Comprehensive details on hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar/ glucose)

2. HYPERGLYCEMIA
GLUCOSE
BLOOD PLASMA

4. Nondiabetic Hyperglycemia
Diabetic Hyperglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
State (HHS)
TYPES

5. Nondiabetic hyperglycemia is a condition where the
blood glucose level is high even though the person
does not have diabetes.
This can happen suddenly during a
major illness or injury, or
over a longer period of time due to a chronic
disease
increase the risk of infections
prevent healing

6. Hyperglycemia usually diabetes, and people with diabetes can
experience hyperglycemia episodes frequently.
This happens when body has
too little/no insulin production – T1DM/ Juvenile Diabetes
body can’t use insulin properly (insulin resistance)- T2DM
Gestational diabetes

7. Occurs in people with diabetes
It occurs when the body cannot use glucose as a fuel source
because therer is no insulin or not enough insulin.
Fat is used for fuel instead.
Byproducts of fat breakdown, called ketones, build up in the
body.

8. It is a condition of
1, Extremely high blood sugar levels
2, Extreme water dehydration
Hyperosmolarity is a condition in which the blood has a high
concentration of salt (Na), glucose and other substances that
normally cause water to move into the bloodstream.
This draws the water out of body’s other organs, including the
brain. Sometimes it can cause coma

9.  Diabetes
Insulin resistance
Medications : corticosteroids, beta blockers, epinephrine,
diuretics, statins, niacin, protease inhibitors, and antipsychotics.
Various (non-diabetic) endocrine disorders (insulin resistance and
thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and pituitary disorders),
Stress - acute stress such as stroke or myocardial infarction

10. Intracranial diseases (e.g. encephalitis, brain tumors
(especially if near the pituitary gland),
Brain haemorrhages
meningitis
end-stage terminal disease
Sepsis and certain infections
prolonged/major surgeries
excessive eating, severe stress, and physical trauma.

11. MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR
HYPERGLYCEMIA
• Weight more than 120% of the desired body weight
• Family history of type 2 diabetes
• Native Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, Pacific
Islanders, or African Americans
• Presence of hyperlipidemia or hypertension
• History of gestational diabetes
• Presence of polycystic ovarian syndrome

12. The following symptoms may be associated with acute or chronic hyperglycemia,
with the first three composing the classic hyperglycemic triad:
Polyphagia – frequent hunger, especially pronounced hunger
Polydipsia – frequent thirst, especially excessive thirst
Polyuria – increased volume of urination (not an increased frequency, although it
is a common consequence)
High blood glucose
High levels of glucose in the urine

13.  Restlessness
 Weight loss or weight gain
 Poor wound healing (cuts, scrapes, etc.)
 Dry mouth
 Dry or itchy skin
 Tingling in feet or heels
 Erectile dysfunction
 Recurrent infections, external ear
infections (swimmer's ear)
 Delayed gastric emptying
 Cardiac arrhythmia
 Stupor
 Coma
 Seizures
 Abnormal movements
 Blurred vision
 Fatigue

14. Ketoacidosis
Kussmaul hyperventilation (deep, rapid breathing)
Confusion or a decreased level of consciousness
Dehydration due to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis
Increased thirst
'Fruity' smelling breath odour
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Impairment of cognitive function, along with increased sadness and
anxiety
Weight loss

15. Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)/ hyperosmolar non-ketotic
state (HONK)
Heart diseases
Immunosuppression
increased infections
osmotic diuresis
delayed wound healing
delayed gastric emptying

16.  Monitoring – monitor blood glucose levels
measured in either
1, Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) is the SI standard unit used in most countries
around the world.
2, Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
Normal range for most people (fasting adults) is about
4 to 6 mmol/L or 80 to 110 mg/dL (where 4 mmol/L or 80 mg/dL is
"optimal".)
a consistent range above 7 mmol/L or 126 mg/dL is generally held to have
hyperglycemia
consistent range below 4 mmol/L or 70 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemic
 Clinical urine tests which can detect sugar in the urine or microalbuminuria
 HbA1c test - Chronic hyperglycemia

18. Elimination of the underlying cause, such as diabetes.
Acute hyperglycemia can be treated by direct administration of insulin in
most cases.
Severe hyperglycemia can be treated with oral hypoglycemic therapy and
lifestyle modification
Combination of proper diet, regular exercise, and insulin or other
medication such as metformin, etc
Hyperglycaemia can be treated using sulphonylureas or metformin or both -
improving glycaemic control
Increasing aerobic exercise to at least 30 minutes a day

19. Calorie monitoring
Diets higher in healthy unsaturated fats and whole wheat carbohydrates -
Mediterranean diet
Diets such as intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet help reduce calorie
consumption
Carbohydrates are the main cause for hyperglycemia—non-whole-wheat items
should be substituted for whole-wheat items.
fruit intake should be limited due to high sugar content