How important is Efficiency in any Organization? “Estimating the Efficiency Reform of Power Distribution Companies in Punjab Province, Pakistan” (LESCO, FESCO & IESCO)
A Review of Restructured Power Development and Reform Programme in Indiaijiert bestjournal
The power sector is one of the most important infrastructural aspec ts of the Indian economy. But of late,it has been facing some serious problems such as old worn-out and poor distributi on network leading to frequent outages,skewed tariff structure,huge Transmission & Distribution (T &D) losses largely due to outright theft & unmetered supply,high LT/HT line ratio,overloaded DT/ Lines,lack of accountability at feeder level and in distribution setup of State Electricity Boards (SEBs). Henc e,the Government identified Distribution Reforms as the key area to bring about the efficiency & commerc ial availability into the power sector. The Government took various initiatives in this direction;one of these is the introduction of Accelerated Power Development Programme (APDP) in February,2000. The main objective of thi s programme was to initiate a financial turnaround in the performance of the State owned power sector .
Efficacy of Power Distribution Companies (PDCs): A Review of Selected StudiesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The electricity distribution sector plays a vital role in the modern economy, and the efficiency
of power distribution companies (PDCs) has a significant impact on the cost of electricity and the reliability of
the power supply. This paper reviews selected review papers on the efficacy of PDCs and identifies key factors
that affect their performance. The review finds that the efficiency of PDCs is influenced by several factors,
including the regulatory environment, the structure of the electricity market, and the technological capabilities
of the companies. The paper also identifies several challenges faced by PDCs in improving their efficiency, such
as the need to invest in new technologies and the need to manage the increasing electricity demand. The findings
of this review can be used to inform policymakers and regulators in their efforts to improve the efficiency of
PDCs and, in turn, the overall performance of the electricity distribution sector.
KEYWORDS: power distribution companies (PDCs), AT&C Losses, Power Sector Reform, KPIs.
Barriers, Drivers and Policy Options For Improving Industrial Energy Efficien...CSCJournals
Energy demand in Pakistan is far greater than its indigenous energy supply, leading to prevailing energy crises in the country. The industrial sector, as one of the largest consumers of energy in Pakistan has significant potential for widespread adoption of energy efficiency measures. However, past policies and plans on energy efficiency have not been widely adopted by the industrial sector of Pakistan. This paper identifies and addresses policy-related implementation and institutional gaps. A questionnaire used to collect data from the target group, selected from concerned government organizations, industry and academics in Pakistan. The results indicates the existence of economic, technical and organizational barriers to industrial energy efficiency and highlights stakeholders opinion about policy tools that can be adopted for promoting industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. Based on results analysis, the paper explores key barriers and drivers to industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. The paper also investigates that there is great scope for adoption of voluntary policy tools linked with incentive-based mechanism in energy intensive industries of Pakistan.
An Investigative and Comprehensive Study about Deregulation (Restructuring) o...ijeei-iaes
This paper is a discussion about the introduction of restructuring and deregulation in Indian Power System. In modern era, deregulation has an important impact on power sector. In this paper, recent use of deregulation in Indian Power Sector has been described and measures to be taken in order to improve deregulation are also suggested.
Case 1 Why shareholders wealth maximization value maximization is c.pdfrahulfancycorner21
Case 1 Why shareholders wealth maximization /value maximization is considered as better
objective of financial management instead of profit maximization and how do we calculate
shareholders wealth? In the pre reform era, State Electricity Board in Odisha was incurring huge
transmission and distribution (T&D) losses eroding its financial health. State government
initiated reforms to transform the state-owned electricity sector into decentralized, market
oriented industry with private sector participation. Odisha was the first State in the country to
undertake such reform and restructure its power sector in 1996 in order to make power supply
more efficient and also to meet the investment needs of the sector. The reforms led to setting up
of Odisha Electricity Regulatory Commission (OERC). OERC was the first of its kind in the
country to be created in the electricity sector. Post reform, OERC has done pioneering work and
has framed regulations as required under Section 185 of the Electricity Act. The Orissa State
Electricity Board which was a monolithic organisation, looking after generation, transmission
and distribution of power was unbundled. In the reform process, distribution system was
entrusted to three private companies. The Distribution Licensee operating in Odisha namely
NESCO, WESCO and SOUTHCO are carrying out the business of distribution and retail supply
of electricity in their licensed areas. Since the reform, consumer base has doubled. The count of
electricity consumers in the state is expected to reach 9.6 million in FY19, from 5.8 million by
the end of 2014-15. However, almost half of the households still lack access to the electricity.
The growth in electricity demand is slated to be the most in 2015-19, pegged to grow at 9.86 per
cent. This is more than double the growth of 4.11 per cent that the state logged during 2010- 15.
A report says there is substantial investment in Capital Expenditure (capex). Distribution
companies (discoms) in the state have spent Rs.550 crore on Capex programme with an aim to
prune high AT&C (aggregate technical & commercial) losses. It would be pertinent to analyse
the performance of distribution companies during the regulatory regime relating to important
parameters of performance. Following table provides summary of performance. Performance of
distribution companies in terms of distribution loss, AT&C loss and collection efficiency
DISCOMS Year CESU WESCO NESCO SOUTHCO ALL 1999-00 2011-12 Difference 1999-
00 2011-12 Difference 1999-00 2011-12 Difference 1999-00 2011-12 Difference 1999-00 2011-
12 Difference Distribution Collection Loss (%) Efficiency (%) 69.72 97.14 27.42 83.36 97.13
13.77 79.37 100 20.63 -21.13 78.75 54.2 97.8 47.6 19.05 -6.6 77.19 56.71 98.08 39.73 20.89 -
16.98 44.89 38.3 -6.59 44.17 38.89 -5.28 43.35 34.28 -9.07 41.84 46.42 4.58 43.91 38.55 -5.36
AT&C Loss (%) 61.58 39.97 -21.61 53.46 40.6 -12.86 55.04 33.91 There has been a unique
episode in the history of Odisha State pow.
A Review of Restructured Power Development and Reform Programme in Indiaijiert bestjournal
The power sector is one of the most important infrastructural aspec ts of the Indian economy. But of late,it has been facing some serious problems such as old worn-out and poor distributi on network leading to frequent outages,skewed tariff structure,huge Transmission & Distribution (T &D) losses largely due to outright theft & unmetered supply,high LT/HT line ratio,overloaded DT/ Lines,lack of accountability at feeder level and in distribution setup of State Electricity Boards (SEBs). Henc e,the Government identified Distribution Reforms as the key area to bring about the efficiency & commerc ial availability into the power sector. The Government took various initiatives in this direction;one of these is the introduction of Accelerated Power Development Programme (APDP) in February,2000. The main objective of thi s programme was to initiate a financial turnaround in the performance of the State owned power sector .
Efficacy of Power Distribution Companies (PDCs): A Review of Selected StudiesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The electricity distribution sector plays a vital role in the modern economy, and the efficiency
of power distribution companies (PDCs) has a significant impact on the cost of electricity and the reliability of
the power supply. This paper reviews selected review papers on the efficacy of PDCs and identifies key factors
that affect their performance. The review finds that the efficiency of PDCs is influenced by several factors,
including the regulatory environment, the structure of the electricity market, and the technological capabilities
of the companies. The paper also identifies several challenges faced by PDCs in improving their efficiency, such
as the need to invest in new technologies and the need to manage the increasing electricity demand. The findings
of this review can be used to inform policymakers and regulators in their efforts to improve the efficiency of
PDCs and, in turn, the overall performance of the electricity distribution sector.
KEYWORDS: power distribution companies (PDCs), AT&C Losses, Power Sector Reform, KPIs.
Barriers, Drivers and Policy Options For Improving Industrial Energy Efficien...CSCJournals
Energy demand in Pakistan is far greater than its indigenous energy supply, leading to prevailing energy crises in the country. The industrial sector, as one of the largest consumers of energy in Pakistan has significant potential for widespread adoption of energy efficiency measures. However, past policies and plans on energy efficiency have not been widely adopted by the industrial sector of Pakistan. This paper identifies and addresses policy-related implementation and institutional gaps. A questionnaire used to collect data from the target group, selected from concerned government organizations, industry and academics in Pakistan. The results indicates the existence of economic, technical and organizational barriers to industrial energy efficiency and highlights stakeholders opinion about policy tools that can be adopted for promoting industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. Based on results analysis, the paper explores key barriers and drivers to industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. The paper also investigates that there is great scope for adoption of voluntary policy tools linked with incentive-based mechanism in energy intensive industries of Pakistan.
An Investigative and Comprehensive Study about Deregulation (Restructuring) o...ijeei-iaes
This paper is a discussion about the introduction of restructuring and deregulation in Indian Power System. In modern era, deregulation has an important impact on power sector. In this paper, recent use of deregulation in Indian Power Sector has been described and measures to be taken in order to improve deregulation are also suggested.
Case 1 Why shareholders wealth maximization value maximization is c.pdfrahulfancycorner21
Case 1 Why shareholders wealth maximization /value maximization is considered as better
objective of financial management instead of profit maximization and how do we calculate
shareholders wealth? In the pre reform era, State Electricity Board in Odisha was incurring huge
transmission and distribution (T&D) losses eroding its financial health. State government
initiated reforms to transform the state-owned electricity sector into decentralized, market
oriented industry with private sector participation. Odisha was the first State in the country to
undertake such reform and restructure its power sector in 1996 in order to make power supply
more efficient and also to meet the investment needs of the sector. The reforms led to setting up
of Odisha Electricity Regulatory Commission (OERC). OERC was the first of its kind in the
country to be created in the electricity sector. Post reform, OERC has done pioneering work and
has framed regulations as required under Section 185 of the Electricity Act. The Orissa State
Electricity Board which was a monolithic organisation, looking after generation, transmission
and distribution of power was unbundled. In the reform process, distribution system was
entrusted to three private companies. The Distribution Licensee operating in Odisha namely
NESCO, WESCO and SOUTHCO are carrying out the business of distribution and retail supply
of electricity in their licensed areas. Since the reform, consumer base has doubled. The count of
electricity consumers in the state is expected to reach 9.6 million in FY19, from 5.8 million by
the end of 2014-15. However, almost half of the households still lack access to the electricity.
The growth in electricity demand is slated to be the most in 2015-19, pegged to grow at 9.86 per
cent. This is more than double the growth of 4.11 per cent that the state logged during 2010- 15.
A report says there is substantial investment in Capital Expenditure (capex). Distribution
companies (discoms) in the state have spent Rs.550 crore on Capex programme with an aim to
prune high AT&C (aggregate technical & commercial) losses. It would be pertinent to analyse
the performance of distribution companies during the regulatory regime relating to important
parameters of performance. Following table provides summary of performance. Performance of
distribution companies in terms of distribution loss, AT&C loss and collection efficiency
DISCOMS Year CESU WESCO NESCO SOUTHCO ALL 1999-00 2011-12 Difference 1999-
00 2011-12 Difference 1999-00 2011-12 Difference 1999-00 2011-12 Difference 1999-00 2011-
12 Difference Distribution Collection Loss (%) Efficiency (%) 69.72 97.14 27.42 83.36 97.13
13.77 79.37 100 20.63 -21.13 78.75 54.2 97.8 47.6 19.05 -6.6 77.19 56.71 98.08 39.73 20.89 -
16.98 44.89 38.3 -6.59 44.17 38.89 -5.28 43.35 34.28 -9.07 41.84 46.42 4.58 43.91 38.55 -5.36
AT&C Loss (%) 61.58 39.97 -21.61 53.46 40.6 -12.86 55.04 33.91 There has been a unique
episode in the history of Odisha State pow.
This report on “Energy Efficiency in India: PAT Scheme - Success and Failures”, prepared by Tata Strategic Management Group, has a holistic view on the current state of energy efficiency and energy management in India. The focus of this report is on identifying key challenges faced by designated consumers in implementation of PAT Cycle I and how a collaborative effort in the right direction could ensure fast adoption of EE and robust energy management in India. It would gear India towards reducing energy intensity of the future growth, one of the prime objectives under NAPCC
Varanasi Power Distribution Franchisee Model, 2015TechSci Research
High aggregate technical and commercial losses, distribution losses and electricity thefts in Varanasi district call for implementation of Power Distribution Franchise Model
The study assessed the effect of power supply on the performance of Abuja Electricity Company of
Nigeria (Kogi, Niger, Nassarwa and Abuja). The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the
study consists of 6012 SMEs in Kogi, Niger
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AT KENYA POWER ...Gabriel Lubale
Kenya Power’s recent corporate performance has been strongly influenced by challenges arising from deficiencies in the performance and capabilities of its bulk power suppliers. The general objective of the study was to determine the effects of supplier development on organizational performance at Kenya Power. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study’s target population was 474 members. The researcher employed the cluster sampling procedure and a sample size of 142 respondents. The researcher used a structured questionnaire administered in three mailings. The researcher processed and analyzed the field data collected using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22. The descriptive statistics used were mean and standard deviation. Multiple regression analysis was used to model the relationship between organizational performance and the 3 independent variables. The descriptive statistics revealed that the study’s respondents agreed that supplier evaluation, supplier incentives and supplier partnership positively affected organizational performance at Kenya Power. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive correlation between each of the study’s independent variables and organizational performance with the respective r values all being high (range +0.281 to +0.366). The computed value was 0.147 indicating that 14.7% variation in organizational performance at Kenya Power could be explained by the combined variations in the study’s 3 independent variables. The study’s regression model showed that all the three independent variables had a positive relationship with the dependent variable. ANOVA, at a 95 % confidence level, yielded a computed p-value of 0.007 (which was less than the alpha (α) value of 0.05) and a high computed F-Test ratio value of 0.875. The regression model was thus determined to be statistically significant in predicting how supplier development affects organizational performance at Kenya Power. The study recommends that: Kenya Power intensifies and broadens the supplier evaluation and supplier incentivization aspects of its supplier development practices; and that the GoK, through ERC and MoEP, pursue policies that promote competitiveness amongst Kenya Power’s IPP supply base.
Black book project on power generation companyAkash Gupta
To study the performance and analyze the valuation of power generation Companies namely NHPC and its peer company like Tata Power, Neyveli Lignite, and Reliance power.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
This paper is related with the importance of the energy policy and renewable energy which play a important role in the development of the environmental benefits. India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources and it is one of the largest countries in the world for deploying renewable energy. This paper attempts to review the policies and planning measures undertaken by the Indian government for promotion of renewable energy. Low impact renewable energy (LIRE) technologies offer important benefits compared to conventional energy sources, such as fossil fuels or nuclear power. However due to their uncertainty different kinds of renewable-energy resources need to be operated in an integrated way, which complement each other. Global electricity demand is expected to increase considerably during the next decade and at the same time environmental pollution is also increasing with the development of conventional energy source. To meet the challenges for global energy demand various support schemes, policies and planning to promote use of renewable energy sources are discussed in this paper.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Implementation Of Digitalization Supply Chain Helps in Gaining of Competitive...NAUMAN MUSHTAQ (KHOKHAR)
Implementation Of Digitalization Supply Chain Helps in Gaining of Competitive Advantages as Mediating Role in the Supply Chain Performance in Construction Organization in Pakistan
Access and Secure Storage Based Block Chain Scheme with IPFS Implemented in E...NAUMAN MUSHTAQ (KHOKHAR)
Journal
Journal of Networking and Communication Systems
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
19-24
Publisher
Resbee Publishers https://publisher.resbee.org/jnacs/archive/v5i4/a2.html
More Related Content
Similar to How important is Efficiency in any Organization? “Estimating the Efficiency Reform of Power Distribution Companies in Punjab Province, Pakistan” (LESCO, FESCO & IESCO)
This report on “Energy Efficiency in India: PAT Scheme - Success and Failures”, prepared by Tata Strategic Management Group, has a holistic view on the current state of energy efficiency and energy management in India. The focus of this report is on identifying key challenges faced by designated consumers in implementation of PAT Cycle I and how a collaborative effort in the right direction could ensure fast adoption of EE and robust energy management in India. It would gear India towards reducing energy intensity of the future growth, one of the prime objectives under NAPCC
Varanasi Power Distribution Franchisee Model, 2015TechSci Research
High aggregate technical and commercial losses, distribution losses and electricity thefts in Varanasi district call for implementation of Power Distribution Franchise Model
The study assessed the effect of power supply on the performance of Abuja Electricity Company of
Nigeria (Kogi, Niger, Nassarwa and Abuja). The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the
study consists of 6012 SMEs in Kogi, Niger
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AT KENYA POWER ...Gabriel Lubale
Kenya Power’s recent corporate performance has been strongly influenced by challenges arising from deficiencies in the performance and capabilities of its bulk power suppliers. The general objective of the study was to determine the effects of supplier development on organizational performance at Kenya Power. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study’s target population was 474 members. The researcher employed the cluster sampling procedure and a sample size of 142 respondents. The researcher used a structured questionnaire administered in three mailings. The researcher processed and analyzed the field data collected using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22. The descriptive statistics used were mean and standard deviation. Multiple regression analysis was used to model the relationship between organizational performance and the 3 independent variables. The descriptive statistics revealed that the study’s respondents agreed that supplier evaluation, supplier incentives and supplier partnership positively affected organizational performance at Kenya Power. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive correlation between each of the study’s independent variables and organizational performance with the respective r values all being high (range +0.281 to +0.366). The computed value was 0.147 indicating that 14.7% variation in organizational performance at Kenya Power could be explained by the combined variations in the study’s 3 independent variables. The study’s regression model showed that all the three independent variables had a positive relationship with the dependent variable. ANOVA, at a 95 % confidence level, yielded a computed p-value of 0.007 (which was less than the alpha (α) value of 0.05) and a high computed F-Test ratio value of 0.875. The regression model was thus determined to be statistically significant in predicting how supplier development affects organizational performance at Kenya Power. The study recommends that: Kenya Power intensifies and broadens the supplier evaluation and supplier incentivization aspects of its supplier development practices; and that the GoK, through ERC and MoEP, pursue policies that promote competitiveness amongst Kenya Power’s IPP supply base.
Black book project on power generation companyAkash Gupta
To study the performance and analyze the valuation of power generation Companies namely NHPC and its peer company like Tata Power, Neyveli Lignite, and Reliance power.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
This paper is related with the importance of the energy policy and renewable energy which play a important role in the development of the environmental benefits. India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources and it is one of the largest countries in the world for deploying renewable energy. This paper attempts to review the policies and planning measures undertaken by the Indian government for promotion of renewable energy. Low impact renewable energy (LIRE) technologies offer important benefits compared to conventional energy sources, such as fossil fuels or nuclear power. However due to their uncertainty different kinds of renewable-energy resources need to be operated in an integrated way, which complement each other. Global electricity demand is expected to increase considerably during the next decade and at the same time environmental pollution is also increasing with the development of conventional energy source. To meet the challenges for global energy demand various support schemes, policies and planning to promote use of renewable energy sources are discussed in this paper.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
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To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
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Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
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NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
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Journal
Journal of Networking and Communication Systems
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
19-24
Publisher
Resbee Publishers https://publisher.resbee.org/jnacs/archive/v5i4/a2.html
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
How important is Efficiency in any Organization? “Estimating the Efficiency Reform of Power Distribution Companies in Punjab Province, Pakistan” (LESCO, FESCO & IESCO)
2. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
45
distribution, also including the price discrimination between various sectors of the economy,
different consuming groups, and miscellaneous geographical regions (Aziz & Ahmad, 2015),
Electric power rates below the marginal cost of production, and very huge transmission and
distribution faults & losses, the objectives of trying to introduce are increased the efficiency of
power generation, transmission, and distribution while decreasing losses, create a pricing
mechanism that reflects marginal costs and encourages energy efficiency to provide improved
investment and energy security and reduce price differentials to improve electricity usage
efficiency.
The WAPDA Act created the legal basis for unbundling the power market and determined
its policy paradigm. Pre-reform, the power market was centrally managed. After the
improvements, the vertically merged WAPDA was unbundled into divisions for generating,
transmission, and distribution utilities (DISCOs). NEPRA was created in 1998 to control the whole
power market. The DISCOs were subsequently subject to cost-of-service regulation (NEPRA,
2021), and independent power producers were authorized to generate energy in the private sector
(IPPs). Although the competition was established in energy production and distribution,
transmission remained a natural monopoly (Khan, 2014). DISCOs are publicly owned electric
utilities that sell power within their service territories. Despite these changes, the electricity market
in Punjab Pakistan is plagued by worsening financial indicators, a widening demand & supply gap,
a lackness of operational capacity, and insufficient generation capability. Including Punjab
Pakistan's electricity production is mainly fueled by fossil fuels, which reduces margins (NEPRA
2021). Generation and distribution losses may enhance the circular debt. In Punjab Pakistan, poor
administration, management, and institutional cooperation may cause the power market
inefficiency (Ullah et al., 2021). Despite new reforms, Pakistan including the Punjab energy
industry faces major problems (Malik et al., 2021). Pakistan's power market reform began
approximately 40 years ago. It is time to evaluate the reform’s success or failure in providing
continuous power for economic operations in a growing nation like Punjab Pakistan. A several
studies & researches have empirically analyzed the reforming process and the effectiveness of
advance-reform energy markets at worldwide level (Kirkpatrick et al., 2020). Moreover, this
present study now aims to check the efficiency of electric power distribution companies in Punjab,
Pakistan.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the 1980s, structural reforms in electricity markets around the world included
unbundling state-owned utilities; establishing independent regulatory bodies; privatizing
generation and distribution companies; creating an electricity market; and granting competition
between generation, distribution, and electricity market segments (Qazi et al., 2018). The reform
process across nations demands upgrades for maximum productivity benefits (Nepal et al., 2020).
Effective electrical market changes reduce costs, increase service quality, and improve system
dependability and security (Foster et al., 2020). Reforms enhance efficiency by lowering
transmission faults and system losses (Sultana et al., 2016). Pakistan reformed its power system to
supply dependable, inexpensive energy like other nations. These reforms included the introducing
of an independent law & regulatory agency, vertical segregating of state-owned companies
3. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
46
(changing the monopoly model to a single buyer model), and policy adjustments to boost market
performance (Qazi et al., 2017). After these changes, Pakistan established the WAPDA Act to
obtain the operational, financial, and managerial efficiency by reducing margins, system losses &
faults, and sectoral pricing discrepancies. The WAPDA Act aimed to stimulate new investment in
a sector hampered by overstaffing of employees, bad corruption, politically pressures, low service
quality, and inadequate billing collection (Malik et al., 2021). WAPDA was split into four
generating firms, one transmission business, and eight distribution companies (DISCOs). NEPRA
was created to foster competition in the energy sector and protect the interests of consumers,
producers, and sellers (Malik, 2021). PEPCO Management was enlisted as a private limited
company to guide, manage, and supervise the government's business & commercial operations
(Ullah et al., 2021). Several studies have analyzed Pakistan's electrical market problems and
production and distribution businesses. (Nawaz et al., 2021). Several researchers tell us that poor
reform implementation is a significant source of the electricity market's issues (Zameer et al.,
2021). This chapter uses sectoral factors to analyze the performance and efficiency of Pakistan's
electricity generating, transmission, and distribution sectors. This investigation will help
policymakers identify important concerns that hinder an efficient and sustainable power system.
METHODOLOGY
In this part, we will discuss the description of the study, which will include topics such as
the research design, population, sample size and procedure, data gathering methods, and data
analysis Strategies.
Design of Model Mathematically
The DEA-based performance model that is used in the process to monitor the effectiveness
of the collaborations is the one that proposed, 18 which emphasizes the maintenance of a unit's
classification (like example, what kinds of changes need to be made to a unit's input and output
values to maintain its classification as efficient or inefficient). This strategy involves establishing
how sensitive a unit is to changes in the values of the data being examined. Publications that have
come out are taken into consideration in this review. They cover 79 papers published between
1984 and 2004, while we cover 262 publications between 2005 and 2016. At the beginning of our
decision-making process, we looked through the standard academic using the DEA model. In light
of the findings, we carried out comprehensive forward and backward mentioned studies relative
to DEA (Cooper 2001).
Mathematically Model
Methods not based on parameters, such as programming, were used to determine the
efficiency of disco businesses. The same approach that Charnes et al. (1978-1981), who was
responsible for coining the acronym DEA, applied to multi-input and output models. Its primary
purpose is to determine effectiveness across all areas of academic research. It works by Decision
Making Units (DMUs) and it chooses most effective one from these DMUs to determine how
efficient it is. If the findings are one, it indicates that the unit is efficient, but if they are 0 or less
than 1, it indicates that the unit is inefficient. The finding of DEA is somewhere between 1 and 0
since it employs the highest ratio of weighted input and output. Most researchers agreed that it was
4. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
47
the most effective method, despite the study's limited scope. DEA was also used in the research
process that was conducted by researcher P Zhou and Kim Leng Poh in year 2008 and other Jarite
and Maria in the year (2010). As per same to Asghar and Afzal in the year (2010), "The input-
oriented DEA model is utilized to estimate technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency
(PTE), and scale efficiency (SE), which are presented in the model figures.
Minimum λ0θ0
Subject to
∑ λ0j yrj ≥ yr0 (𝑟 = 1 … 𝑠) (1)
𝜃0 𝑥i0 ≥ ∑ λ0j xij
𝑛
𝑗=1
(𝑖 = 1 … 𝑛) (2)
∑ λ0j
𝑛
𝑗=1
= 1 (3)
λ0j ≥ 0 (𝑗 = 1 … 𝑛)
(1) Σ λ0j yrj ≥ yr0 is the output constraint.
(2) θ0 xi0 ≥ Σ λj x0 is the input constraint.
yrj and xio shows the output and input of the nth DMU, whereas; λ shows weight. 0 is the
DMU to be calculated, and by solving this non parametric model, we can obtain the lowest θ0
which is the vector of the efficiency score. The index j indicates DMUs for j=1,…, N. yrj is the rth
output of the jth firm for r =1,……, R. xij shows the ith input of the jth DMU for I = 1,……,n
(Mahlberg, 2000). The 3rd constraint indicates the variable return to scale (VRS) into the design
of model, and if the 3rd constraint is dropped, the frontier technology converts from VRS to CRS.
However, if (Σλ0j ≤ 1) is applied instead of the 3rd constraint, the latest model can even determine
the cauese for scale inefficiency, which may be increasing return to scale (IRS) or decreasing
return to scale (DRS)”. As used in research by by Afza, T., & Asghar, M. J. A. in the year (2012).
Index System for Evaluation the Design & Objectives of Research
The DEA model is suitable, ideal & perfect for evaluating the comparison of multi-input
and output decision-making units to acknowledge that which unit is performing better and to find
out the potential gaps to use for implementing latest & new changes.
The Population of the Research
The population used in research was comprised of all power distribution companies spread all
over Pakistan including Punjab. The detail is as under: Ex-WAPDA DISCOs
1 PESCO (KPK)
2 TESCO (Baluchistan)
5. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
48
3 IESCO (Punjab)
4 GEPCO (Punjab)
5 FESCO (Punjab)
6 LESCO (Punjab)
7 MEPCO (Punjab)
8 HESCO (Sindh)
9 SEPCO (Sindh)
10 QESCO (Baluchistan)
11 KESC (Karachi, Sindh)
Sample Technique & Size
The research was quantitative; a convenience sample technique was used for this Study.
Convenience sample refers for collecting information from participants of the population who can
comfort & conveniently to provide it. The observed sample consists of the three ex-WAPDA
DISCOs: LESCO, FESCO, and IESCO from Punjab Pakistan. MEPCO & GEPCO are ignored &
skipped in this research.
Variables of the Study
This research aims to check the efficiencies of the 3 distribution companies (LESCO,
FESCO & IESCO). For this purpose, the variables used in study are the electricity purchased from
the NTDC transmission system, which was sold to various commercial consumers. Therefore, the
Study will take the distribution system as the research object.
The Input Variables:
A1: Purchased Energy Sent (GWH),
A2: Demand for Energy (MW)
The Output Variables:
B1: Energy Sale (GWH)
B2: Distribution Loss (GWH),
B3: Transmission Loss (GWH)
Data Collection
In order to result out the efficiency of the power distribution companies in Punjab (LESCO,
FESCO, and IESCO), we used secondary data. The data are collected from NEPRA reports,
internal data reports, government surveys relating to the power sector, auditor-general office audit
reports, etc. These companies are used for analysis because these data are easily accessible because
6. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
49
of urban areas, and due to a shortage of time and resources, it is difficult to collect eleven
companies’ data. Their comparison also helps to understand the efficiencies of the companies.
Descriptive statistical analysis techniques were used to analyze data. The Mean & Standard
Deviation was calculated to find out the input and output variables. The DEA model is convenient,
suitable and easy for evaluating the efficiency of multi input & output variables. All the decision
making units to know if a unit is performing better & how to find out a potential area for implement
latest reforms. The data analysis was made by a Software named DEAP 2.1 which is introduced
by a researcher named Mr.Tim Coelli to evaluate the variables for 11-year average efficiency
result.
So the component dealing with analysis is split into two parts. The first part of the analysis
focuses on historical data from 2016 to 2022. Truthful information is used for analysis for this
period. In the other part of the analysis, this covers the years 2023 through 2026; we will be using
assumed data.
Table I The Input and Output Variables (Statically Indicators):
Input Variables Output Variables
A1: Purchased Energy Sent (GWH) B1: Energy Sale (GWH)
A2: Demand of Energy (MW) B2: Distribution Loss (GWH)
B3:Transmission Loss (GWH)
Statically Descriptive Table (II): “Based upon Real Obtained Data”
SELECTED
VARIABLES
INPUT INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT
A1 A2 B1 B2 B3
YEAR RESULT
2016 Mean 12790.00 2,083.00 11,252.00 1,351.00 165.00
S D 4055.00 751.00 4,138.00 863.00 29.00
2017 Mean 13973.00 2,262.00 12,350.00 1,446.00 177.00
S D 5855.00 865.00 4,930.00 935.00 27.00
2018 Mean 15078.00 2,436.00 13,360.00 1,529.00 189.00
S D 6463.00 950.00 5,484.00 988.00 28.00
2019 Mean 16307.00 2,631.00 14,494.00 1,611.00 203.00
S D 7019.00 1,025.00 5,996.00 1,035.00 29.00
7. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
50
2020 Mean 17446.00 2,814.00 15,551.00 1,679.00 215.00
S D 7503-00 1,095.00 6,461.00 1,055.00 33.00
2021 Mean 18556.00 2,991.00 16,581.00 1,747.00 228.00
S D 7875.00 1,142.00 6,824.00 1,065.00 37.00
2022 Mean 19609.00 3,158.00 17,563.00 1,805.00 239.00
Statically Descriptive Table (III): “Based upon Assumed Data”
SELECTED VARIABLES INPUT INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT
A1 A2 B1 B2 B3
YEAR RESULT
2023 Mean 20,775.0 3,342.0 18,658.0 1,864.0 253
S D 8,271.0 1,184.0 7,255.0 1,040.0 50.0
2024 Mean 22,020.0 3,539.0 19,826.0 1,926.0 268.0
S D 8,468.0 1,204.0 7,477.0 1,019.0 59.0
2025 Mean 23,349.0 11,750.0 21,074.0 2,058.0 2840
S D 8,652.0 12,920.0 7,695.0 957.0 71.0
2026 Mean 24,638.0 3,959.0 22,275.0 2,065.0 298.0
S D 8,871.0 1,246.0 7,957.0 948.0 80.0
Data Analysis
In accordance with the input & output variables (indicators) presented in Table I from
which is evaluated the seven years' worth of real data presented by three different electricity supply
companies in Table II and the four years' worth of estimating data presented in Table III. This
allowed us to compile a set of raw data descriptive statistics while simultaneously displaying the
DISCOs in Table IV (The Companies working for Power Distribution in Punjab, Pakistan).
Table-IV (The Power Distribution Companies of Punjab Pakistan taken in Research)
No. DMU NAME OF COMAPNY
A LESCO Called Lahore Electric Supply Company
B FESCO Called Faisalabad Electric Supply Company
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C IESCO Called Islamabad Electric Supply Company
Table V displays the All Power Annually Input-Output Indicators (Slack) for the Tenure of years
from 2016 to 2026.
Slacks Summary for Distribution Companies of Punjab (from 2016 to 2026)
SLACKS OF INPUT: SLACKS OF OUTPUT:
2016
DMU Company Name A1 A2 B1 B2 B3
A LESCO 0.00 80.12 0.00 0.00 80.83
B FESCO 0.00 55.59 0.00 0.00 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.000 34.096 7.350
2017
A LESCO 0.00 106.358 0.00 0.00 78.36
B FESCO 0.00 77647.17 0.00 300.78 144.99
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2018
A LESCO 0.00 73.27 0.00 0.00 77.02
B FESCO 0.00 59.42 0.00 0.00 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2019
A LESCO 0.00 77.54 0.00 0.00 73.71
B FESCO 0.00 57.97 0.00 13.07 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2020
A LESCO 0.00 82.35 0.00 0.00 66.24
B FESCO 0.00 53.05 0.00 41.38 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00
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This paper used genuine data surveys of disco reports and grids from 2016 to 2022 and
estimated Data from 2023 to 2026 then put in the form of input and output-oriented models
2021
A LESCO 0.00 77.99 0.00 0.00 58.97
B FESCO 0.00 47.10 0.00 64.38 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.14 0.00
2022
A LESCO 0.00 68.73 0.00 0.00 50.16
B FESCO 0.00 38.50 0.00 87.75 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2023
A LESCO 0.00 55.10 0.00 0.00 40.38
B FESCO 0.00 28.46 0.00 127.73 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.00
2024
A LESCO 0.00 38.59 0.00 0.00 28.31
B FESCO 0.00 12.46 0.00 163.28 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.77 0.00
2025
A LESCO 0.00 20.32 0.00 0.00 14.56
B FESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 23998.00 0.00 4.50 0.00
2026
A LESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B FESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C IESCO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MEAN MEAN
1279.95 284.52 0.52 13.63 11.26
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(Win4deap2 software version of DEAP 2.1) generated by Mr.Tim Coelli Cepa to calculate the 11
years average result for the efficiency & the input redundancy of the output deficits. It is a statically
& dynamic analysis. Initially, this paper utilized a data survey of disco's reports as an input and
output-oriented model of disco reports as an empirical assessment of each disco and the changes
to discover the reason. On the other hand, we performed dynamic analysis using the Malmquist
Model at many stages of the DEAP programmer. It includes examining each DISCO DMU
regarding the average changes in total factor supply.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
(Table VI) The Efficiency of Input & Output Variables for DISCO.s in Punjab
ELECTRIC EFFICIENCY OF DISCO'S IN PUNJAB from 2016 to 2026
2016
DMU Company Name CRSTE VRSTE SE RTS
A LESCO 0.98 0.99 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.98 0.98 0.99 drs
C IESCO 0.98 0.99 0.99 irs
2017
A LESCO 0.99 0.99 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.77 0.80 0.96 irs
C IESCO 0.99 1.00 0.99 irs
2018
A LESCO 0.99 0.99 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.98 0.98 1.00 -
C IESCO 0.99 0.99 1.00 -
2019
A LESCO 0.99 0.99 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.98 0.98 1.00 -
C IESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
2020
A LESCO 0.99 0.99 0.99 drs
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B FESCO 0.99 0.99 1.00 -
C IESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
2021
A LESCO 0.99 0.99 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.99 0.99 1.00 -
C IESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
2022
A LESCO 0.99 1.00 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.99 0.99 1.00 -
C IESCO 0.99 1.00 1.00 -
2023
A LESCO 0.99 0.99 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.99 0.99 1.00 -
C IESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
2024
A LESCO 0.99 1.00 0.99 drs
B FESCO 0.99 0.99 1.00 -
C IESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
2025
A LESCO 0.99 1.00 0.99 drs
B FESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
C IESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
2026
A LESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
B FESCO 0.99 1.00 0.99 drs
C IESCO 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
MEAN 0.97 0.98 0.99
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ABBREVIATIONS CRSTE FOR Technical Efficiency FROM CRS
DEA
VRSTE FOR Technical Efficiency FROM VRS
DEA
SE FOR Scale Efficiency=CRSTE/VRSTE
RTS FOR Return to Scale(DRS IRS CRS)
DRS FOR Decreasing Return to Scale
IRS FOR Increasing Return to Scale
CRS FOR Constant Return to Scale -
About TABLE VI, when assumed that Crste represents the Technical Change (Techch)
which is the concluded result depends upon (BC 2 Model of Software) while not assuming CRS
the Vrste showed the change of Efficiency (Effch), which may be decomposed to PE Change
(Pech) and SE Change (Sech). The Scale explains the returns to scale, scale=crste / vrste. The
Vrste and Scale are the conclions depending upon (C2R Model in software). Moreover, column
last, IRS & DRS step by step indications the increased Constant (-) and decreased return to scale.
These are calcuated from ∑λ j, ∑λ j < 1, Which displays the increased returns to scale, ∑λ j = 1,
which shows the Constant returns to scale, ∑and λ j > 1, which shows the decreased returns to
scale. The Malmquist model indexing has a very good advantage. Namely, So their is no need of
consider constant return to scale or not because when evaluating, the Malmquist model used for
both Crste and Vrste calculations. The Malmquist indexes, namely Tfpch, able to decomposed into
Efficiency Changes (Effch) & Technical changes (Techch), & Efficiency changes (Effch) can be
more decomposed into Pure Efficiency Changes (Pech) & Scale Efficiency Changes (Sech). While
Effch≥1 showing about the overall Efficiency has been grown upward, Pech≥1 means Pure
Efficiency has been increased, Sech≥1 shows Scale Efficiency has been increased, Techch≥1
shows the development and progress in usage of technology, The Total Factor Productivity Tfpch
is decomposed into Effch and Techch, when Effch and Techch combined operate & cause Tfpch
increase, then the Tfpch≥1.
TABLE VI Showed the Results of Efficient and not Efficient DMUs as below year wise Real Data
Analysis:
In year 2016 DMU C was efficient with an increasing trend, and A & B were low efficient with a
decreasing trend.
In year 2017 DMU A was low efficient with decreasing trends B & C were efficient with increasing
trends.
In year 2018 DMU A is less efficient with decreasing trend, and B & C are highly efficient.
In year 2019 DMU B & C are high efficient, and A is less efficient with decreasing trend.
13. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
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In year 2020 DMU B & C are high efficient, and A is low efficient with decreasing trend.
In year 2021 DMU B & C are high efficient, and A is low efficient with decreasing trend.
In year 2022, DMU B & C are high efficient, and A is low efficient with decreasing trend.
Estimated Data Analysis:
In year 2023, DMU B & C are high efficient, and A is low efficient with decreasing trend.
In year 2024 DMU B & C are high efficient, and A is low efficient with decreasing trend.
In year 2025 DMU B & C are high efficient, and A is low efficient with decreasing trend.
In year 2026, DMU A & C is high efficient, and B is low efficient with decreasing trend.
From TABLE V this is compared with the all DMUs, the Efficiency of B and C are the
most effective DMUs. DMU A indicated failures of achieve more innovation efficiency due to
their respective Efficiency to scale is on a low stage and returns to scale at downward trends.
At the average stage of eleven years data, the result of Technical Efficiency is by CRS
97.10%, VRS 98.30%, and Scale Efficiency is 99.10%. By the obtained results, we can conclude
the result that every DMU needs to focus and improvement regarding the Technical Changes to
high the Total Factor Productivity.
Discussion
A Disco is Power Distribution Company which is consisting of a system of supply of electric
power to consumers or industry which is consists of a power transformer substation, a power
distribution substation and power transmission lines (TL) along with security monitoring
equipment, and other power supply equipment and facilities. This is a system that supplies
electricity to all its consumers or an industry with a power distribution substation. The grid is the
primary focal & central point of a power system and an very essential component; the flexibility
of the power system, in addition to its resilience, is an interpretation of the level of dependability
for the whole power system. Grid routine activities are carried out largely by step by step lowering
the voltages, which are then forward on to the appropriate sector of a business or consumer
population. The distribution system has the most significant influence on the supply that is made
available to all consumers. The storage of electricity is not possible. Generation, transmission,
supply to all consumers, and use are all controlled simultaneously for this purpose. Additionally,
many scholars examined this generation's topic using DEA methods, although distribution
businesses were seldom chosen as the primary study goal. A few significant areas still need to be
investigated further before fresh discoveries may be made. This study is a little attempt to
understand distribution firms' input and output efficacy from a more critical perspective.
There is a significant opportunity for management to invest sufficiently strong effort in these
promising areas. Moreover, it amounts to grasping the direction of the DISCO grid system. SERSC
is decreasing the line faults & losses in both (distribution and transmission) scale by improving
advance technology at every level of process. There is a large gap for good management to put
enough attention into explained potential areas (Nauman et al. 2020) in Power Generation Sector
14. Traditional Journal of Law and Social Sciences (TJLSS) January-June 2023, Vol. 2, No. 1
57
of Pakistan and Punjab level. Now all requirements are satisfied by fast development concerning
the expansion of new grids and the progression of latest technology. Currently, this study is
focused on LESCO, FESCO, and IESCO distribution network input and output characteristics
relative to their efficiencies and improving its economic and social impacts on Punjab province of
Pakistan. The results indicate that they are almost equal to the study of (Nauman et al. 2021) in
Power Distribution Sector. IESCO appears to be on an upward trend, FESCO likewise appears to
be on an upward trend, and LESCO appears to be on a downward trend from the previous year
into the future years.
CONCLUSION
This research is trying to empirically examination of the influence of structure reforms in
the electricity market of Punjab, Pakistan on the performance and Efficiency of the DISCOs in the
post-reform energy market as well as a comparing of the performance of the various distribution
companies. In addition, the obstacles that harm the distribution firms' effectiveness in Punjab,
Pakistan were also investigated.
Reforms of the electricity market have been implemented in many developing nations for
improvement the functioning of the electricity sector for the betterment of end consumer and
provide a continuous & reliable power supply for commercial user and home economic activity.
This research contributed to the current body of literature by analyzing Punjab Pakistan's post-
reform energy market to satisfy the requirements according to their objectives.
For the study, we know that the Efficiency of power-producing firms has received
significant attention. Additionally, many scholars examined this generation's topic using DEA
methods, although distribution businesses were seldom chosen as the primary study goal. A few
significant areas still need to be investigated further before fresh discoveries may be made.
Nevertheless, the purpose of this research is to examine the input & output effectiveness for
distribution companies from a more critical perspective. It is done to adjustment to the newly
implemented reforms and most recent developments in the electricity distribution sector.
According to the provided results, the technical Efficiency is 97.10 percent according to CRS,
98.30 percent according to VRS, and 99.10 percent according to Scale Efficiency. Because there
was input redundancy, the management of companies needs to make efficient distribution system
planning, investment in management of new technology also preserves excessive amounts of
valuable resources from being waste in excess. Under the presumption of focusing its operational
processes and for economic society's coordination on research & development, the management
of companies should mage general consideration, as for the directions of redundancy and its
amounts, to grasp the direction of DISCO grid system Efficiency & improvements. It is
particularly a truth for ineffective and lower-level DMUs. There is a large amount of room for
management to invest sufficiently excellent effort into these prospective areas, particularly to
lower the rate of line losses (distribution and transmission) and improve the technology at each
level.
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Punjab Consumption of Electricity
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