Identification of medicinal plants

1. Identification of
Medicinal Plants

2. ‘JAGATYEVAM ANOUSHADHAM
NA KINCHIT VIDYATE DRAVYAM
VASHAANNAARTHAYAGAYOH'
"There is nothing in this universe, which is
non-medicinal, which cannot be made use
for many purposes and by many modes.“
പല ആവശ്യങ്ങൾക്കും പല രീതികളിലൂടെയകും
ഉപയയോഗിക്ോൻ കഴിയോത്ത, ഔഷധമല്ലോത്തതോയി ഈ
പ്പപഞ്ചത്തിൽ ഒന്നകമില്ല."

3. PLANT METABOLITES
Primary metabolites
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic Acids
• Amino acids
• Fats
• Lipids
• Proteins
Secondary Metabolites
• Alkaloides
• Polyketides
• Terpenoids
• Isoprenoids
• etc

4. World’s Oldest
Medical system.
Started between
3000-2000 BC.
Using 1800-2000 spp.
8 Sections
120
chapters
6 Sections
186
chapters

5. IDENTITIFICATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS IN CLASSICAL SYSTEMS OF
MEDICINES
LAJJALU

7. SOMA
Sarcostemma acidum
Ephedra distachya
Peganum harmala (Family Nitrariaceae)
Nelumbo nucifera

8. Identification of medicinal Plants
FOLK
TAXONOMY
TRIBAL
TAXONOMY

9. •12 volumes
•742 medicinal plants
•7946 pictures
(KERALARAMAM)
1678-1693
Itty Achuden
Hendric Andrian Van
Rheede (1636-1691)
HORTUS MALABARICUS
Helped by Itty
Achuden Vydyan,
Fr Mathews,
Ranga Bhattan,
Vinayaka Pandithan,
Appu Bhattar

10. Cocos nucifera (Thengu) in Hortus Malabricus

11. Uses mentioned in the text.
The root boiled in water with dry ginger and drunk is useful in
warm fever, the same well crushed and decoction made with
the oil of the fruit or Coco is employed in washing the mouth
for blisters arising in the gum.
The juice squeezed out from tender branches and mixed with
a little honey is applied to eyes in lotion to soothe pain.
Juice pressed out from flowers and given in
cow’s milk is good in Gonorrhoea..

12. 20000-24000 spp.
Medicinal plants : 7800 spp.
(4,635 ethnic communities)
Kerala Flora:
4694 spp. Medicinal
plants: 1876
spp.*
*(2052 spp as per FRLHT)
STATUS OF HERBAL FLORA OF INDIA
World flora: 390800 Plants
(estimated) 281621 (described)

13. Scieintific validation of a plant, Plant
Taxonomy is required.

15. Annuals – Plants completing Its Life Cycle By One
Growing Season
Ephemerals
Biennials
Perennials
Plietesials or Monocarpic

16. Tree

17. Shrub

18. Herbs

19. Repentt Serpent

20. A.Fusiform (Radish); B. Conical (Carrot); C. Napiform (Beet root); D. Root
tuber (Ipomoea batata); E.Fasciculate tubers (Dahlia); F. Nodulose roots
(Kaempferia rotunda); G. Moniliform roots (Janakia); H.
Pneumatophores; I. J. Stilt roots; K. Prop roots; L. Valamen roots; M.
Haustoria; N. Mycorrhizal roots

21. Stem modifications
Underground Sub-aerial Aerial
Rhizome Runner Tendril
Tuber Stolon Thorn
Corm Offsets Phylloclade
Bulb Sucker Cladode
Bulbils

22. Tunicated bulb
Scaly bulb
Rhizome
Tubers
Tunicated bulb
Corm

23. Thorns

24. Phylloclade

25. Cladode

26. Phyllode
Petiole or rachis
modified into a
leaf like structure

27. Tendrils
Modified shoots
Stipular tendrils
Petiolar tendril-Clematis
Root tendrils-Parthenocissus

28. Bulbils

29. SPINES

30. Prickles

32. (Hypopodium)
(Mesopodium)
(Lamina/
Epipodium)

33. Simple Leaf

34. Adaxial side = Upper surface Abaxial side = Lower
surface of leaves

35. Palmately trifoliate
Pinnately trifoliate

37. Palmately lobed leaves

38. Palmately fid leaves

39. PHYLLOTAXY
(leaf arrangements)
Alternate
Opposite deccudate
Opposite Superposed
Ternate Whorled
Spiral
Radical

40. LEAF SHAPES
Broadly elliptic
Elliptic
Ovate
Lancceolate

46. Crenate

47. Crenulate
Denticulate

48. Dentate

49. Doubly Serrate

50. Serrulate

51. Sinuate

52. Undulate

54. Canescent
more or less grey or hoary, or becoming so

55. Hispid: Bearing long, erect, rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch.

56. arachnoid
Cobwebby, from being covered with
fine white hairs.
Tomentose: Covered with wool like
hairs

57. Pilose
covered with
soft, weak, thin
and clearly
separated hairs,
which are
usually defined
as long and
sometimes
ascending

58. Hirsute
Bearing coarse, rough,
longish hairs.

59. Sericeous Hairs : Silky with dense appressed hairs.

60. Setose: Bristle or stiff hairs

61. Pubescence

62. Floccose: covered
with woolly tufts of
hairs that rub off easily

63. Stellate hairs: Star shaped hairs

64. Shaggy Hairs: long rough and
coarse hairs
Lanate hairs: long dense curly
interwoven matted woolly
hairs

66. Fascicled

67. Sapria himalayana
Sapria myanmarensis
Rafflessia arnoldii

69. Raceme Spike

70. Spikee
Catkin
Spike

71. Panicle

72. Simple umbel
Compound umbels

73. Corymbose racemes

74. Capitulum
Phyllaries

75. Cymes
Monochasial cyme
 Helicoid
 Scorpioid
 Riphidium

76. Helicoid Cyme
When all lateral branches developed on the same
side on the peduncle it is called Helicoid cyme

77. Scorpioid Cyme
The lateral branch is alternately develop on left and right side

78. Riphidium: In monochasial cyme all flowers
are borne on same plane (Solanum nigrum)

81. Scape: A stem like flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves

82. Verticillaster inflorescence

84. Hypanthodium

85. Coenanthium

86. Mixed Spadix
Cymose racemes/thyrsus

88. Different types of aestivation of calyx and corolla
A. Valvate. B.Twisted; C.Imbricate; D. Quincuncial; E. Vexillary

90. Pedicellate Subsessile Sessile
Pedicels
distinct,
often
longer than
flowers
Pedicels
much
shorter,
often
shorter
than flower
Pedicels
absent
Flowers

91. Polysepalous Gamosepalous
Accrescent calyx

92. Petaloid sepals

94. Urceolate corolla
Papilonaceous corolla
Salver form

96. Anthers
1. Adnate:

97. in two whorls, the outer alternate
with the petals, the inner opposite
the petals
in two whorls, the outer
opposite with the petals, the
inner alternate with the petals
Green: Outer whorl; White: Inner whorl

104. Different types of Stigma

105. A. Marginal; B. Axile; C.Parietal; D. Free central; E. Superficial; F. Basal

106. Free central

110. Style oblique

111. Style geniculate

114. Stylopodium

116. Berry
Hesperidium
Achene
Drupe
Caryopsis
Fleshy Aggregate fruit

117. Grewia palodensis Santhosh & al. in Rheedea 11(1): 41. 2001.
Lianae; branchlets brown, stellate-tomentose. Leaves 8-12 x 4-6
cm, broadly elliptic or oblong, rounded at base, abruptly
acuminate at apex, crenate-serrate at margins, thin-coriaceous,
stellate- pubescent, sparsely so above and along the nerves
beneath; basally 3-nerved; petiole 0.7-1 cm long, stellate
pubescent; stipules 0.5-0.6 cm long, linear, caduceus.
Inflorescence axillary and terminal, many flowered umbellate
cyme; peduncle 1-3 together, 3-4.5 cm long, stellate pubescent;
bracts 0.5-0.6 cm long, linear, channeled within, puberulent;
pedicels 0.8-1.2 cm long in flower, to 2 cm long in fruits. Flowers
bisexual, 0.8-1 c across. Sepals 5, narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
1.5-1.8 x 0.3cm, grey-white, refluxed and curled, longitudinally
ribbed, stellate –tomentose without, and pubescent at the base
within. Petals 5, linear-oblong, narrow, 05-0.6 cm long, obtuse-
apiculate at apex, base densely appressed pilose, gland to 0.2
cm. Andro-gynophore distinctly 4-grooved, to 2.5 mm; anthers 2-
celled. Ovary globose, villous, to 1 mm long, 4-locular with 1-
ovule in each locule; style 0.6-0.7 cm long, puberulent1/3 from
the base; stigma shallowly 4-5 grooved. Drupes deeply 2-
partite,lobes emarginate, 1.5-2 cm wide, black at maturity,
sparsely stellate pubescent. Pyrenes 2-per lobe, glabrous.