Advantages of Electron microscope
Very high magnification
Incredibly high resolution
Material rarely distorted by preparation
It is possible to investigate a greater depth of field
Diverse applications
Limitations of Electron microscope
The live specimen cannot be observed.
As the penetration power of the electron beam is very low, the object should be ultra-thin. For this, the specimen is dried and cut into ultra-thin sections before observation.
As the EM works in a vacuum, the specimen should be completely dry.
Expensive to build and maintain
Requiring researcher training
Image artifacts resulting from specimen preparation.
This type of microscope is large, cumbersome extremely sensitive to vibration and external magnetic fields.
100%Safe delivery(+971558539980)Abortion pills for sale..dubai sharjah, abu d...
Historical Development & Scope of Microbiology.pdf
1.
2. Sargodha institute of health
sciences
• Microbiology Assignment
• Topic name:Historical development and scope of Microbiology
3. What is
microbiology??
?
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms usually less
than 1 mm in diameter which require some form of
magnification.
(Microscope)to be seen clearly
☆Examples
●viruses
●Fungi
●Bacteria
●Algae
●Protozoa’s
7. Antiquity
●Observations of microorganisms likely date back to
ancient times
●But their significance wasn’t understood
● Early civilizations had practices such as fermentation
and the use of moldy bread for wound healing.
8. 17th century
●The invention of the microscope by Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek in the late 17th century allowed for the first
direct observations of microorganisms
●Leeuwenhoek described various microorganisms,
including bacteria,protozoa,and yeast.
9. 18th century
●Spontaneous generation theory,which posited that living
organisms could arise spontaneously from non-living
matter,was widely accepted.
●However,experiments by scientists like Francesco Redi
and Louis Pasteur disproved this theory,paving the way
for the understanding of the role of microorganisms in
fermentation and disease.
10. 19th century
●The golden age of microbiology
●Louis pasture experiments on fermentation and
development of the germ theory of disease laid the
foundation for modern microbiology.
● Robert Koch established the criteria for linking specific
microorganisms to specific diseases (Koch’s postulates)
●This century also saw the identification of many
pathogenic bacteria and the development of techniques
such as staining and culturing
11. 20th Century
●The discovery of antibiotics,beginning with Alexander
Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928, revolutionized
medicine and microbiology.
●Advances in genetics and molecular biology allowed for
a deeper understanding of microbial physiology,
genetics,and evolution
● The development of vaccines,virology,and the
understanding of the immune system were also major
milestones.
12. 21st Century
● Microbiology continues to advance rapidly with the
advent of techniques like genomics,metagenomics,and
bioinformatics,allowing for the study of microbial
communities and their interactions with hosts and
environments
●The rise of antimicrobial resistance poses new
challenges,highlighting the ongoing importance of
microbiology in public health and medicine.
14. Food
microbiology
●Focuses on the study of microorganisms in food
production,preservation,and safety.
●It includes areas such as food spoilage,foodborne
pathogens,food fermentation,and the development of
methods to ensure food safety and quality.
15. Environmental
microbiology
●Examines the roles and activities of microorganisms in
natural environments such as soil, water,air,and
sediments
●It includes studies on microbial ecology,
biogeochemical cycles,and the impact of microorganisms
on environmental processes.
16. Health care and
medicine
●Focuses on the study of microorganisms that cause
human diseases,their pathogenesis,diagnosis,treatment,
and prevention
●It includes areas such as bacteriology,virology,
mycology,and parasitology.
17. Genetic
engineering
●Microbial genetic engineering uses genetic operation
tools to shear,splice,and integrate the target genes and
then introduce them into chassis cells
● Thus,the recombinant genes are transferred into the
desired products or endow the bacteria with new
phenotypes
18. Pollution
control
●Microorganisms are act as a significant pollutant removal
tools in soil, water,and sediments;mostly due to their
advantage over other remediation procedural protocols.
●Microorganisms are restoring the original natural
surroundings and preventing further pollution.
19. Biorefineries
▪ Microbes are important for various desired products via
bioconversion routes to produce food, fuel, and feed,
which not only include industrially important products
but also energy options and bio-molecules.
20. Universities
●The field offers a wide range of career opportunities in
healthcare,agriculture,industry,research,academia,and
entrepreneurship.
●The growing demand for skilled microbiologists in
various sectors, coupled with advancements in
technology and research,opens doors for professional
growth and innovation.
21. Research
centres
The scope of microbiology is his duties deliverance and
involvement in day-to-dayscience.
●The development of microbiology in various fields such
as medicine,pharmacy,clinical research,dairy industry
agriculture,water industry,and Chemical Technology has
been evaluated throughout these years.
22. Industrial
microbiology
●Involves the use of microorganisms to produce various
products on an industrial scale.
● This includes applications such as fermentation
processes for the production of food and beverages,
antibiotics,enzymes,biofuels,and bioplastics.
23. Agriculture
microbiology
●Studies the interactions between microorganisms and
plants, animals,and soil in agricultural systems.
●It includes areas such as plant-microbe interactions,soil
microbiology,biocontrol of plant pathogens,and the role
of microorganisms in nutrient cycling.
24. Evolutionary
microbiology
●Examines the evolution and diversification of
microorganisms over time, including processes such as
mutation,genetic recombination,horizontal gene transfer,
and microbial adaptation to changing environments.
