CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. (UNIT -1) SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.B.PHARMACY. EIGHTH SEMESTER. DR.PRISCILLA MARY J., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE.

1. UNIT 1
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
PRESENTER
DR PRISCILLA MARY J
PHARM D

2. DEFINITION
HEALTH:
• WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
• A combination of above three conditions defines the good health.
PHYSICAL
STATUS
MENTAL
STATUS
SOCIAL
STATUS GOOD HEALTH
TRIAD

3. HEALTH
GOOD FEATURES OF HEALTH:
• The person has ability to do work.
• The person feels himself well organized to
take final decisions and work according to
their decision.
• The healthy person remains free from any
disease.
• The healthy person remains in sound mental
condition.

4. ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
MAINTAING GOOD HEALTH
BALANCED DIET
GOOD HABITS
EXERCISE AND REST

7. FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH
HEREDITARY FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
PERSONAL FACTORS

8. CONCEPT OF HEALTH
• Biomedical concept
• Ecological concept
• Psychosocial concept
• Holistic concept
BIOMEDICAL CONCEPT:
• Health means absence of disease, and if someone was
free from disease then that person was considered
healthy.
• This concept is known as biomedical concept and it is
based on germ theory of the disease.

9. CONCEPT OF HEALTH
ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT
• The ecologists put forward this concept.
• Ecologists viewed health as a dynamic
equilibrium between man and his environment
and the disease as a maladjustment of the
human organism to environment.

10. CONCEPT OF HEALTH
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONCEPT
• Advances in social sciences showed that health is
not only a biomedical phenomenon, but one
which is influenced by social, psychological,
cultural, economic and political factors of the
people concerned.
• These factors must be taken into consideration in
defining and measuring health.
• Thus health is both a biological and social
phenomenon.

11. CONCEPT OF HEALTH
HOLISTIC CONCEPT
• It has been variously described as multidimensional
process involving the wellbeing of the person as a
whole.
• The holistic approach implies that all sectors of the
society have an effect on health in particular
agriculture, animal husbandry, food industry,
education, housing, public works and other sectors.

12. CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH:
Public health is what we as a society do collectively to
assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.
DIMENSIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH/ CONCEPTS
1. Preventive Medicine.
2. Social Medicine.
3. Community health or Community Medicine.

13. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE:
• This concept cover the early diagnosis and treatment
of sick persons with the aim of preventing advanced
diseases and in the case of communicable diseases in
preventing the spread within the community.
SOCIAL MEDICINE:
• The objective of social medicine is to identify the
social determinants of health and disease in he
community and to devise mechanisms for alleviating
suffering and illhealth through social polices and
actions.

14. COMMUNITY MEDICINE:
• Refers to services that are provided at the
community level and is now often
encompassed in the new term primary care.
• Community physicians, nurses and other
health care personnel are involved in providing
care at clinics, health centres and in people’s
homes.

15. FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
• Assessing and monitoring of health of the
population.
• Planning, implementing and evaluating public
health programmes.
• Identifying and dealing with environmental
hazards.
• Communicating with people and organizations
to promote public health.

16. 10 ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
RESEARCH
MONITOR
HEALTH
DIAGNOSE AND
INVESTIGATE
INFORM EDUCATE
AND EMPOWER
MOBILIZE
COMMUNITY
PARTNERSHIPS
DEVELOP
POLICIES
ENFORCE LAWS
LINK
PEOPLE
ASSURE
COMPETENT
WORKFORCE
EVALUATE

17. EVALUATIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
• Evaluation program is a systematic way to
improve the public health.
• It is the way for organizations to measure the
outputs, outcomes and any associated impacts
that a project may have in comparison to the
intended goals of such a program.
• Evaluation means planning effective public health
strategies, improving exerting programs and
indicating results of resource investments.

18. TYPES OF EVALUATIONS
1. Plausibility Evaulations.
2. Probability Evaluations.
3. Adequacy Evaluations.
PLAUSIBILITY EVALUATIONS:
• To verify if a program has achieved goals and objectives
while having the power to clarify potential changes as being
effected by intervention activities through the use of a control
group.
• Evaluation is best to include the assessement throughout the
program utilizing all data to perfectly explain.

19. TYPES OF EVALUATIONS
PROBABILITY EVALUATIONS:
• Utilize purposeless control trials and are of the stronger type
of evaluation as they are able to more exactly link cause and
effects and supply the best indicator of an interventions
usefulness.
• This type of evaluations is costly and resource potent with
significant restriction.
ADEQUACY EVALUATION:
• Conducted to verify if programmatic goals and objectives
have been met and are simple as they do not require control
groups.

20. FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRAM
EVALUATION
STEPS
ENGAGE
STAKEHOLDERS
DESCRIBE THE
PROGRAM
FOCUS THE
EVALUATION
DESIGN
GATHER
CREDIBLE
EVIDENCE
JUSTIFY
CONCLUSION
ENSURE USE AND
SHARE LESSONS
LEARNED
STANDARDS
UTILITY
FEASIBILITY
PROPERITY
ACCURACY

21. CONCEPT OF PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF DISEASE
PREVENTION:
Planning for disease prevention and taking
action to prevent onset of disease or health
Problem.
CONTROL:
Containment of a disease, prevention and
intervention measures.

22. CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
DISEASE PREVENTION:
Disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the
occurance of disease such as risk factor reduction but also to arrest
its progress and reduce its consequences once established.
LEVELS OF PREVENTION:
Primordial prevention.
Primary prevention.
Secondary prevention.
Tertiary prevention.
Quaternary prevention.

23. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION:
Prevention of emergence or development of risk
factors in countries or population groups in
which they have not yet appeared.
INTERVENTION: Individual and mass education.
EXAMPLES: National programmes and polices on
Food and nutrition
Against smoking and drugs.
To promote regular physical exercise.

24. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION:
Action taken prior to onset of disease which
removes the possibility that a disease will ever
occur
INTERVENTION:Prepathogenesis stage of disease
MODES OF INTERVENTION:
Health promotion and specific protection.

25. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
Action which halts the progress of the disease at its
Incipient stage and prevents complication.
INTERVENTION: Early pathogenesis stage.
MODES OF INTERVENTION:
Early diagnosis and adequate or prompt treatment.

26. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
TERTIARY PREVENTION:
All measures available to reduce or limit
impairments and disabilities and minimize suffering
caused by existing departments from good health
and to promote the patients adjustment to
irremediable conditions.
INTERVENTION: Late pathogenesis stage.
MODES OF INTERVENTION:
Disability limitations and Rehabilitation.

27. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
QUATERNARY PREVENTION:
The action taken to identify patient at risk of over medicalisation
to protect him from new medical invasion and to suggest to him
interventions which are ethically acceptable. Quaternary
prevention is the set of health activities to mitigate or avoid the
consequences of unnecessary or excessive intervention of the
health system.
INTERVENTION: Health care professionals must be
aware of the consequences of their decisions and include
quaternary prevention interventions in their daily clinical practice
with each patient.

28. CONTROL OF DISEASE
• Control of communicable disease which implies reducing
their occurence has always been a major public health
priority.
DISEASE CONTROL METHODS:
The term disease control describes (ongoing)
operations aimed at reducing.
1.The incidence of disease.
2.The duration of disease and consequently the risk of
transmission.
3.The effects of infection including both the physical and
psychosocial complications
4.The financial burden to the community.

29. CONTROL OF DISEASE
The following methods are used as disease
control methods.
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early detection and treatment.
4. Quarantine and Isolation.

30. HEALTH PROMOTION:
 Health promotion is the process of enabling
people to increase control over and to improve
health.
 It is not directed against any particular disease
but is intended to strengthen the host through a
variety of approaches(intervention)
 The well known interventions in this area
1. Health eduaction
2. Environmental modifications.
3. Nutritional interventions.
4. Lifestyle behavioral changes.

31. SPECIFIC PROTECTION:
• To avoid disease altogether is the ideal but this is
possible only in a limited number of cases.
• The following are some of the currently available
interventions aimed at specific protection.
Immunization.
Use of specific nutrients.
Chemoprophylaxis.
Protection against occupational hazards,
accidents and carcinogens.
Air pollution control.

32. EARLY DETECTION AND TREATMENT:
• They are the main interventions of disease
control.
• The earlier disease is diagnosed and treated
the better it is from the point of view of
prognosis and preventing the occurrence of
further cases or any long term disability.
• It is like stamping out the spark rather than
calling the fire brigade to put out the fire.

33. QUARANTINE AND ISOLATION:
• It helps to protect the public by preventing
exposure to people who have or may have a
contagious disease.
• Isolation separates sick people with a
contagious disease from people who are not
sick.
• Quarantine seperates and restricts the
movement of people who were exposed to a
contagious disease to see if they become sick.

34. SOCIAL CAUSES OF DISEASES
DISEASE: Disease is a malfunction of the body or
Mind. Disease cause symptoms which may be
physical,mental or social.
SOCIAL CAUSE OF DISEASES:
1. Unemployment.
2. Social and cultural change.
3. Life events
4. Health behaviours.
5. People, place and health.

35. SOCIAL CAUSES OF DISEASE
RISK CONDITIONS.
Poverty, Low education, occupational status
Dangerous, stressful work, Dangerous, polluted environment, Discrimination, Low
political and economic power, Large gaps in income, poor housing.
Inadequate access to cheap, healthy food.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS BEHAVIOURAL RISK FACTORS
Hypertension, Hypercholesterolaemia,
Comprised immune system,
Genetic factors.
Smoking, poor diet, No exercise,
Alcohol.
PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS
Isolation, Lack of social support, Low self esteem, self blame,Low
perceived power and control, hopelessness.
HEALTH STATUS

36. SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE SICK
• Sick may be defined as the person who is physically or
mentally ill.
• The difficulties that sick and long term ill people are
facing can be divided into various categories.
1. Education problem.
2. Social Relationship.
3. Employment problem.
4. Transportation problem
5. Loss of independence.
6. Communication problem
7. Dining problem

37. THANK YOU.