This presentations gives an overview of abortion in the Eastern Caribbean with a focus on the regional legislative landscape and the impact of criminalising abortion on women's lives. The presentation also looks at what a fair legislative and policy framework would like and concludes with recommendations for law reform.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) of 1994 in India. [1] It aims to stop female feticide and regulate pre-natal sex determination. The Act prohibits clinics and doctors from conducting tests to determine sex without cause. It also bans advertising related to sex selection and selling ultrasound machines to unregistered entities. Violations are punishable as offenses. The Act seeks to curb misuse of technologies like ultrasound for sex-selective abortion and promote ethical practice of pre-natal diagnostics.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
Safe abortion services, effectiveness of legislation amongSwornim Bajracharya
This document discusses safe abortion services and the effectiveness of legislation to control teenage pregnancy in Nepal. It provides background on abortion definitions and legalization in Nepal. Unsafe abortion remains a major issue, with many women unaware that abortion is legal. While comprehensive abortion care services are being expanded, more awareness efforts are needed. Teenage pregnancy is also rising, but legislation has helped increase access to safe abortion services for teenagers. Overall, making abortion services more available and promoting sexual health education can further reduce unsafe abortions and teenage pregnancies.
Pregnancy is recognized as a crucial part of reproductive health that affects everyone. It lasts nine months and is conventionally divided into three trimesters. Adolescent and early pregnancy violates girls' rights and can have life-threatening results, as child marriage is a key driver of early pregnancy. Every day in 2015, about 830 women died due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Abortion was legalized in Nepal in 2002 and has contributed to a sharp decline in maternal mortality. When disasters strike, pregnant women face psychological, physical and chemical stressors and lack of access to health care and resources. Preparedness programs should provide facilities that are safe and secure for women and children.
This document discusses barriers to contraceptive use globally and in Sudan specifically. It begins with an introduction on family planning and contraceptive use trends globally. It then discusses the large unmet need for contraception worldwide, particularly in Africa and the benefits of family planning. Barriers to use discussed globally and in Sudan include socioeconomic factors, lack of education, rural residence, religious influences, lack of access to services, side effects, and cultural practices. The document presents data on very low contraceptive use and high unmet need in Sudan, citing barriers such as shortage of facilities, staff, and commodities, as well as lack of awareness and funding.
This document discusses barriers to contraceptive use globally and in Sudan specifically. It begins with an introduction on family planning and contraceptive use trends globally. It then discusses the large unmet need for contraception worldwide, particularly in Africa and benefits of family planning. Barriers to use discussed globally include socioeconomic factors, limited access, side effects, and cultural/religious opposition. Barriers in Sudan specifically include shortage of facilities, staff turnover, socioeconomic factors, low awareness, and lack of dedicated funding. Figures show contraceptive use in Sudan is only 7.7% with 28.9% unmet need, among the lowest rates in Africa.
This document discusses barriers to contraceptive use globally and in Sudan specifically. It begins with an introduction on family planning and contraceptive use trends globally. It then discusses the large unmet need for contraception worldwide, particularly in Africa and benefits of family planning. Barriers to use discussed globally include socioeconomic factors, limited access, side effects, and cultural/religious opposition. Barriers in Sudan specifically include shortage of facilities, staff turnover, socioeconomic factors, low awareness, and lack of dedicated funding. Figures show contraceptive use in Sudan is only 7.7% with unmet need over 28%, among the lowest rates in the region.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) of 1994 in India. [1] It aims to stop female feticide and regulate pre-natal sex determination. The Act prohibits clinics and doctors from conducting tests to determine sex without cause. It also bans advertising related to sex selection and selling ultrasound machines to unregistered entities. Violations are punishable as offenses. The Act seeks to curb misuse of technologies like ultrasound for sex-selective abortion and promote ethical practice of pre-natal diagnostics.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
Safe abortion services, effectiveness of legislation amongSwornim Bajracharya
This document discusses safe abortion services and the effectiveness of legislation to control teenage pregnancy in Nepal. It provides background on abortion definitions and legalization in Nepal. Unsafe abortion remains a major issue, with many women unaware that abortion is legal. While comprehensive abortion care services are being expanded, more awareness efforts are needed. Teenage pregnancy is also rising, but legislation has helped increase access to safe abortion services for teenagers. Overall, making abortion services more available and promoting sexual health education can further reduce unsafe abortions and teenage pregnancies.
Pregnancy is recognized as a crucial part of reproductive health that affects everyone. It lasts nine months and is conventionally divided into three trimesters. Adolescent and early pregnancy violates girls' rights and can have life-threatening results, as child marriage is a key driver of early pregnancy. Every day in 2015, about 830 women died due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Abortion was legalized in Nepal in 2002 and has contributed to a sharp decline in maternal mortality. When disasters strike, pregnant women face psychological, physical and chemical stressors and lack of access to health care and resources. Preparedness programs should provide facilities that are safe and secure for women and children.
This document discusses barriers to contraceptive use globally and in Sudan specifically. It begins with an introduction on family planning and contraceptive use trends globally. It then discusses the large unmet need for contraception worldwide, particularly in Africa and the benefits of family planning. Barriers to use discussed globally and in Sudan include socioeconomic factors, lack of education, rural residence, religious influences, lack of access to services, side effects, and cultural practices. The document presents data on very low contraceptive use and high unmet need in Sudan, citing barriers such as shortage of facilities, staff, and commodities, as well as lack of awareness and funding.
This document discusses barriers to contraceptive use globally and in Sudan specifically. It begins with an introduction on family planning and contraceptive use trends globally. It then discusses the large unmet need for contraception worldwide, particularly in Africa and benefits of family planning. Barriers to use discussed globally include socioeconomic factors, limited access, side effects, and cultural/religious opposition. Barriers in Sudan specifically include shortage of facilities, staff turnover, socioeconomic factors, low awareness, and lack of dedicated funding. Figures show contraceptive use in Sudan is only 7.7% with 28.9% unmet need, among the lowest rates in Africa.
This document discusses barriers to contraceptive use globally and in Sudan specifically. It begins with an introduction on family planning and contraceptive use trends globally. It then discusses the large unmet need for contraception worldwide, particularly in Africa and benefits of family planning. Barriers to use discussed globally include socioeconomic factors, limited access, side effects, and cultural/religious opposition. Barriers in Sudan specifically include shortage of facilities, staff turnover, socioeconomic factors, low awareness, and lack of dedicated funding. Figures show contraceptive use in Sudan is only 7.7% with unmet need over 28%, among the lowest rates in the region.
A Proposal for Legislation: How To Reduce Recidivism Rates Among Utah Female ...HadleyHege
Female recidivism and unintended pregnancy rates are rising in Utah and the United States. Both create a great amount of financial responsibility to the state and federal government. Unintended pregnancy causes strain on female parolees and increases risk for recidivistic activity by destabilizing the reintegration process. While some states are beginning to offer programs surrounding reproductive health to women during incarceration, they are few and far between. Without established standards these courses are subjective and left to the correctional administration’s discretion. In Utah there are virtually no programs available in prisons and jails offering reproductive education. In this project I address with Dr. Larry Bench female recidivism and unintended pregnancy in Utah and the United States. Based on our research, we find many incarcerated women lack knowledge surrounding reproductive health, often holding negative views towards pregnancy, and have a history of unintended pregnancy, many of which have high risk complications that are costly. We propose a cost-effective solution for Utah through legislation that addresses both issues. Establishing a standard equal opportunity class led by a knowledgeable educator on female reproductive health for voluntary female offenders incarcerated in Utah will; ensure equal opportunity access to information, reduce recidivism and the risk for unintended pregnancy, decrease the tax dollars, and aid in the reintegration process. By decreasing pregnancies that are unintended we will enable parolees and probationers to become reintegrated without added stressors and responsibilities that arise with pregnancy. This will reduce the risk for recidivistic activity and cost to the state while building more stable families and women who are reintegrated into the community.
This document discusses reproductive health and its components. It defines reproductive health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in relation to reproductive processes at all stages of life. The components of reproductive health include family planning services, pregnancy and childbirth care, infertility services, and sexually transmitted infection prevention and treatment. The document also examines how reproductive patterns impact child and women's health, and discusses strategies to improve family planning programs and reduce maternal mortality.
Family planning class for MBBS students based on Park textbook including details on MTP, abortion, Family planning infrastructure and delivery systems in India and National Family Welfare Programme.
This document summarizes key findings from a Lancet series on ending preventable stillbirths globally. It discusses that stillbirth rates have declined since 2000 but not as greatly as maternal and neonatal mortality. Most stillbirths occur in low-income countries and are associated with factors like infections, non-communicable diseases, and inadequate antenatal care. High-income countries like Australia could do more to investigate every stillbirth case and address social disadvantages that increase risk. The psychosocial and economic impacts of stillbirth are substantial but it remains a hidden issue with stigma. Coronial jurisdictions generally do not investigate stillbirths but legal cases show deaths shortly after birth may be reportable. Claims for mental harm from perinatal death
This document summarizes abortion laws in different countries around the world. It finds that abortion is legal under varying circumstances in places like the UK, Finland, Iceland, Hungary, parts of Australia and Canada, while it is illegal or restricted in Ireland, Malta, the Philippines, parts of the US, Nigeria, Chile, El Salvador and the Vatican. The circumstances under which abortion is allowed or restricted varies widely between countries and sometimes within countries, but common exceptions include protecting the health or life of the mother, cases of rape or fetal abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of reproductive health topics including birth control methods, contraception use in the US, perspectives on abortion, and global maternal health issues. It discusses the types of birth control including hormonal methods (pills, IUDs), barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), fertility awareness techniques, and permanent sterilization. Abortion procedures like medical and surgical abortion are also outlined. The perspectives section notes common reasons women choose abortion and characteristics of US abortion patients. A discussion of informed decision making and reducing unsafe abortion globally is presented.
Teenage pregnancy is defined as a girl aged 13-19 becoming pregnant. In Malaysia, most first sexual encounters occur between ages 15-19, putting girls at risk of unwanted pregnancy, STDs, and long-term health issues. While the teenage birth and pregnancy rates in Malaysia have decreased in recent years, they remain a public health issue, especially among unmarried, low-income, and rural adolescents. Unwanted pregnancies often lead to abandoned babies and unsafe or illegal abortions, which can result in medical complications. Experts recommend increasing access to sexual education and family planning services to prevent unintended pregnancies and support services for teenage mothers and their children.
Teen Pregnancy A Preventable Epidemic Our natio.docxmehek4
Teen Pregnancy: A Preventable Epidemic
Our nation is facing an adolescent reproductive-health crisis, with one in four teenage
girls having a sexually transmitted disease, and one in three becoming pregnant before
the age of 20.1 To address this challenge, teens must be able to obtain confidential and
affordable reproductive-health services. However, anti-choice politicians have stymied
efforts to give teens the tools they need to protect themselves against unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We continue to call on lawmakers
– pro-choice and pro-life alike – to work together to achieve real solutions – instead of
divisiveness.
The Facts
In spite of a recent decline, the United States still has the highest rate of teen pregnancy
in the western industrialized world.2 Studies show that the United States’ teen-
pregnancy rate is more than twice that of Canada and Sweden.3
§ Approximately 750,000 young women in the United States become pregnant each
year. Eighty-two percent of teen pregnancies are unplanned 4 and more than a
quarter of those end in abortion.5
§ Teen mothers are less likely to complete school, less likely go to college, more
likely to have large families, and more likely to stay single – increasing the
likelihood that their children will live in poverty.6
§ In addition to other consequences for young women and their children, teen
childbearing costs U.S. taxpayers at least $11 billion annually.7
§ A sexually active teen who does not use contraception has a 90-percent chance of
becoming pregnant within a year.8
Potentially due to factors such as decreased access to health-care services and
information, racial and ethnic disparities persist in the reproductive health of young
Americans.
§ The problem of teen pregnancy is more pronounced in the African-American and
Latino communities, where rates of teen pregnancy are higher than those in
white communities – 15 percent and 14 percent respectively, compared to five
percent.9
2
§ Fifty-three percent of Latina teens and 51 percent of African-American teen girls
will become pregnant at least once before they turn 20. In comparison, only 19
percent of non-Hispanic white teen girls will become pregnant before the age of
20.10
A Failed Approach
Anti-choice lawmakers and advocates seized on this public-health crisis as an
opportunity to enact one of their longtime goals: withhold sex education from young
people in a misguided attempt to discourage them from having sex. Instead, they spent
more than $1 billion in taxpayer funds on “abstinence-only” programs11 – programs that
censor vital health information about contraception and safe sex. The approach has been
a spectacular failure.
§ Research shows that “abstinence-only” programs do not work and that
comprehensive sex-education programs do. In 2007, a report commissioned by
the U.S. Department of H ...
APCRSHR10 Virtual plenary presentation by Sivananthi Thanenthiran of ARROWCNS www.citizen-news.org
This is the plenary presentation by Sivananthi Thanenthiran, Executive Director of ARROW, which took place as part of 8th session of 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (APCRSHR10) Virtual, on 28th September 2020, on the theme of "Safe abortion and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific". 28 September is also observed as International Safe Abortion Day.
C H A I R
Amy Williamson, Country Director, Marie Stopes International, Cambodia
P L E N A R Y S P E A K E R S
* Dr Suchitra Dalvie, coordinator, Asia Safe Abortion Partnership (ASAP) | "Abortion and Reproductive Justice: The Unfinished Revolution"
* Sivananthi Thanenthiran, Executive Director, ARROW | "Right to Safe Abortion: putting women at the centre of the discourse and practice"
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T E R S
* Katherine Gambir | Is Self-Administered Medical Abortion as Effective as Provider-Administered Medical Abortion? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
* Aryanty Riznawaty Imma | Challenges in Recording Abortion Related Complications at Health Facilities in Setting Where Abortion is Highly Restricted
* Dr Yaghoob Foroutan | Abortion’s Patterns and Determinants in Iran: Attitudinal Dynamics
* Maria Persson | A Qualitative Study on Healthcare Providers’ Experiences of Providing Comprehensive Abortion Care in the Humanitarian Setting in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
For more information on this session go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual8
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #genderequality #SDGs #abortion #MyAbortionMyHealth #28Sept #InternationalSafeAbortionDay #SafeAbortion #BodilyAutonomy
Access to safe abortion heu meeting - april 2013Saf Pac
This document discusses making the case for supporting access to safe abortion at CARE. It addresses some common objections to taking on this issue, including that there is no need, it is illegal, donors won't fund it, and it is not CARE's niche. For each objection, it provides counterarguments and evidence. For example, it notes that unsafe abortion accounts for 13% of maternal deaths globally. It also reviews international human rights that uphold a woman's right to safe abortion and abortion law reforms in many countries. The document argues that while safe abortion may not be CARE's main focus, denying those rights harms women, and as an organization committed to women's needs and rights, CARE can help advance these contested
This document summarizes a study estimating the incidence of induced abortion in Nigeria in 2012. The study used an indirect methodology relying on surveys of 772 health facilities and 194 health professionals. The surveys found that an estimated 1.25 million induced abortions occurred in Nigeria in 2012, equivalent to a rate of 33 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49. An estimated 212,000 women received treatment for complications from unsafe abortion. The high levels of unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion indicate a need for improved access to contraception and safe abortion services in Nigeria.
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of nutritional services provided by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on birth outcomes in the South Bronx. Interviews were conducted with six WIC program administrators. The responses suggested that pregnant women who enrolled in WIC early and followed the nutritional guidelines had healthier pregnancies and full-term babies, while those who abused drugs or did not receive prenatal care had poorer outcomes like preterm birth or low birth weight. In conclusion, adherence to the WIC program was found to lead to positive pregnancy outcomes, though more health education is still needed to help women change unhealthy behaviors.
This document provides guidance on improving access to safe abortion services in Africa. It discusses the context of unsafe abortion in Africa, including the high rates of maternal death from unsafe abortion procedures. It outlines international agreements that recognize unsafe abortion as a major public health issue and call for making abortion safe and accessible to the full extent of the law. The document also addresses the legal status of abortion in African countries and barriers to accessing safe abortion services. It provides guidance on clinical abortion services and management practices based on World Health Organization standards.
Abortion should be legal but also regulatedEchi JC
Abortion should be legal but regulated with certain restrictions. While an estimated 123 million women have intended pregnancies each year, 87 million become unintentionally pregnant. 46 million of 211 million annual pregnancies end in abortion. Reasons for legalizing abortion include that making it illegal does not stop it from occurring and allows women control over their lives and health decisions. However, regulations are needed to prevent abuse and ensure safe, legal access to abortion services. Common restrictions include gestational limits, physician requirements, waiting periods, and parental involvement for minors. Continued education and access to contraception are presented as solutions to reduce unintended pregnancy.
There are many ethical aspects which derive from the application of reproduction control in women's health. Women's health can be enhanced if women are given the opportunity to make their own reproduction choices about sex, contraception, abortion and application of reproductive technologies.
The document discusses family planning in Kenya. It notes that Kenya's fertility rate is between 4-5 children per woman, and that contraceptive prevalence has increased but remains below targets. Maternal mortality has not improved. Barriers to family planning include social and cultural factors as well as weak health systems. The document then discusses various family planning methods including fertility awareness, mechanical methods like IUDs and condoms, hormonal methods like pills and implants, and surgical methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy. It provides details on combined oral contraceptive pills, including types, effectiveness, eligibility criteria, and potential side effects.
This document discusses reproductive health, women's sexual and reproductive rights. It begins by defining reproductive health according to the WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It notes key concepts that emerged from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, including adopting a life-cycle approach to women's health and recognizing women's right to make their own informed health decisions.
The document outlines components of reproductive health and women's sexual and reproductive rights. It then analyzes areas where women's rights are abused in Nigeria, such as unsafe motherhood, unsafe abortion, traditional harmful practices like female genital mutilation and early marriage, as well as gender inequality, violence against women and
This document provides information about family planning and contraception. It defines family planning, discusses birth spacing recommendations, and outlines risks associated with pregnancies that are too close together or far apart. It also includes statistics about family planning in Kenya, discusses clients' rights, factors affecting access, and unmet need. The document explains WHO categories for medical eligibility and stages of family planning counseling. It defines various contraceptive methods and provides information about initiating methods and addressing rumors/misconceptions.
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...AHRP Law Firm
Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower has been partially revoked and amended several times, with the latest amendment made through Law Number 6 of 2023. Attention is drawn to a specific part of the Manpower Law concerning severance pay. This aspect is undoubtedly one of the most crucial parts regulated by the Manpower Law. It is essential for both employers and employees to abide by the law, fulfill their obligations, and retain their rights regarding this matter.
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A Proposal for Legislation: How To Reduce Recidivism Rates Among Utah Female ...HadleyHege
Female recidivism and unintended pregnancy rates are rising in Utah and the United States. Both create a great amount of financial responsibility to the state and federal government. Unintended pregnancy causes strain on female parolees and increases risk for recidivistic activity by destabilizing the reintegration process. While some states are beginning to offer programs surrounding reproductive health to women during incarceration, they are few and far between. Without established standards these courses are subjective and left to the correctional administration’s discretion. In Utah there are virtually no programs available in prisons and jails offering reproductive education. In this project I address with Dr. Larry Bench female recidivism and unintended pregnancy in Utah and the United States. Based on our research, we find many incarcerated women lack knowledge surrounding reproductive health, often holding negative views towards pregnancy, and have a history of unintended pregnancy, many of which have high risk complications that are costly. We propose a cost-effective solution for Utah through legislation that addresses both issues. Establishing a standard equal opportunity class led by a knowledgeable educator on female reproductive health for voluntary female offenders incarcerated in Utah will; ensure equal opportunity access to information, reduce recidivism and the risk for unintended pregnancy, decrease the tax dollars, and aid in the reintegration process. By decreasing pregnancies that are unintended we will enable parolees and probationers to become reintegrated without added stressors and responsibilities that arise with pregnancy. This will reduce the risk for recidivistic activity and cost to the state while building more stable families and women who are reintegrated into the community.
This document discusses reproductive health and its components. It defines reproductive health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in relation to reproductive processes at all stages of life. The components of reproductive health include family planning services, pregnancy and childbirth care, infertility services, and sexually transmitted infection prevention and treatment. The document also examines how reproductive patterns impact child and women's health, and discusses strategies to improve family planning programs and reduce maternal mortality.
Family planning class for MBBS students based on Park textbook including details on MTP, abortion, Family planning infrastructure and delivery systems in India and National Family Welfare Programme.
This document summarizes key findings from a Lancet series on ending preventable stillbirths globally. It discusses that stillbirth rates have declined since 2000 but not as greatly as maternal and neonatal mortality. Most stillbirths occur in low-income countries and are associated with factors like infections, non-communicable diseases, and inadequate antenatal care. High-income countries like Australia could do more to investigate every stillbirth case and address social disadvantages that increase risk. The psychosocial and economic impacts of stillbirth are substantial but it remains a hidden issue with stigma. Coronial jurisdictions generally do not investigate stillbirths but legal cases show deaths shortly after birth may be reportable. Claims for mental harm from perinatal death
This document summarizes abortion laws in different countries around the world. It finds that abortion is legal under varying circumstances in places like the UK, Finland, Iceland, Hungary, parts of Australia and Canada, while it is illegal or restricted in Ireland, Malta, the Philippines, parts of the US, Nigeria, Chile, El Salvador and the Vatican. The circumstances under which abortion is allowed or restricted varies widely between countries and sometimes within countries, but common exceptions include protecting the health or life of the mother, cases of rape or fetal abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of reproductive health topics including birth control methods, contraception use in the US, perspectives on abortion, and global maternal health issues. It discusses the types of birth control including hormonal methods (pills, IUDs), barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), fertility awareness techniques, and permanent sterilization. Abortion procedures like medical and surgical abortion are also outlined. The perspectives section notes common reasons women choose abortion and characteristics of US abortion patients. A discussion of informed decision making and reducing unsafe abortion globally is presented.
Teenage pregnancy is defined as a girl aged 13-19 becoming pregnant. In Malaysia, most first sexual encounters occur between ages 15-19, putting girls at risk of unwanted pregnancy, STDs, and long-term health issues. While the teenage birth and pregnancy rates in Malaysia have decreased in recent years, they remain a public health issue, especially among unmarried, low-income, and rural adolescents. Unwanted pregnancies often lead to abandoned babies and unsafe or illegal abortions, which can result in medical complications. Experts recommend increasing access to sexual education and family planning services to prevent unintended pregnancies and support services for teenage mothers and their children.
Teen Pregnancy A Preventable Epidemic Our natio.docxmehek4
Teen Pregnancy: A Preventable Epidemic
Our nation is facing an adolescent reproductive-health crisis, with one in four teenage
girls having a sexually transmitted disease, and one in three becoming pregnant before
the age of 20.1 To address this challenge, teens must be able to obtain confidential and
affordable reproductive-health services. However, anti-choice politicians have stymied
efforts to give teens the tools they need to protect themselves against unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We continue to call on lawmakers
– pro-choice and pro-life alike – to work together to achieve real solutions – instead of
divisiveness.
The Facts
In spite of a recent decline, the United States still has the highest rate of teen pregnancy
in the western industrialized world.2 Studies show that the United States’ teen-
pregnancy rate is more than twice that of Canada and Sweden.3
§ Approximately 750,000 young women in the United States become pregnant each
year. Eighty-two percent of teen pregnancies are unplanned 4 and more than a
quarter of those end in abortion.5
§ Teen mothers are less likely to complete school, less likely go to college, more
likely to have large families, and more likely to stay single – increasing the
likelihood that their children will live in poverty.6
§ In addition to other consequences for young women and their children, teen
childbearing costs U.S. taxpayers at least $11 billion annually.7
§ A sexually active teen who does not use contraception has a 90-percent chance of
becoming pregnant within a year.8
Potentially due to factors such as decreased access to health-care services and
information, racial and ethnic disparities persist in the reproductive health of young
Americans.
§ The problem of teen pregnancy is more pronounced in the African-American and
Latino communities, where rates of teen pregnancy are higher than those in
white communities – 15 percent and 14 percent respectively, compared to five
percent.9
2
§ Fifty-three percent of Latina teens and 51 percent of African-American teen girls
will become pregnant at least once before they turn 20. In comparison, only 19
percent of non-Hispanic white teen girls will become pregnant before the age of
20.10
A Failed Approach
Anti-choice lawmakers and advocates seized on this public-health crisis as an
opportunity to enact one of their longtime goals: withhold sex education from young
people in a misguided attempt to discourage them from having sex. Instead, they spent
more than $1 billion in taxpayer funds on “abstinence-only” programs11 – programs that
censor vital health information about contraception and safe sex. The approach has been
a spectacular failure.
§ Research shows that “abstinence-only” programs do not work and that
comprehensive sex-education programs do. In 2007, a report commissioned by
the U.S. Department of H ...
APCRSHR10 Virtual plenary presentation by Sivananthi Thanenthiran of ARROWCNS www.citizen-news.org
This is the plenary presentation by Sivananthi Thanenthiran, Executive Director of ARROW, which took place as part of 8th session of 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (APCRSHR10) Virtual, on 28th September 2020, on the theme of "Safe abortion and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific". 28 September is also observed as International Safe Abortion Day.
C H A I R
Amy Williamson, Country Director, Marie Stopes International, Cambodia
P L E N A R Y S P E A K E R S
* Dr Suchitra Dalvie, coordinator, Asia Safe Abortion Partnership (ASAP) | "Abortion and Reproductive Justice: The Unfinished Revolution"
* Sivananthi Thanenthiran, Executive Director, ARROW | "Right to Safe Abortion: putting women at the centre of the discourse and practice"
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T E R S
* Katherine Gambir | Is Self-Administered Medical Abortion as Effective as Provider-Administered Medical Abortion? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
* Aryanty Riznawaty Imma | Challenges in Recording Abortion Related Complications at Health Facilities in Setting Where Abortion is Highly Restricted
* Dr Yaghoob Foroutan | Abortion’s Patterns and Determinants in Iran: Attitudinal Dynamics
* Maria Persson | A Qualitative Study on Healthcare Providers’ Experiences of Providing Comprehensive Abortion Care in the Humanitarian Setting in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
For more information on this session go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual8
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #genderequality #SDGs #abortion #MyAbortionMyHealth #28Sept #InternationalSafeAbortionDay #SafeAbortion #BodilyAutonomy
Access to safe abortion heu meeting - april 2013Saf Pac
This document discusses making the case for supporting access to safe abortion at CARE. It addresses some common objections to taking on this issue, including that there is no need, it is illegal, donors won't fund it, and it is not CARE's niche. For each objection, it provides counterarguments and evidence. For example, it notes that unsafe abortion accounts for 13% of maternal deaths globally. It also reviews international human rights that uphold a woman's right to safe abortion and abortion law reforms in many countries. The document argues that while safe abortion may not be CARE's main focus, denying those rights harms women, and as an organization committed to women's needs and rights, CARE can help advance these contested
This document summarizes a study estimating the incidence of induced abortion in Nigeria in 2012. The study used an indirect methodology relying on surveys of 772 health facilities and 194 health professionals. The surveys found that an estimated 1.25 million induced abortions occurred in Nigeria in 2012, equivalent to a rate of 33 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49. An estimated 212,000 women received treatment for complications from unsafe abortion. The high levels of unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion indicate a need for improved access to contraception and safe abortion services in Nigeria.
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of nutritional services provided by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on birth outcomes in the South Bronx. Interviews were conducted with six WIC program administrators. The responses suggested that pregnant women who enrolled in WIC early and followed the nutritional guidelines had healthier pregnancies and full-term babies, while those who abused drugs or did not receive prenatal care had poorer outcomes like preterm birth or low birth weight. In conclusion, adherence to the WIC program was found to lead to positive pregnancy outcomes, though more health education is still needed to help women change unhealthy behaviors.
This document provides guidance on improving access to safe abortion services in Africa. It discusses the context of unsafe abortion in Africa, including the high rates of maternal death from unsafe abortion procedures. It outlines international agreements that recognize unsafe abortion as a major public health issue and call for making abortion safe and accessible to the full extent of the law. The document also addresses the legal status of abortion in African countries and barriers to accessing safe abortion services. It provides guidance on clinical abortion services and management practices based on World Health Organization standards.
Abortion should be legal but also regulatedEchi JC
Abortion should be legal but regulated with certain restrictions. While an estimated 123 million women have intended pregnancies each year, 87 million become unintentionally pregnant. 46 million of 211 million annual pregnancies end in abortion. Reasons for legalizing abortion include that making it illegal does not stop it from occurring and allows women control over their lives and health decisions. However, regulations are needed to prevent abuse and ensure safe, legal access to abortion services. Common restrictions include gestational limits, physician requirements, waiting periods, and parental involvement for minors. Continued education and access to contraception are presented as solutions to reduce unintended pregnancy.
There are many ethical aspects which derive from the application of reproduction control in women's health. Women's health can be enhanced if women are given the opportunity to make their own reproduction choices about sex, contraception, abortion and application of reproductive technologies.
The document discusses family planning in Kenya. It notes that Kenya's fertility rate is between 4-5 children per woman, and that contraceptive prevalence has increased but remains below targets. Maternal mortality has not improved. Barriers to family planning include social and cultural factors as well as weak health systems. The document then discusses various family planning methods including fertility awareness, mechanical methods like IUDs and condoms, hormonal methods like pills and implants, and surgical methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy. It provides details on combined oral contraceptive pills, including types, effectiveness, eligibility criteria, and potential side effects.
This document discusses reproductive health, women's sexual and reproductive rights. It begins by defining reproductive health according to the WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It notes key concepts that emerged from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, including adopting a life-cycle approach to women's health and recognizing women's right to make their own informed health decisions.
The document outlines components of reproductive health and women's sexual and reproductive rights. It then analyzes areas where women's rights are abused in Nigeria, such as unsafe motherhood, unsafe abortion, traditional harmful practices like female genital mutilation and early marriage, as well as gender inequality, violence against women and
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1. THE JOURNEY
TO SAFE,
LEGAL AND
ACCESSIBLE
ABORTION
IN THE
CARIBBEAN
Taitu Heron, Head/Development Specialist
Women and Development Unit (WAND)
University of the West Indies, Open Campus
taitu.heron@open.uwi.edu
2. The Focus of the Presentation
1. The regional legislative landscape; including
examples of reform; its limitations and impact
2. Impact of criminalising abortion on women in the
Caribbean (unsafe abortions)
3. Response: What would a legislative & policy
framework look like for safe, legal and accessible
abortion look like?
4. Recommendations for abortion law reform
3. The Offences Against the Persons Act
of 1861 (2 Sections regarding abortion)
• One section: Any person who (a) being a woman with child with
intent to procure her own miscarriage, unlawfully administers to
herself any poison or any other noxious thing or unlawfully uses
any instrument or other means whatsoever; or (b) with the intent
to procure the miscarriage of any woman, whether she is or is
not with child, unlawfully administers to her or causes to be
taken by her any poison or other noxious thing, or unlawfully
uses any instrument or other means whatsoever, shall be guilty
of felony and being convicted thereof shall be liable to
imprisonment for life.”
• The other section addresses the matter of persons who aid
and abet an abortion. Such persons are also liable under the
1861 Act and if convicted subject to imprisonment.
4. Barbados (Medical Termination Act 1983)
• The act allows the termination of a pregnancy to
protect a woman’s life or physical and mental
health, for economic and social reasons, in
pregnancies resulting from rape, and in cases
where the foetus suffers severe abnormalities;
but not at the woman’s request.
• Over the next 25 years, Barbados’s maternal
mortality ratio plummeted by 53%. Maternal mortality
ratio of Barbados fell gradually from 44 deaths per 100,000 live births in
1996 to 27 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015.
5. Barbados cont’d
The authorization of one doctor is required by law if gestation is
12 weeks or less. If the pregnancy has reached 12 weeks but is
less than 20 weeks, the law requires the authorization of two
doctors. If the pregnancy is more than 20 weeks on, an abortion
requires the consent of three doctors. Before an abortion can be
performed, the woman has to receive counseling and provide
written consent when the cause of pregnancy is rape or incest.
Only doctors are authorized to perform abortions and if the
pregnancy is more than two weeks on, the abortion must be
carried out at a government authorized hospital.
Limitations: Hoops to get one. Plus, the law needs reform to
21st medical options. Underground market in misoprostol that is
not regulated & private doctors still can’t legally perform an
abortion.
6. Guyana (Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1995)
• To save the pregnant woman’s life, to
protect the woman’s health during high
risk pregnancy, to protect the mental and
physical health of the pregnant woman, to
protect the woman in case of a pregnancy
caused by incest or rape, to protect the
woman in the case of poor fetal
development, in case of woman’s
socioeconomic limitations.
7. Guyana cont’d
• Does not yet uniformly offer the provision of
abortion services in its Public Hospitals and
Medical Facilities across the length and breath of
the country.
• Medical personnel are still scarce in comparison
with the country’s population and size.
• Access for rural women is a serious challenge.
• Has not dented MMR. Estimated at maternal
mortality rate estimated at 229 per 1,000 live
births.
• 2016: The Guyana Responsible Parenthood Association
started to offer medical abortions as part of their
programme.
8. The restrictions & allowances under the
law in other CBN countries
Some countries in the Caribbean region allow
abortion in cases of (a) rape, (b) incest or (c) foetal
anomaly. Some countries restrict abortion by
requiring (d) parental authorization. Countries that
allow abortion without restriction as to reason have
gestational age limits (generally the first trimester).
*Includes countries with laws that refer simply to
“health” or “therapeutic” indications, which may be
interpreted more broadly than physical health.
9. Abortion & the regional landscape
Reasons for which abortion is
legally permitted
Country (CARICOM/CARIFORUM/CW)
Prohibited altogether Dominican Republic, Haiti, Suriname
To save the life of the woman Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica
To save the life of the
woman/preserve her physical
health
Bahamas, Grenada
To save the life of the woman/
preserve her physical and mental
health*
Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia (a,
b), Trinidad & Tobago
To save the life of the woman/
preserve physical or mental
health/ socioeconomic reasons
Barbados (a,b,c), Belize, St Vincent
and the Grenadines (a,b,c)
Without restriction as to reason Cuba (d), Guyana, Puerto Rico
Singh S et al., Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2018
10. Impact: Incidence and Trends
• The LAC regional abortion rate is roughly 48 per 1,000 for
married women and 29 per 1,000 for unmarried women.
• Data for 2010–2014, abortion rates range across
subregions, from 33 per 1,000 women in Central America to
48 per 1,000 in South America to 59 per 1,000 in the
Caribbean.
• The proportion of all pregnancies in Latin America and the
Caribbean ending in abortion increased between 1990–
1994 and 2010–2014, from 23% to 32%.
• Data 2010–2014, Latin America and the Caribbean has the
highest rate of unintended pregnancy of any world region—
96 per 1,000 women aged 15–44. In the subregion of the
Caribbean, the rate was 116 unintended pregnancies
per 1,000 women.
11. Unsafe abortion and its consequences
• Induced abortion is medically safe when
WHO-recommended methods are used by
trained persons, less safe when only one
of those two criteria is met, and least safe
when neither is met.
• Many women undergo unsafe (i.e., less
safe or least safe) procedures that put
their well-being at risk.
12. Consequences cont’d
• During 2010–2014, about one in four abortions
in Latin America and the Caribbean were safe.
The majority (60%) of procedures fell into the
less-safe category.
• In 2014, at least 10% of all maternal deaths (or
900 deaths) in Latin America and the Caribbean
were from unsafe abortion.
• The most common complications from unsafe
abortion are incomplete abortion, excessive
blood loss and infection.
13. Consequences cont’d
• Poor and rural women are the most likely to
experience an unsafe abortion and severe
complications thereof.
• Postabortion services in the region are often of
poor quality. Common shortcomings include
delays in treatment, use of inappropriate
interventions, inadequate access, and
judgmental attitudes among clinic and hospital
staff. These factors likely deter some women
from obtaining needed treatment
14. Consequences cont’d
• The use of misoprostol to induce abortions
is growing more common throughout the
region and seems to have increased the
‘safety’ of clandestine procedures.
• It remains unregulated.
• Unreliable statistics on maternal mortality
in the Caribbean because of restrictive law
drives the procedure underground.
15. Reform vs Implementation of services
Guyana has legal abortion yet limited
access and proper services. The law has not
positively impacted the lives of women.
Jamaica – with restrictive legislation, has a
lower MMR than Guyana at 89
deaths/100,000 live births.
16. Impact and Response (Fred Nunes)
• Do restrictive abortion laws secure a reduction in abortions?
• How well do criminal abortion laws protect the sanctity of life?
• Are restrictive laws equitable across all classes of women?
• Do liberal abortion laws result in a weakening of the moral fabric
of society?
• Do liberal abortion laws result in an explosion of abortions?
• How does either approach affect the physical and emotional
health of women?
18. The Current Legal Response
Involuntary
pregnancy
Decide to
Terminate
pregnancy
Motherless children
Fractured families
High, unnecessary
human suffering
and public cost
No behaviour
change
Haemorrhage
Sepsis
Incomplete abortion
Sub-fertility
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chronic pelvic pain
Fistula
Death
No emotional support or
moral guidance
No contraceptive information
Compassionate care
Almost no complications
Thorough guidance
Contraceptive information
Voluntary
pregnancy
Unsafe
abortion
Keep & care
Keep & struggle
Adoption
Foster
Safe
abortion
Abandonment
Infanticide
Suicide
F
D
6
E
B
A
C
19. Involuntary
pregnancy
Social Values
& Attitudes
Sexual
Activity
Unplanned
pregnancy
Non-use of
contraceptives
Unwanted
pregnancy
• Families
• Churches
• Temples
• Mosques
• Synagogues
• Friends
• Schools
• Communities
• Parents
• Teachers
• Peers
• Health clinics
• Private doctors
• Family planning services
• Religious leaders
Abstention
Abstention
Use of
contraceptives
Planned
pregnancy Wanted
pregnancy
5
4
3
2
1
The Present Criminal Law Makes the Problem Worse
The Social Problem and Current Legal Response
Motherless children
Fractured families
Decide to
Terminate
pregnancy
No behaviour
change
High, unnecessary
human suffering
and public cost
Compassionate care
Almost no complications
Thorough guidance
Contraceptive information
F
D
6
The Consequences of Restrictive, Criminal Law
Likely pattern of repeat abortions
E
Fred Nunes
Faithful partnership
Haemorrhage
Sepsis
Incomplete abortion
Sub-fertility
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chronic pelvic pain
Fistula
Death
No emotional support or
moral guidance
No contraceptive information
Abandonment
Infanticide
Suicide
Likely use of contraceptives
Voluntary
pregnancy
Unsafe
abortion
B
Keep & care
Keep & struggle
Adoption
Foster
Safe
abortion
A
Morality Knowledge
C
21. Social Values
& Attitudes
Sexual
Activity
Unplanned
pregnancy
Non-use of
contraceptives
Unwanted
pregnancy
• Families
• Churches
• Temples
• Mosques
• Synagogues
• Friends
• Schools
• Communities
• Parents
• Teachers
• Peers
• Health clinics
• Private doctors
• Family planning services
• Religious leaders
Abstention
Abstention
Use of
contraceptives
Planned
pregnancy Wanted
pregnancy
5
4
3
2
1
The Proposed Civil Law Helps to Correct the Problem
The Social Problem and Proposed Legal Response
The Potential of Regulatory, Civil Law
Fred Nunes
Faithful partnership
Request a
termination
Pre-abortion
counselling
Safe abortion
Post-abortion
counselling
Voluntary
pregnancy
6 7
Voluntary
pregnancy
Keep & care
Keep & struggle
Adoption
Foster
8 9
Emotional Comfort Medical Safety
Keep & care
Adoption
Foster
Keep & struggle
Increased use of contraceptives
Fewer repeat abortions
Contraceptive
Knowledge
Emotional Comfort Medical Safety
Morality Knowledge
22.
23. Recommendations
a) Undergo a legislative overview of Caribbean countries
with the restrictive legislation
b) Develop model legislation
c) Identify a core team of actors/stakeholders across the
regional that are willing to adopt a regional approach for
advocacy and law reform.
d) Identify legal technical assistance /regional consultants
that may be required for (a) and (b)
e) Consultation with technocrats, regional and local, re
entry points in CARICOM & Commonwealth Foundation
or the Commonwealth committees? ?
f) Other recommendations from broader discussions.
24. Sources cited
• Singh S et al., Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal
Access, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2018; special tabulations of
updated data from Sedgh G et al.,
• Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and
subregional levels and trends, Lancet, 2016, 388(10041):258–267.
• Fred Nunes, Abortion: Thinking Clearly about controversial public policy.
• UNFPA, 2017. Overview of the Situation of Maternal Morbidity and
Mortality: Latin America and the Caribbean.
https://lac.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MSH-GTR-Report-Eng.pdf
• Miller, Billie and Parris, Nicole, Capturing the Moment: The Barbados
Experience of Abortion Law Reform - An Interview with Dame Billie Miller.
Social and Economic Studies Vol. 61, No. 3, September 2012, Special
Issue on Women’s Reproductive Health and Rights in Select Caribbean
Countries (Guest Editors: Taitu Heron and Shakira Maxwell) . Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2233882