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Inca - south America ArtWorks. Meera Ahmed Eissa- Fatma-Meera Salah
- 1. by Meera A Eissa, Meera Salah, Fatma Ahli
- 2. endofchimuoccupation the Chimu occupied the area until 1470 when the Inca defeated them. startofcivilization The Inca civilization flourished in Peru between 1400 and 1533 CE. incaempirefall The Inca Empire fell to the Spanish conquistadores under Francisco Pizarro in 1533 CE, but it had been in decline already for some time.
- 3. The Inca civilization thrived in Peru and neighboring regions from 1400 to 1533 CE, emerging dominant after defeating the Chimu in 1470. The Inca ingeniously utilized the natural landscape to construct mountaintop settlements, intricate road networks, and agricultural terraces and canals. Food held immense significance for the Inca as both a divine gift and a focal point of their lives, with a predominantly vegetarian diet. Their extensive empire was connected by a 25,000-mile road system facilitating rapid communication. They did not have a writing system, the Inca employed a unique record-keeping method called quipu, using knotted strings whose precise information and significance remain uncertain. TEMPLE OF THE SUN IN MACHU PICCHU
- 4. It was an admixture of complex ceremonies, practices, animistic beliefs, varied forms of belief in objects having magical powers, and nature worship—culminating in the worship of the sun. Viracocha - Creator God: Viracocha, worshipped by both Inca and pre-Inca peoples, held titles like Lord Instructor of the World. As the creator of earth, humans, and animals, he played a central role in Andean mythology. Inti - Sun God: Inti, the primary deity in the Inca pantheon, was the sun god bringing warmth to the Andean earth, aiding crop maturity, and revered by farmers. He was represented with a human face on a ray-splayed disk. Apu Illapu - Rain Giver: Apu Illapu, an agricultural deity, was prayed to for rain by common Incas. Temples to Illapu, usually elevated structures, saw pilgrimages and sacrifices during droughts, including human sacrifices in severe crises. Mama Quilla - Moon Mother: Mama Quilla, the wife of the sun god, served as the Moon Mother and regulated women’s menstrual cycles in Inca mythology. VIRACOCHA GOD OF THE INCAS
- 5. Artworks predominantly crafted from precious metals like goldandsilver. Depictions include shapes resembling people or animals, deviating from typical Inca art that avoids portraying plants andanimals. The Inca treated metals differently from stones based on theirbeliefsaboutthenatureofthesematerials. Stones were perceived as living beings, while metals were consideredsacredbutnotliving. Metals' malleability allowed for shaping into anthropomorphic forms, reflecting the Inca's spiritual connectiontomaterials. Artworks convey the Inca's spiritual connection to materials, emphasizing their belief in the agency of materials, particularlygoldrepresentingtearsofthesundeity.
- 6. Kallanka buildings at Machu Picchu served administrative functions. Built with finely carved granite blocks meticulously fitted togetherforasmooth surface,showcasinghigh-qualityInca architecture. Inca buildings were predominantly rectangular, featuring a single entrance and often comprised a single room, with raredividingwalls. Inca structures were notably larger in scale, displaying superior stonework quality compared to other ancient civilizations. Inca buildings emphasized visual balance, texture, and rhythm; stones were cut to fit without binding material, allowing them to bounce back into place during earthquakes. Machu Picchu served a religious role, possibly dedicated to the sun god Inti, reinforcing the power of Pachacuti and the Inca empire while fortifications restricted access to a select few,emphasizingitssacredsignificance.
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- 10. A gold-sheet mask representing the sun god Inti from the La Tolita part of the Inca empire. The design is typical of masks of Inti with zig-zag rays bursting from the head and ending in human faces or figures. Inti was the Inca god of the sun and considered all- powerful but he was also a benevolent god and capable of great generosity. The masks of Inti were typically made of thinly beaten gold and also had the sun's rays bursting from the god's head in a design common in pre-Inca deity masks. These rays were typically cut in a dramatic zig-zag fashion and sometimes ended in a small human face or figure.
- 11. There was no potter's wheel in the ancient Americas and so vessels were made by hand, first creating a base and then laying a coil of clay around it until the vessel reached the size required. large flat serving dishes with animal figure handles, bowls, tall qeros beakers (made in pairs and also in wood), and the paccha. The latter was a hollow tube in the shape of a foot plough, typically decorated with three-dimensional additions such as a corn cob and urpu. The paccha (meaning 'waterfall') was placed into the ground so that maize beer could be ritually poured into it in ceremonies to promote a good harvest.