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Homeostasis.pptx
- 2. Functional organization of human body and homeostasis Presented by : Dr. Ayesha Zafar M. PHIL PGT PHYSIOLOGY IIMC
- 3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of discussion all PGTs should be able to : • Describe the structural organization of human body • Describe the functional organization of human body • Describe extracellular fluid….the internal environment • Define homeostasis • Describe mechanism involved in maintaining homeostasis
- 5. Living units of Human body • Cell • The basic living unit of body • About 100 trillion cells present • Specialized to perform one or few particular functions • Ability to reproduce
- 7. Body fluid • About 60 per cent of the adult human body is fluid Human body Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid
- 9. Differences Between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids Extracellular Fluid Intracellular Fluids Definition The fluid outside the cells is extracellular fluid Fluid inside the cells is called intracellular fluid %age distribution About one third of body fluid About two third of body fluid Major cation Sodium ions Potassium and magnesium ions Major anion Chloride and bicarbonate ions Phosphate ions
- 10. Extracellular fluid –the internal environment • Extracellular fluid is also called the internal environment of the body, or the milieu intérieur. • Term introduced by French physiologist Claude Bernard. • Cells get nutrition from it and discharge their waste products in it
- 11. Extracellular fluid transport and mixing system …the blood circulatory system • ECF is transported in two stages Movement of blood through body in blood vessels Movement of fluid between blood capallaries and intercellular spaces between tissue cells
- 12. Homeostasis • Term introduced by an American physiologist Walter Cannon • Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment • All organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help maintain these constant conditions
- 13. Mechanism • Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid • Removal of Metabolic End Products • Regulation of Body Functions • Protection of body • Reproduction
- 14. Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid • The blood flowing through the lungs picks up oxygen in the alveoli, acquiring the oxygen • Oxygen diffuses through respiratory membrane into blood Respiratory System
- 15. • Dissolved nutrients, including carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids, are absorbed from the ingested food into the extracellular fluid of the blood Gastrointestinal Tract
- 16. • The liver changes the chemical compositions of many substances to more usable forms. Liver
- 17. • Fat cells, gastrointestinal mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands—help modify the absorbed substances or store them until they are needed Other Organs
- 18. • Provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings, without which the entire body, along with its homeostatic mechanisms, could be destroyed instantaneously Musculoskeletal System
- 19. Mechanism • Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid • Removal of Metabolic End Products • Regulation of Body Functions • Protection of body • Reproduction
- 20. Removal of Metabolic End Products Lungs: Removal of Carbon Dioxide Kidneys: The metabolic end products such as urea, are reabsorbed poorly and pass through the renal tubules into the urine
- 21. GIT:undigested waste products are eliminated in feces Liver:detoxification and removal of products in bile and feces
- 22. MECHANISM • Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid • Removal of Metabolic End Products • Regulation of Body Functions • Protection of body • Reproduction
- 23. Regulation of Body Functions • Nervous System Sensory input portion Motor output portion Central nervous system (or integrative portion) Receptors in the skin,eye,ears Brain and spinal cord Response to sensation by muscles etc
- 24. Hormonal System of Regulation • Eight major endocrine glands • Secrete chemical substances called hormones Insulin controls glucose metabolism Examples Parathyroid hormone controls bone calcium and phosphate
- 25. Mechanism • Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid • Removal of Metabolic End Products • Regulation of Body Functions • Protection of body • Reproduction
- 26. Protection of body Immune system • Distinguish its own and cells from from foreign substances • Destroy foreign organisms by phagocytosis • Produce sensitized lymphocyte or specialized protein
- 27. Integumentary system • Skin and various appendeges cover,cusion and protect deeper tissues
- 28. Mechanism • Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid • Removal of Metabolic End Products • Regulation of Body Functions • Protection of body • Reproduction
- 29. Reproduction • Help maintain homeostasis by generating new beings to take the place of those that are dying