The document presents a comprehensive overview of hydropower, including its definition, mechanisms, types of plants, and both advantages and disadvantages. It discusses the environmental impacts, methods to mitigate negative effects, and the potential for hydropower generation in India. The conclusion reflects on the practical experience gained from creating a dynamic model of hydropower and the relevance of various engineering concepts applied in the project.

1. A Project on Hydropower
¤ PRESENTED BY:
Piyali Goswami

2. Table of contents:
• Introduction
• What’s Hydroelectricity?
• How Hydropower Works?
• Essential Element of a Hydropower Plant
• Classification of Hydropower Electric Plant
• Show a Dynamic model of Hydel Power
• Procedure of the Making Model
• Equipment
• Some View of the Project
• Advantage
• Disadvantage
• Effect
• Methods to alleviate the negative impact
• Continent Wide distribution
• Conclusion

3. Introduction:
• Like most other renewable, water powers indirect
solar power. Unlike most of the others, it is already a
major contributor to world energy supplies. Hydro-
electricity power is a well-established
technology, which has been producing firm power at
competitive prices for about a century.

4. What is Hydroelectricity?
• When we use the energy in flowing water to produce
electricity, we call it Hydroelectricity.
• The name comes from the Greek word for water,
‘hydro’. Hydroelectricity makes a major contribution
to the world’s energy supplies –more than any other
kind of renewable energy resource.

5. How Hydropower Works:
 Water from the
reservoir flows due to
gravity to drive the
turbine.
 Turbine is connected to
a generator.
 Power generated is
transmitted over power
lines.

6. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT:-

7. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS:-
According to the availability of head
1.High head power plants
2. Medium head power plants
3.Low head power plants
 According to the nature of load
1. Base load plants
2.Peak load plants
 According to quantity of water available
1. Run of river plant without poundage
2. Run of river plant with poundage
3. Hydroelectric plants with storage reservoirs
4. Pump storage plants
5. Mini and micro Hydel plants

8. A dynamic model of Hydel POWER:

9. PROCEDURE OF MAKING THE MODEL
(FLOW CHAT):-
PLANE THE BOTH SIDES OF
THE WOODEN BAR BY
USING FILE
CREATE A HOLE IN BOTH
BARS WHICH DIMENSION IS
SIMILAR TO THE BEARING
SMALL WOODEN BAR IS
USED TO SUPPORT THOSE
BAR & MAKE IT AS A STAND
INDIVIDUALLY BY USING
PINS & HAMMER
THE SHAFT IS PUSHED
THROUGH THE HOLE OF THE
RUNNER
THE SPOONS WHICH WILL
ACT AS BLADES ARE
ATTACHED TO THE RUNNER
THE SHAFT & TWO STANDS
ARE ATTACHED WITH
PROPER ACCURACY
THE LARGER PULLEY IS
ATTACHED WITH THE ONE
END OF SHAFT
THE MOTOR IS ATTACHED
WITH THE WOODEN STAND
BY THE HELP OF CLAMP &
SCREW
ANOTHER SMALLER PULLEY
IS ATTACHED WITH THE
MOTOR
BOTH THE PULLEY ARE
CONNECTED BY THE BELT
PULLEY DRIVE
ONE RESERVOIR IS
ATTACHED OVER THE TABLE
& ANOTHER IS UNDER THE
STAND
ATLAST THE PUMP IS
SUBMERGED BELOW WATER
LEVEL & A PIPE GO TO THE
UPPER RESERVAR FROM THE
PUMP

10. Equipment:-
 TWO RESERVOIRS (MADE
OF PLASTIC)
 TWO WOODEN BARS
(SAME IN SIZE)
 ONE HOLLOW SHAFT
(MADE OF AL & DIA 1.2
M.M.)
 TWO PLASTIC PULLEYS
 ONE PUMP
 ONE TURBINE (RUNNER)
 FIVE SPOONS (BLADE OF
TURBINE)
 ONE MOTOR (500 R.P.M.)
 SOME PINS (TEN 1 inch &
TEN 2 inch)
 SOME SMALL WOODEN
BARS
 SHEET METAL
 ONE SMALL BELT DRIVE
 TWO BEARING

11. TOP VIEW OF STAND FRONT VIEW OF STAND TURBINE & SHAFT
OVER AL VIEW OF STAND,PULLEYS,TURBINE
&MOTOR………..
BLADES OF THE TURBINE PULLEYS

12. ADVANTAGES:
Environmental Benefits of Hydro
• No operational greenhouse gas emissions
• Savings (kg of CO2 per MHz of electricity):
– Coal 1000 kg
– Oil 800 kg
– Gas 400 kg
• No SO2 or NOX
Non-environmental benefits
– Flood
control, irrigation, transportation, fisheries and
– Tourism.

13. Disadvantages:-
• The loss of land under the reservoir.
• Interference with the transport of sediment by the
dam.
• Problems associated with the reservoir.
– Climatic and seismic effects.
– Impact on aquatic ecosystems, flora and fauna.

14. Effects:-
• Capture of sediment decreases the fertility downstream as a long
term effect.
• It also leads to deprivation of sand to beaches in coastal areas.
• If the water is diverted out of the basin, there might be salt water
intrusion into the inland from the ocean, as the previous balance
between this salt water and upstream fresh water in altered.
• It may lead to changes in the ecology of the estuary area and lead
to decrease in agricultural productivity.
Climatic and Seismic effects:-
• It is believed that large reservoirs induce have the potential to
induce earthquakes.
• In tropics, existence of man-made lakes decreases the convective
activity and reduces cloud cover. In temperate regions, fog forms
over the lake and along the shores when the temperature falls to
zero and thus increases humidity in the nearby area.

15. Methods to alleviate the negative
impact:
• Creation of ecological reserves.
• Limiting dam construction to allow substantial
free flowing water.
• Building sluice gates and passes that help
prevent fishes getting trapped.

16. The Indian Scenario:
• The potential is about 84000 MW at 60% load factor
spread across six major basins in the country.
• Pumped storage sites have been found recently
which leads to a further addition of a maximum of
94000 MW.
• Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units
per year though with seasonal energy the value
crosses600 billion mark.
• The possible installed capacity is around 150000 MW
(Based on the report submitted by CEA to the
Ministry of Power)

17. Continent Wide distribution

18. CONCLUSION:
• BASICALLY WE CAME ACROSS THE MAKING
OF““A dynamic model of hydel power”
• I ALSO FOUND OPPURTUNITY TO GO
THROUGH THE VARIOUS TYPES OF
INSTRUMENTS, MACHINES USED BY THE
COLLEGE FOR MAKING THE PRODUCT.
• THIS PROJECT GAVE ME A FARE CHANCE TO
REFRESH OUR SKILLS IN DIFFERENT
SUBJECTS. IT WAS A WORTHFUL
EXPERIENCE WHICH HELPED ME TO
CORRELATE MY THEORETICAL
CONCEPTIONS WITH PRACTICAL ONES.

19. Reference:
• BOOKS:-
• “Power Plant Engineering” by P.K. Nag.
• “Power Plant Engineering by” R.K. Rajput.
• “Power Plant Engineering” by Arora & Domkundwar.
• “Power Plant Engineering by” Black & Vitch.
• “Power Plant Engineering” by Manoj Kumar Gupta.
• “Hydroelectric Power Station” by David Barker.
• “Hydroelectric Power” by Josepha Sherman.
• Webs:
• www.ept.ntnu.no/vk/publikasjoner/pdf/ArneKjolle/chapter7
• Vomit Siemens Hydropower generation
• http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_turbine_types
• http://hydropower.inel.gov/turbines/pdfs/doeid-13741.pdf
• http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_history.html
• http://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/texts/hydropower.htm
• http://www.groept.be/dam/HYDROpower.htm
• http://www.wvic.com/hydro-works.htm
• http://www.nju.edu.cn/njuc/dikexi/earthscience/chp6/dqkx3-1.htm
• http://ncert.nic.in/sites/learning%20basket/energy10class/hydropower.htm
• http://www.agro-labs.ac.cn/21c/jpg/2-1-5.jpg
• http://www3.nstm.gov.tw/review/exhibit/0822_1/04/04-1.htm
• http://vancouver.indymedia.org/?q=node/2544
• http://www.powerfoo.com/slzy.html
• www.answers.com