative
council–the Raja of Benaras, the Maharaja of
Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao.
• restoring the legislative powers to the Bombay
and Madras Presidencies.
• establishment of new legislative councils for
Bengal, North-Western Provinces and Punjab,
which were established in 1862, 1886 and 1897,
respectively.
• It also gave a recognition to the ‘portfolio’
system, introduced by Lord Canning in 1859.
• empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances,

29. Indian Councils Act of 1892
• इ ने क
ें द्र य और प्रांत य सविान पररषदों में
असतररि (गैर-आसिकाररक) दस्ों क ंख्या में
वरक्तद्ध क , लेसकन उनमें आसिकाररक बहुमत बनाए
रखा।
• इ ने सविान पररषदों क
े कायों में वरक्तद्ध क और
उन्ें बजि 5 पर चचाय करने और काययपासलका को
प्रश्ों को ंबोसित करने क शक्ति प्रदान क ।
• इ ने क
ु छ गैर-आसिकाररक दस्ों क
े नामांकन
क
े सलए प्रदान सकया-
• प्रांत य सविान पररषदों और बंगाल चैंबर ऑफ
कॉम य क स फाररश पर वाइ राय द्वारा क
ें द्र य
सविान पररषद।
• सजला बोिों, नगर पासलकाओं, सवश्वसवद्यालयों,
व्यापार ंघों, ज़म न-दरारों और कक्षों क
स फाररश पर राज्यपालों द्वारा प्रांत य सविान
पररषदें।
It increased the number of additional (non-official)
members in the Central and provincial legislative
councils, but maintained the official majority in them.
It increased the functions of legislative councils and
gave them the power of discussing the budget5 and
addressing questions to the executive.
It provided for the nomination of some non-official
members of the-
Central Legislative Council by the viceroy on the
recommendation of the provincial legislative councils
and the Bengal Chamber of Commerce.
provincial legislative councils by the Governors on the
recommendation of the district boards,
municipalities, universities, trade associations, zamin-
dars and chambers.

30. Indian Councils Act of 1909
• क
ें द्र य और प्रांत य दोनों, सविान पररषदों का आकार
बढाया।
• इ ने क
ें द्र य सविान पररषद में आसिकाररक बहुमत
बनाए रखा, लेसकन प्रांत य सविान पररषदों को गैर-
आसिकाररक बहुमत सदया।
• दोनों स्तरों पर सविान पररषदों क
े कायों में वरक्तद्ध।
उदाहरण क
े सलए, दस्ों को अनुपूरक प्रश् पूछने,
बजि पर प्रस्तावों को स्थानांतररत करने आसद क
अनुमसत द गई।
• पहल बार) वाय राय और गवनय य क काययकार
पररषदों क
े ाथ िारत यों क
े जुडाव क
े सलए।
• त्येंद्र प्र ाद स न्ा वाय राय क काययकार पररषद में
शासमल होने वाले पहले िारत य बने। उन्ें कानून दस्
क
े रूप में सनयुि सकया गया था।
• मु लमानों क
े सलए ांप्रदासयक प्रसतसनसित्व 'अलग
मतदाता' क अविारणा को स्व कार करक
े ।
• प्रे िें कॉपोरेशनों, वासणज्य मंिलों, सवश्वसवद्यालयों
और जम ंदारों क
े अलग प्रसतसनसित्व।
• increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central
and provincial.
• It retained official majority in the Central legislative council,
but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have non-
official majority.
• Increased functions of the legislative councils at both the
levels. For example, members were allowed to ask
supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget
and so on.
• for the first time) for the association of Indians with the
executive councils of the Viceroy and Governors.
• Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the
Viceroy’s executive council. He was appointed as the Law
Member.
• communal representation for Muslims by accepting the
concept of ‘separate electorate’.
• separate representation of presidency corporations,
chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars.

31. Government of India Act of 1919-August 20, 1917, the British
Government declared, for the first time, that its objective was the gradual introduction of responsible Government
in India7 . The Government of India Act of 1919 was thus enacted, which came into force in 1921
• इ ने क
ें द्र य और प्रांत य सवषयों को अलग और अलग करक
े
प्रांतों पर क
ें द्र य सनयंत्रण को सशसथल कर सदया।
• इ ने प्रांत य सवषयों को दो िागों में सविासजत सकया-
हस्तांतररत और आरसक्षत।
• इ ने देश में पहल बार सद्व दन यता और प्रत्यक्ष चुनावों क
शुरुआत क । इ प्रकार, िारत य सविान पररषद को एक
सद्व दन य सविासयका द्वारा बदल सदया गया सज में एक उच्च
दन (राज्य पररषद) और एक सनचला दन (सविान िा)
शासमल था।
• वाय राय क काययकार पररषद क
े छह दस्ों में े त न
(कमांिर-इन-च फ क
े अलावा) िारत क
े होने वाले थे।
• स खों, िारत य ई ाइयों, एं ग्लो-इंसियन और यूरोप य लोगों
क
े सलए अलग-अलग सनवायचन प्रदान करक
े ांप्रदासयक
प्रसतसनसित्व क
े स द्धांत को बढाया।
• यह एक लोक ेवा आयोग क स्थापना क
े सलए प्रदान करता
है इ सलए, 1926 में स सवल ेवकों क िती क
े सलए एक
क
ें द्र य लोक ेवा आयोग क स्थापना क गई थ ।
• यह पहल बार अलग हुआ, क
ें द्र य बजि े प्रांत य बजि
और प्रांत य सविान िाओं को अपना बजि बनाने क
े सलए
असिक
र त सकया गया।
• It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating
and separating the central and provincial subjects.
• It further divided the provincial subjects into two parts–transferred
and reserved.
• It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections
in the country. Thus, the Indian legislative council was replaced by
a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of
State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly).
• three of the six members of the Viceroy’s executive Council (other
than the Commander-in-Chief) were to be India.
• extended the principle of communal representation by providing
separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and
Europeans.
• It provided for the establishment of a public service commission
Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 for
recruiting civil servants.
• It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central
budget and authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their
budget.

32. • इ ने इकाइयों क
े रूप में अक्तखल िारत य महा ंघ क ंगसत प्रांतों और
ररया तों क स्थापना क
े सलए प्रदान सकया। असिसनयम ने क
ें द्र और इकाइयों
क
े ब च शक्तियों को त न ूसचयों- ंघ य ूच (क
ें द्र क
े सलए, 59 वस्तुओं क
े
ाथ), प्रांत य ूच (प्रांतों क
े सलए, 54 वस्तुओं क
े ाथ) और मवती ूच
(दोनों क
े सलए, 36 वस्तुओं क
े ाथ) क
े ब च सविासजत सकया। वाइ राय को
अवशेष शक्तियां द गईं।
• इ ने प्रांतों में वणयव्यवस्था को माप्त कर सदया और इ क
े स्थान पर 'प्रांत य
स्वायत्तता' क शुरुआत क ।
• इ ने क
ें द्र में राजतंत्र अपनाने का प्राविान सकया। नत जतन, ंघ य सवषयों
को आरसक्षत सवषयों और स्थानांतररत सवषयों में सविासजत सकया गया था।
• इ ने ग्यारह प्रांतों में े छह में सद्व दन यता का पररचय सदया। इ प्रकार,
बंगाल, बॉम्बे, मद्रा , सबहार, अ म और ंयुि प्रांत क
े सविान।
• इ ने अव ादग्रस्त वगों (अनु ूसचत जासतयों), मसहलाओं और श्समकों
(श्समकों) क
े सलए अलग-अलग सनवायचन प्रदान करक
े ांप्रदासयक प्रसतसनसित्व
क
े स द्धांत को आगे बढाया।
• इ ने 1858 क
े िारत रकार असिसनयम द्वारा स्थासपत िारत क पररषद को
माप्त कर सदया।
• यह एक ंघ य न्यायालय क स्थापना क
े सलए प्रदान सकया गया था, सज े
1937 में स्थासपत सकया गया था। ंघ य लोक ेवा आयोग, लेसकन दो या
असिक प्रांतों क
े सलए एक प्रांत य लोक ेवा आयोग और ंयुि लोक ेवा
आयोग ि ।
• इ ने देश क मुद्रा और ऋण को सनयंसत्रत करने क
े सलए िारत य ररजवय बैंक
क स्थापना का प्राविान सकया
• It provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation
consistingmof provinces and princely states as units. The Act divided the
powers between the Centre and units in terms of three lists–Federal List
(for Centre, with 59 items), Provincial List (for provinces, with 54 items)
and the Concurrent List (for both, with 36 items). Residuary powers
were given to the Viceroy.
• It abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced ‘provincial
autonomy’ in its place.
• It provided for the adoption of dyarchy at the Centre. Consequently, the
federal subjects were divided into reserved subjects and transferred
subjects.
• It introduced bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces. Thus, the
legislatures of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United
Provinces.
• It further extended the principle of communal representation by
providing separate electorates for depressed classes (Scheduled Castes),
women and labour (workers).
• It abolished the Council of India, established by the Government of India
Act of 1858.
• It provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in
1937. Federal Public Service Commission, but also a Provincial Public
Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission for two or
more provinces.
• It provided for the establishment of a Reserve Bank of India to control
the currency and credit of the country.
Government of India Act of 1935-It was a lengthy and
detailed document having 321 Sections and 10 Schedules

33. Indian Independence Act of 1947- February 20, 1947, the British Prime Minister
Clement Atlee declared that the British rule in India would end by June 30,1948; Again on June 3, 1947, the British Government
made it clear that any Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly of India (formed in 1946) cannot apply to those parts of the
country which were unwilling to accept it. On the same day (June 3, 1947), Lord Mountbatten, the Viceroy of India, put forth the
partition plan, known as the Mountbatten Plan.
• It ended the British rule in India and declared
India as an independent and sovereign state
from August 15, 1947.
• It abolished the office of Viceroy and
provided, for each dominion, a governor
general.
• It empowered the Constituent Assemblies of
the two dominions to frame and adopt any
constitution.
• It abolished the office of the Secretary of
State for India and transferred his functions to
the Secretary of State for Commonwealth
Affairs.
• It granted freedom to the Indian princely
states either to join the Dominion of India or
Dominion of Pakistan or to remain
independent.

34. Interim Government (1946)
1. Jawaharlal Nehru Vice-President of the Council; External
Affairs & Commonwealth Relations
2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Home, Information & Broadcasting
3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Food & Agriculture
4. Dr. John Mathai Industries & Supplies
5. Jagjivan Ram Labour
6. Sardar Baldev Singh Defence
7. C.H. Bhabha Works, Mines & Power
8. Liaquat Ali Khan Finance
9. Abdur Rab Nishtar Posts & Air
10. Asaf Ali Railways & Transport
11. C. Rajagopalachari Education & Arts
12. I.I. Chundrigar Commerce
13. Ghaznafar Ali Khan Health
14. Joginder Nath Mandal Law

35. First Cabinet of Free India (1947)
Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister; External Affairs &
Commonwealth Relations; Scientific
Research
2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Home, Information & Broadcasting;
States
3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Food & Agriculture
4. Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad
Education
5. Dr. John Mathai Railways & Transport
6. R.K. Shanmugham
Chetty
Finance
7. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Law
8. Jagjivan Ram Labour
9. Sardar Baldev Singh Defence
10. Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur Health
11. C.H. Bhabha Commerce
12. Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Communication
13. Dr. Shayama Prasad
Mukherji
Industries & Supplies
14. V.N. Gadgil Works, Mines & Power

36. UPSC UPPCS/SSC/BANK
INDIAN POLITY/भारतीय राजव्यवस्था
Chapter-3
Making of the Constitution
Part-1
Gist of M Lakshmi Kant

37. Making of the Constitution
• Idea of a Constituent Assembly in 1934 by M.N.
Roy. In 1935, the Indian National Congress (INC),
for the first time, officially demanded a Constituent
Assembly to frame the Constitution of India.
• In 1938, Jawaharlal Nehru, on behalf the INC
declared that ‘the Constitution of free India must
be framed, without outside interference, by a
Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of adult
franchise’.
• The demand was finally accepted in principle by
the British Government in what is known as the
‘August Offer’ of 1940.
• In 1942Sir Stafford Cripps, a Member of the
Cabinet, came to India with a draft proposal of the
British Government on the framing of an
independent Constitution to be adopted after the
World War II.
• 1934 में एम.एन. द्वारा एक ंसविान िा का
सवचार। रॉय। 1935 में, िारत य राष्ट्र य कांग्रे
(INC) ने पहल बार आसिकाररक तौर पर िारत क
े
ंसविान को तैयार करने क
े सलए एक ंसविान
िा क मांग क ।
• 1938 में, जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने, INC क ओर े
घोषणा क सक 'स्वतंत्र िारत का ंसविान, सबना
बाहर हस्तक्षेप क
े , वयस्क मतासिकार क
े आिार
पर सनवायसचत एक ंसविान िा द्वारा तैयार सकया
जाना चासहए'।
• 1940 क
े 'अगस्त प्रस्ताव' क
े रूप में जान जाने
वाल मांग को अंततः सिसिश रकार द्वारा
ैद्धांसतक रूप े स्व कार कर सलया गया।
• 1942 में क
ै सबनेि क
े एक दस्, र स्टैफोिय
सक्रप्स, सद्वत य सवश्व युद्ध क
े बाद अपनाए जाने वाले
एक स्वतंत्र ंसविान क
े सनमायण पर सिसिश रकार
क
े एक म ौदा प्रस्ताव क
े ाथ िारत आए।

38. • सक्रप्स क
े प्रस्तावों को मुक्तिम ल ग
ने खाररज कर सदया, जो चाहत थ
सक िारत को दो अलग-अलग
ंसविान िाओं क
े ाथ दो स्वायत्त
राज्यों में सविासजत सकया जाए।
• अंत में, एक क
ै सबनेि समशन को
िारत िेजा गया। जबसक इ ने दो
ंसविान िाओं क
े सवचार को
खाररज कर सदया, इ ने ंसविान
िा क
े सलए एक योजना प्रस्तुत क
सज े मुक्तिम ल ग कमोबेश ंतुष्ट्
थ ।
• The Cripps Proposals were
rejected by the Muslim League,
which wanted India to be
divided into two autonomous
states with two separate
Constituent Assemblies.
• Finally, a Cabinet Mission was
sent to India. While it rejected
the idea of two Constituent
Assemblies, it put forth a
scheme for the Constituent
Assembly which more or less
satisfied the Muslim League.

39. COMPOSITION OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY-The Constituent
Assembly was constituted in November 1946 under the scheme formulated by the Cabinet Mission
Plan. The Assembly included all important personalities of India at that time, with the exception of
Mahatma Gandhi.
• The total strength of the Constituent Assembly
was to be 389. Of these, 296 seats were to be
allotted to British India and 93 seats to the
princely states.
• Out of 296 seats allotted to the British India, 292
members were to be drawn from the eleven
governors’ provinces and four from the four
Chief Commissioners’ provinces , one from each.
• Each province and princely state (or group of
states in case of small states) were to be
allotted seats in proportion to their
respective population. Roughly, one seat was
to be allotted for every million population.
• Seats allocated to each British province were to
be divided among the three principal
communities–Muslims, Sikhs and General (all
except Muslims and Sikhs), in proportion to
their population.
• ंसविान िा क क
ु ल ंख्या 389 थ । इनमें े
296 िें सिसिश िारत को और 93 िें ररया तों
को आवंसित क जान थ ं।
• सिसिश िारत को आवंसित 296 िों में े 292
दस् ग्यारह राज्यपालों क
े प्रांतों े और चार
मुख्य आयुिों क
े प्रांतों े, प्रत्येक े एक क
े सलए
चुने जाने थे।
• प्रत्येक प्रांत और ररया तों (या छोिे राज्यों क
े
मामले में राज्यों क
े मूह) को उनक ंबंसित
आबाद क
े अनुपात में िें आवंसित क जान थ ं।
मोिे तौर पर, प्रसत द लाख क आबाद क
े सलए
एक ि आवंसित क जान थ ।
• प्रत्येक सिसिश प्रांत को आवंसित िों को उनक
जन ंख्या क
े अनुपात में त न प्रमुख मुदायों-
मुक्तिम, स ख और जनरल (मु लमानों और स खों
को छोडकर ि ) क
े ब च सविासजत सकया जाना
था।

40. • The representatives of each community were to
be elected by members of that community in the
provincial legislative assembly and voting was to
be by the method of proportional
representation by means of single transferable
vote.
• The representatives of the princely states were to
be nominated by the heads of the princely
states.
• Constituent Assembly was to be a partly elected
and partly nominated body. the members were
to be indirectly elected by the members of the
provincial assemblies, who themselves were
elected on a limited franchise.
• The elections to the Constituent Assembly (for
296 seats allotted to the British Indian
Provinces) were held in July-August 1946. The
Indian National Congress won 208 seats, the
Muslim League 73 seats and the small groups
and independents got the remaining 15 seats.
However, the 93 seats allotted to the princely
states were not filled as they decided to stay
away from the Constituent Assembly.
• प्रत्येक मुदाय क
े प्रसतसनसियों को उ
मुदाय क
े दस्ों द्वारा प्रांत य सविान िा
में चुना जाना था और मतदान एकल
ंक्रमण य मत क
े माध्यम े आनुपासतक
प्रसतसनसित्व क सवसि द्वारा सकया जाना था।
• ररया तों क
े प्रसतसनसियों को ररया तों क
े
प्रमुखों द्वारा मनोन त सकया जाना था।
• ंसविान िा को आंसशक रूप े सनवायसचत
और आंसशक रूप े मनोन त सनकाय होना
था। दस्ों को अप्रत्यक्ष रूप े प्रांत य
सविान िाओं क
े दस्ों द्वारा चुना जाना था,
जो स्वयं एक समत मतासिकार पर चुने गए
थे।
• ंसविान िा क
े चुनाव (सिसिश िारत य प्रांतों
को आवंसित 296 िों क
े सलए) जुलाई-
अगस्त 1946 में हुए थे। िारत य राष्ट्र य
कांग्रे ने 208 िें ज त ं, मुक्तिम ल ग ने 73
िें और छोिे मूहों और सनदयल य को शेष
15 िें समल ं। हालााँसक, ररया तों को
आवंसित 93 िें नह ं िर गईं क्ोंसक उन्ोंने
ंसविान िा े दू र रहने का फ
ै ला सकया।

41. WORKING OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
• Constituent Assembly held its first
meeting on December 9, 1946. The
Muslim League boycotted the meeting
and insisted on a separate state of
Pakistan.
• The meeting was, thus, attended by
only 211 members. Dr.
Sachchidananda Sinha, the oldest
member, was elected as the
temporary President of the Assembly,
following the French practice.
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the
President of the Assembly. Similarly,
both H.C. Mukherjee and V.T.
Krishnamachari were elected as the
Vice-Presidents of the Assembly.
• 9 सद ंबर, 1946 को ंसविान िा ने
अपन पहल बैठक क । मुक्तिम ल ग ने
बैठक का बसहष्कार सकया और पासकस्तान
क
े एक अलग राज्य पर जोर सदया।
• इ प्रकार, बैठक में क
े वल 211 दस्ों ने
िाग सलया। ब े पुराने दस् िॉ.
क्तच्चदानंद स न्ा को फ्ां प्रथा का
पालन करते हुए सविान िा क
े अस्थाय
अध्यक्ष क
े रूप में चुना गया था।
• िॉ. राजेंद्र प्र ाद को सविान िा क
े
अध्यक्ष क
े रूप में चुना गया था। इ
प्रकार दोनों एच. . मुखजी और व .ि .
क
र ष्णमाचार को सविान िा क
े उपाध्यक्ष
क
े रूप में चुना गया था।

42. • On December 13, 1946,
Jawaharlal Nehru moved the
historic ‘Objectives
Resolution’ in the Assembly.
It laid down the
fundamentals and philosophy
of the constitutional
structure.
• This Resolution was
unanimously adopted by the
Assembly on January 22,
1947.
• On April 28, 1947,
representatives of the six
states were part of the
Assembly. After the
acceptance of the
• Mountbatten Plan of June 3,
1947, for the partition of
the country, the
• 13 सद ंबर, 1946 को जवाहरलाल
नेहरू ने सविान िा में ऐसतहास क
'उद्देश्य प्रस्ताव' पेश सकया। इ ने
ंवैिासनक ंरचना क
े मूल स द्धांतों
और दशयन को सनिायररत सकया।
• इ प्रस्ताव को 22 जनवर , 1947 को
वय म्मसत े सविान िा द्वारा स्व कार
सकया गया था।
• 28 अप्रैल, 1947 को छह राज्यों क
े
प्रसतसनसि सविान िा का सहस्सा थे। क
स्व क
र सत क
े बाद
• देश क
े सविाजन क
े सलए 3 जून 1947
क माउंिबेिन योजना,
• असिकांश अन्य ररया तों क
े
प्रसतसनसियों ने सविान िा में अपना
स्थान ग्रहण सकया। इंसियन िोसमसनयन
े मुक्तिम ल ग क
े दस्ों ने ि
सविान िा में प्रवेश सकया।

43. Indian Independence Act of 1947 made the following
three changes In the position of the Assembly:
• The Assembly was made a fully
sovereign body, which could frame
any Constitution it pleased. two
• separate functions were assigned
to the Assembly, that is, making of
the Constitution for free India and
enacting of ordinary laws for the
country. These two tasks were to
be performed on separate days.
Thus, the Assembly became the
first Parliament of free India
(Dominion Legislature).
• िा को पूणय रूप े ंप्रिु सनकाय
बनाया गया था, जो अपन इच्छानु ार
सक ि ंसविान का सनमायण कर
कत थ । दो
• सविान िा को अलग-अलग कायय ौंपे
गए, अथायत स्वतंत्र िारत क
े सलए
ंसविान बनाना और देश क
े सलए
ामान्य कानून बनाना। इन दोनों कायों
को अलग-अलग सदनों में सकया जाना
था। इ प्रकार, सविान िा स्वतंत्र
िारत (िोसमसनयन सविासयका) क
पहल ं द बन गई।

44. • Whenever the Assembly met as the
Constituent body it was chaired by Dr.
Rajendra Prasad and when it met as
the legislative body , it was chaired by
G.V. Mavlankar. These two function
continued till November 26, 1949,
when the task of making the
Constitution was over.
• The Muslim League members (hailing
from the areas7 included in the
Pakistan) withdrew from the
Constituent Assembly for India.
Consequently, the total strength of
the Assembly came down to 299 as
against 389 originally fixed in 1946
under the Cabinet Mission Plan. The
strength of the Indian provinces
(formerly British Provinces) was
reduced from 296 to 229 and those of
the princely states from 93 to 70.
• जब ि सविान िा क बैठक ंसविान
िा क
े रूप में हुई तो इ क अध्यक्षता
िॉ. राजेंद्र प्र ाद ने क और जब इ क
बैठक सविाय सनकाय क
े रूप में हुई, तो
इ क अध्यक्षता ज .व . मावलंकर। ये
दोनों कायय 26 नवंबर 1949 तक जार
रहे, जब ंसविान बनाने का कायय माप्त
हो गया।
• मुक्तिम ल ग क
े दस् (पासकस्तान में
शासमल क्षेत्रों े) िारत क
े सलए ंसविान
िा े हि गए। नत जतन, क
ै सबनेि
समशन योजना क
े तहत 1946 में मूल रूप
े सनिायररत 389 क
े मुकाबले सविान िा
क क
ु ल ंख्या घिकर 299 रह गई।
िारत य प्रांतों (पूवय में सिसिश प्रांत) क
ताकत 296 े घिाकर 229 कर द गई
और ररया तों क ंख्या 93 े घिाकर
70 कर द गई।

45. Other Functions PerformedOn January 24, 1950, the Constituent Assembly held its final session.
It, however, did not end, and continued as the provisional parliament of India from January 26, 1950, till the formation of new Parliament8 after the first
general elections in 1951–52.
• 1. It ratified the India’s membership of
the Commonwealth in May 1949.
• 2. It adopted the national flag on July 22,
1947.
• 3. It adopted the national anthem on
January 24, 1950.
• 4. It adopted the national song on
January 24, 1950.
• 5. It elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the
first President of India on January 24,
1950.
• In all, the Constituent Assembly had 11
sessions over two years, 11 months and
18 days. The Constitution-makers had
gone through the Constitutions of about
60 countries, and the Draft Constitution
was considered for 114 days. The total
expenditure incurred on making the
Constitution amounted to ₹64 lakh.
• 1. इ ने मई 1949 में राष्ट्र मंिल में िारत क
दस्ता क पुसष्ट् क ।
• 2. इ ने 22 जुलाई, 1947 को राष्ट्र य ध्वज को
अपनाया।
• 3. इ ने 24 जनवर 1950 को राष्ट्र गान को
अपनाया।
• 4. इ ने 24 जनवर 1950 को राष्ट्र य ग त को
अपनाया।
• 5. इ ने 24 जनवर 1950 को िॉ. राजेंद्र प्र ाद
को िारत क
े पहले राष्ट्र पसत क
े रूप में चुना।
• क
ु ल समलाकर, ंसविान िा क
े दो ाल, 11
मह ने और 18 सदनों में 11 त्र हुए। ंसविान
सनमायताओं ने लगिग 60 देशों क
े ंसविानों का
अध्ययन सकया था, और ंसविान क
े म ौदे पर
114 सदनों क
े सलए सवचार सकया गया था। ंसविान
को बनाने में क
ु ल 64 लाख रुपये का खचय आया।

46. Major Committees
1. Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel
4. Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
5. Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and
Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel. This committee had the following five
sub-committees:
(a) Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
(b) Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
(c) North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially
Excluded Areas Sub-Committee -Gopinath Bardoloi
(d) Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than those in Assam)
Sub-Committee - A.V. Thakkar
(e) North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee8a
6. Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
7. States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) - Jawaharlal
Nehru
8. Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad

47. • Minor Committees
• 1. Finance and Staff Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
• 2. Credentials Committee - Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
• 3. House Committee - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
• 4. Order of Business Committee - Dr. K.M. Munshi
• 5. Ad-hoc Committee on the National Flag - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
• 6. Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly - G.V. Mavalankar
• 7. Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court - S. Varadachari (Not an Assembly
Member)
• 8. Committee on Chief Commissioners’ Provinces - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
• 9. Expert Committee on the Financial Provisions of the Union
• Constitution -Nalini Ranjan Sarkar (Not an Assembly Member)
• 10. Linguistic Provinces Commission - S.K. Dar (Not an Assembly Member)
• 11. Special Committee to Examine the Draft Constitution – Jawaharlal Nehru
• 12. Press Gallery Committee - Usha Nath Sen
• 13. Ad-hoc Committee on Citizenship - S. Varadachari (Not an Assembly Member)

48. Drafting CommitteeDrafting Committee set up on August 29, 1947. It was this
committee that was entrusted with the task of preparing a draft of the new Constitution. It consisted of seven
members.
• 1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
• 2. N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
• 3. Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
• 4. Dr. K.M. Munshi
• 5. Syed Mohammad Saadullah
• 6. N. Madhava Rau (He replaced B.L.
Mitter who resigned due to
illhealth)
• 7. T.T. Krishnamachari (He replaced
D.P. Khaitan who died in 1948)
• first draft of the Constitution of
India, which was published in
February, 1948.
• Drafting Committee prepared a
second draft, which was
published in October, 1948. The
Drafting Committee took less
than six months to prepare its
draft. In all it sat only for 141
days.

49. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar introduced the final draft of the Constitution in the Assembly on
November 4, 1948 (first reading). The Assembly had a general discussion on it for five
days (till November 9, 1948).
The second reading November 15, 1948, and ended on October 17, 1949. During this
stage, as many as 7653 amendments were proposed and 2473 were actually discussed in
the Assembly.
The third reading of the draft started on November 14, 1949. The motion on Draft
Constitution was declared as passed on November 26, 1949. Out of a total 299 members
of the Assembly, only 284 were actually present on that day and signed the Constitution.
The Constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949, contained a Preamble, 395 Articles
and 8 Schedules.
ENFORCEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
Some provisions of the Constitution pertaining to citizenship, elections, provisional
parliament, temporary and transitional provisions, and short title contained in Articles 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 came into force on
November 26, 1949, itself. The remaining provisions (the major part) of the Constitution
came into force on January 26, 1950.

50. • January 26 was specifically chosen as the ‘date of commencement’ of
the Constitution because of its historical importance. It was on this
day in 1930 that Purna Swaraj day was celebrated, following the
resolution of the Lahore Session (December 1929) of the INC.
• With the commencement of the Constitution, the Indian
Independence Act of 1947 and the Government of India Act of 1935,
with all enactments amending or supplementing the latter Act, were
repealed. The Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act (1949) was
however continued.

51. • IMPORTANT FACTS
• 1. Elephant was adopted as the symbol (seal) of the Constituent Assembly.
• 2. Sir B.N. Rau was appointed as the constitutional advisor (Legal advisor)
to the Constituent Assembly.
• 3. H.V.R. Iyengar was the Secretary to the Constituent Assembly.
• 4. S.N. Mukerjee was the chief draftsman of the constitution in the
Constituent Assembly.
• 5. Prem Behari Narain Raizada was the calligrapher of the Indian
• Constitution. The original constitution was handwritten by him in a flowing
italic style.
• 6. The original version was beautified and decorated by artists from
• Shantiniketan including Nand Lal Bose and Beohar Rammanohar Sinha.
• 7. Beohar Rammanohar Sinha illuminated, beautified and ornamented the
original Preamble calligraphed by Prem Behari Narain Raizada.
• 8. The calligraphy of the Hindi version of the original constitution was done
by Vasant Krishan Vaidya and elegantly decorated and illuminated by Nand
Lal Bose.

52. • Originally, the Constitution of India did not make any provision with
respect to an authoritative text of the Constitution in the Hindi language.
Later, a provision in this regard was made by the 58th Constitutional
Amendment Act of 19878f. This amendment inserted a new Article 394-A
in the last part of the Constitution i.e., Part XXII8g. This article contains
the following provisions:
• 1. The President shall cause to be published under his authority:
• (i) The translation of the Constitution in Hindi language. The modifications
which are necessary to bring it in conformity with the language, style and
terminology adopted in the authoritative texts of the Central Acts in Hindi
can be made in it. All the amendments of the Constitution made before
such publication should be incorporated in it.
• (ii) The translation in Hindi of every amendment of the constitution made
in English.
• 2. The translation of the Constitution and its every amendment published
shall be construed to have the same meaning as the original text in English.
If any difficulty arises in this matter, the President shall cause the Hindi
text to be revised suitably.
• 3. The translation of the Constitution and its every amendment published
shall be deemed to be, for all purposes, its authoritative text in Hindi.