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ETIOLOGÍA
HERNIA INGUINAL INDIRECTA
Hernia inguinal indirecta
Hernia inguinal indirecta

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Hernias Inguinales Incarceradas y estranguladas

Editor's Notes

  1. Cuadro1: Si es viable el contenido se reduce a la cavidad abdominal Cuadro 2: para aliviar la presión sobre la vasculatura intestinal y permitir la movilización del intestino hacia el campo quirúrgico
  2. Cuadro 2: para permitir la reducción y movilización intestinales Cuadro3: utilizando una incisión inguinal o realizando una incisión infraumbilical en la línea media para mejorar la exposición
  3. En forma ideal, se extirpa la porción isquémica y se realiza una anastomosis entre porciones viables del intestino para restablecer la continuidad del tubo digestivo. Si el procedimiento quirúrgico se vuelve limpio-contaminado por la resección intestinal o si existe compromiso intestinal significativo, la reparación de la hernia inguinal debe llevarse a cabo sin el uso de prótesis por el temor a la contaminación e infección de la malla.
  4. Cuadro 1: Con frecuencia una hernia inguinal encarcelada o estrangulada puede reducirse con … Cuadro 2: Una hernia con sospecha de estrangulamiento que se reduce en forma inadvertida durante la inducción de la anestesia o antes de la inspección visual por el cirujano por lo común requiere la conversión del procedimiento a laparotomía o laparoscopia para la valoración plena de la viabilidad intestinal. Cuadro 4: Rara vez el cirujano descubrirá después de abordar el conducto inguinal durante el tratamiento de urgencia de una hernia inguinal que ésta no existe. En tales situaciones debe sospecharse la presencia de hernia femoral; el conducto femoral se ubica por debajo del ligamento inguinal y se valora en busca de hernia encarcelada o estrangulada.
  5. Aún está lejos de conocerse por completo la causa de una hernia inguinal, pero sin duda es multifactorial. La predisposición familiar tiene un papel. Sin embargo, pruebas crecientes indican que los trastornos del tejido conjuntivo predisponen al desarrollo de una hernia al alterar la formación de colágena. Se conoce bien una prevalencia más alta de hernias inguinales en individuos que sufren ciertos trastornos congénitos del tejido conjuntivo. En niños con luxación congénita de la cadera se desarrollan hernias inguinales con una frecuencia cinco veces mayor en mujeres y tres veces más en varones comparados con niños sin esta enfermedad. Es probable que la influencia del esfuerzo físico en el desarrollo de una hernia inguinal sea menos importante de lo que suele pensarse. En menos de 10% existe la relación de causa y efecto entre un episodio de levantamiento específico y la formación de una hernia inguinal, excepto en circunstancias relacionadas con problemas laborales. Además, los atletas, incluidos los levantadores de pesas, no parecen tener una incidencia excesiva de hernias inguinales. En consecuencia, los pacientes con hernias inguinales no reparadas deben abstenerse de levantar peso.
  6. Aún es popular la llamada ―teoría sacular‖ de la formación de una hernia inguinal indirecta que propuso Russell. En la mente de muchos cirujanos aún es válida incluso hoy en día la hipótesis de Russell según la cual ―en cada caso es esencial la presencia de un divertículo del desarrollo acompañado de un proceso vaginal persistente‖. Russell pensaba que la elevación de la presión intraabdominal serviría para estirar y debilitar de manera adicional el anillo interno y permitir la herniación de órganos intraabdominales adicionales a través del orificio, sin provocar en realidad una hernia inguinal indirecta. Sin embargo, ello no explica todos los casos de hernias inguinales indirectas. Cuadro 2: Este término no es acertado porque implica un proceso neoplásico y un lipoma del cordón consiste en tejido adiposo normal que es el exceso de tejido adiposo que incluye el cordón o el ligamento redondo que encuentra un cirujano durante una herniorrafia electiva. Se emplea el término lipoma porque es posible separar con facilidad el tejido adiposo de las estructuras del cordón y reducirlo al espacio preperitoneal ―en masa‖ como si fuera un tumor.
  7. desde un punto de vista clínico por tres razones: a) puede causar síntomas parecidos a una hernia aunque con menor frecuencia que las hernias indirectas con un saco peritoneal; b) suele ser difícil diferenciarlo en el examen físico de una hernia indirecta con un saco peritoneal, y c) puede dar lugar a un resultado insatisfactorio porque no hay cambió en el examen físico después de la herniorrafia inguinal electiva, en especial cuando se utiliza una reparación preperitoneal