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Indefinite pronouns
= indefiniittipronominit
 ilmaisevat asian jonkinasteista määrää
 esim kaikki, jotkut, molemmat, ei
kukaan, ei mikään,
Itsenäiset eli substantiiviset
muodot
 -one, -body ja –thing loppuiset muodot
 käytetään yksin, ilman substantiivia
 -one ja –body loppuiset muodot
henkilöistä
 - thing loppuiset muodot esineistä ja
asioista
Itsenäiset eli substantiiviset
muodot
 ovat yksiköitä -> verbi yksikössä :
Everybody is tired?
 pronominit kuitenkin: they, them, their,
themselves
Has everyone done their homework?
If anyone calls, tell them I’ll get back to
them.
Everyone did it themselves.
 -one ja –body pronomineilla genetiivimuoto ’s
-> somebody’s book,
 huom! someone else’s book
Adjektiiviset muodot
 esim. some, any, no, every, each
 käytetään substantiivin kanssa
 voivat viitata sekä henkilöihin
Some children are noisy.
 että asioihin ja esineisiin
There is some food on the table.
Someone, somebody= joku
something= jotakin
 lähinnä myönteisissä
väitelauseissa
Someone is here to see you.
 Kysymyksissä, jos oletuksena
myönteinen vastaus
Is there somebody at the door?
Anyone, anybody = kukaan, ketään
Anything = mitään
 käytetään lähinnä kysymyksissä
Is anybody there?
 ja kieltolauseissa
There’s never anything to eat at this house.
siis kieltosana + any-pronomini
 Huom! hardly/scarcely = tuskin, seldom/rarely =
harvoin ja without = ilman
ovat eräänlaisia kieltosanoja, siksi niiden kanssa
käytetään any-pronominia
anyone, anybody, anything
myönteisissä väitelauseissa
 kuka tahansa
Anybody can learn English.
 mikä tahansa, mitä tahansa
I’ll do anything to pass this course.
No one, nobody = ei kukaan
nothing = ei mikään
 ovat kielteisiä -> ei siis enää toista kieltosanaa
 ei do-apuverbiä
Nothing makes me feel better!
It doesn’t make me feel any better!
 voidaan usein korvata not + any- rakenteella
I saw nobody. = I didn’t see anybody.
He said nothing. = He didn’t say anything.
 Subjektina tai sen osana aina kuitenkin nobody,
no one tai nothing
Nobody answered my question.
Nothing happened.
-thing-loppuiset pronominit
 käytetään myös adjektiivin yhteydessä
There is nothing special in this
sentence.
Say something positive!
no- ja any-pronominit + but/except =
paitsi, (muu) kuin
 no one but = ei kukaan muu kuin
No one but me really knows him.
 anyone but = kukaan muu / ketään muuta kuin
It doesn’t concern anyone but me.
 nothing but = ei muuta kuin
There is nothing left but / except bananas.
 mutta! He was anything but nice!
= kaikkea muuta kuin
some, any, no: adjektiiviset
muodot
 voivat olla yksiköllisiä tai monikollisia
 esiintyvät samanlaisissa lauseissa kuin
vastaavat itsenäiset pronominit
 käytetään myös lyhyissä vastauksissa
Do you have any money? - Yes,
some.
Huom! -No, none.
Ryhmään viittaava of-rakenne
 + ainoastaan adjektiiviset pronominit
some, any ja none
Some of the students stayed home.
= Jotkut opiskelijoista
Huom! One of the students…
= Joku / yksi opiskelijoista
Did you see any of the students?
(yks. tai mon. ) = kukaan / ketkään, mitkään
None of the students stayed home.
(yks. tai mon.) = ei kukaan / eivät ketkään
A few
 käytetään sanojen only, just ja in jäljessä
I met him just a few days earlier.
 Only / Just a few minutes = vain muutama
minuutti
I was gone only a few minutes.
 in a few minutes = muutaman minuutin
kuluttua
The doctor will be with you in a few
minutes.
Any
 myönteisissä lauseissa any =
mikä/mitä tahansa
I could come any day.
 myönteisissä if-lauseissa any =
mitään, yhtään
If you have any questions, don’t
hesitate to ask.
Sanontoja
 (not) any longer / (not) anymore = (ei ) enää
 no longer / no more = ei enää
 no wiser = ei yhtään viisaampi
 anyhow / anyway / in any case = joka
tapauksessa
 any time = milloin tahansa
 some day = jonakin päivänä
 somehow ( or other) = jotenkin, tavalla tai
toisella
 some = noin

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Indefinite pronouns

  • 1. Indefinite pronouns = indefiniittipronominit  ilmaisevat asian jonkinasteista määrää  esim kaikki, jotkut, molemmat, ei kukaan, ei mikään,
  • 2. Itsenäiset eli substantiiviset muodot  -one, -body ja –thing loppuiset muodot  käytetään yksin, ilman substantiivia  -one ja –body loppuiset muodot henkilöistä  - thing loppuiset muodot esineistä ja asioista
  • 3. Itsenäiset eli substantiiviset muodot  ovat yksiköitä -> verbi yksikössä : Everybody is tired?  pronominit kuitenkin: they, them, their, themselves Has everyone done their homework? If anyone calls, tell them I’ll get back to them. Everyone did it themselves.  -one ja –body pronomineilla genetiivimuoto ’s -> somebody’s book,  huom! someone else’s book
  • 4. Adjektiiviset muodot  esim. some, any, no, every, each  käytetään substantiivin kanssa  voivat viitata sekä henkilöihin Some children are noisy.  että asioihin ja esineisiin There is some food on the table.
  • 5. Someone, somebody= joku something= jotakin  lähinnä myönteisissä väitelauseissa Someone is here to see you.  Kysymyksissä, jos oletuksena myönteinen vastaus Is there somebody at the door?
  • 6. Anyone, anybody = kukaan, ketään Anything = mitään  käytetään lähinnä kysymyksissä Is anybody there?  ja kieltolauseissa There’s never anything to eat at this house. siis kieltosana + any-pronomini  Huom! hardly/scarcely = tuskin, seldom/rarely = harvoin ja without = ilman ovat eräänlaisia kieltosanoja, siksi niiden kanssa käytetään any-pronominia
  • 7. anyone, anybody, anything myönteisissä väitelauseissa  kuka tahansa Anybody can learn English.  mikä tahansa, mitä tahansa I’ll do anything to pass this course.
  • 8. No one, nobody = ei kukaan nothing = ei mikään  ovat kielteisiä -> ei siis enää toista kieltosanaa  ei do-apuverbiä Nothing makes me feel better! It doesn’t make me feel any better!  voidaan usein korvata not + any- rakenteella I saw nobody. = I didn’t see anybody. He said nothing. = He didn’t say anything.  Subjektina tai sen osana aina kuitenkin nobody, no one tai nothing Nobody answered my question. Nothing happened.
  • 9. -thing-loppuiset pronominit  käytetään myös adjektiivin yhteydessä There is nothing special in this sentence. Say something positive!
  • 10. no- ja any-pronominit + but/except = paitsi, (muu) kuin  no one but = ei kukaan muu kuin No one but me really knows him.  anyone but = kukaan muu / ketään muuta kuin It doesn’t concern anyone but me.  nothing but = ei muuta kuin There is nothing left but / except bananas.  mutta! He was anything but nice! = kaikkea muuta kuin
  • 11. some, any, no: adjektiiviset muodot  voivat olla yksiköllisiä tai monikollisia  esiintyvät samanlaisissa lauseissa kuin vastaavat itsenäiset pronominit  käytetään myös lyhyissä vastauksissa Do you have any money? - Yes, some. Huom! -No, none.
  • 12. Ryhmään viittaava of-rakenne  + ainoastaan adjektiiviset pronominit some, any ja none Some of the students stayed home. = Jotkut opiskelijoista Huom! One of the students… = Joku / yksi opiskelijoista Did you see any of the students? (yks. tai mon. ) = kukaan / ketkään, mitkään None of the students stayed home. (yks. tai mon.) = ei kukaan / eivät ketkään
  • 13. A few  käytetään sanojen only, just ja in jäljessä I met him just a few days earlier.  Only / Just a few minutes = vain muutama minuutti I was gone only a few minutes.  in a few minutes = muutaman minuutin kuluttua The doctor will be with you in a few minutes.
  • 14. Any  myönteisissä lauseissa any = mikä/mitä tahansa I could come any day.  myönteisissä if-lauseissa any = mitään, yhtään If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask.
  • 15. Sanontoja  (not) any longer / (not) anymore = (ei ) enää  no longer / no more = ei enää  no wiser = ei yhtään viisaampi  anyhow / anyway / in any case = joka tapauksessa  any time = milloin tahansa  some day = jonakin päivänä  somehow ( or other) = jotenkin, tavalla tai toisella  some = noin