NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1982
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national refereed, juried, peer-reviewed, blind-reviewed professional periodicals. Any article published shall earned five affirmative votes from members of our National Board of Invited Distinguished Jurors and must be recommended for national publication by members of the National Policy Board representing all National FORUM Journals. Journal issues are distributed both nationally and world-wide.
Our website features national refereed articles that are published daily within our National FORUM Journals Online Journal Division. Over 1,000 articles are available to scholars and practitioners world-wide. Over 250,000 guests visit our website yearly. About 56,000 articles are downloaded for academic purposes at no charge. We have about an 88% rejection rate. See: www.nationalforum.com
Founded in 1982, National FORUM Journals has published the scholarly contributions of over 5,200 professors with over 2,000 articles indexed. Our journals are indexed with many global agencies including Cabell’s Directories, ERIC, EBSCO, SWETS International, Library of Congress National Serials Data Program, and the Copyright Clearance Center, Danvers, Massachusetts.
Global Website: www.nationalforum.com
This study examined school board presidents' implementation of continuous improvement practices in their leadership. A survey of 164 school board presidents in Illinois found they perceived moderately high implementation of continuous improvement. However, survey items did not load clearly into the 7 categories of a continuous improvement model. Additionally, no relationships were found between implementation and board members' experience or district characteristics. The study identifies areas for further developing board members' continuous improvement skills, such as evaluating meetings, benchmarking other boards, and engaging communities in goal-setting.
Banning Cells Phones by Dr. Clarence Johnson and Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
Clarence Johnson, PhD &* William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Banning Cell Phones on Public School Campuses in American by Clarence Johnson, PhD &* William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Factors Impacting Teacher Retention Mary Ann SpringsWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
Personnel Issues
Public School Law Series
National Issues & Concerns - New Answers To Lingering Problems in Public School Law
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. Kritsonis Honored as Professor, Scholar & Pioneer Publisher
The Texas National Association for Multicultural Education honored Dr. William Allan Kritsonis as a Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was on April 28th 2012 at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Good School Law For Teachers - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
(Revised Summer, 2009)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Doctor of Humane Letters
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Professional Experience
Dr. Kritsonis began his career as a teacher. He has served education as a principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, invited guest professor, author, consultant, editor-in-chief, and publisher. Dr. Kritsonis has earned tenure as a professor at the highest academic rank at two major universities.
Books – Articles – Lectures - Workshops
Dr. Kritsonis lectures and conducts seminars and workshops on a variety of topics. He is author of more than 600 articles in professional journals and several books. His popular book SCHOOL DISCIPLINE: The Art of Survival is scheduled for its fourth edition. He is the author of the textbook William Kritsonis, PhD on Schooling that is used by many professors at colleges and universities throughout the nation and abroad.
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis coauthored the textbook A Statistical Journey: Taming of the Skew. The book has been adopted by professors in many colleges and universities throughout the nation. It was published by the Alexis/Austin Group, Murrieta, California.
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis’ version of the book of Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning (858 pages) was published in the United States of America in cooperation with partial financial support of Visiting Lecturers, Oxford Round Table (2005). The book is the product of a collaborative twenty-four year effort started in 1978 with the late Dr. Philip H. Phenix. Dr. Kritsonis was in continuous communication with Dr. Phenix until his death in 2002.
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was the lead author of the textbook Practical Applications of Educational Research and Basic Statistics. The text provides practical content knowledge in research for graduate students at the doctoral and master’s levels.
In 2009, Dr. Kritsonis’ b
This study examined school board presidents' implementation of continuous improvement practices in their leadership. A survey of 164 school board presidents in Illinois found they perceived moderately high implementation of continuous improvement. However, survey items did not load clearly into the 7 categories of a continuous improvement model. Additionally, no relationships were found between implementation and board members' experience or district characteristics. The study identifies areas for further developing board members' continuous improvement skills, such as evaluating meetings, benchmarking other boards, and engaging communities in goal-setting.
Banning Cells Phones by Dr. Clarence Johnson and Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
Clarence Johnson, PhD &* William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Banning Cell Phones on Public School Campuses in American by Clarence Johnson, PhD &* William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Factors Impacting Teacher Retention Mary Ann SpringsWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
Personnel Issues
Public School Law Series
National Issues & Concerns - New Answers To Lingering Problems in Public School Law
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. Kritsonis Honored as Professor, Scholar & Pioneer Publisher
The Texas National Association for Multicultural Education honored Dr. William Allan Kritsonis as a Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was on April 28th 2012 at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Good School Law For Teachers - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
(Revised Summer, 2009)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Doctor of Humane Letters
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Professional Experience
Dr. Kritsonis began his career as a teacher. He has served education as a principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, invited guest professor, author, consultant, editor-in-chief, and publisher. Dr. Kritsonis has earned tenure as a professor at the highest academic rank at two major universities.
Books – Articles – Lectures - Workshops
Dr. Kritsonis lectures and conducts seminars and workshops on a variety of topics. He is author of more than 600 articles in professional journals and several books. His popular book SCHOOL DISCIPLINE: The Art of Survival is scheduled for its fourth edition. He is the author of the textbook William Kritsonis, PhD on Schooling that is used by many professors at colleges and universities throughout the nation and abroad.
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis coauthored the textbook A Statistical Journey: Taming of the Skew. The book has been adopted by professors in many colleges and universities throughout the nation. It was published by the Alexis/Austin Group, Murrieta, California.
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis’ version of the book of Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning (858 pages) was published in the United States of America in cooperation with partial financial support of Visiting Lecturers, Oxford Round Table (2005). The book is the product of a collaborative twenty-four year effort started in 1978 with the late Dr. Philip H. Phenix. Dr. Kritsonis was in continuous communication with Dr. Phenix until his death in 2002.
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was the lead author of the textbook Practical Applications of Educational Research and Basic Statistics. The text provides practical content knowledge in research for graduate students at the doctoral and master’s levels.
In 2009, Dr. Kritsonis’ b
Search & Seizure - Presentation Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg - the principal as instructional leader nfeasj v27 n4 ...William Kritsonis
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, www.nationalforum.com, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas
www.nationalforum.com - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS Website
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Students Rights, Student Freedom of Speech, Student Expression, Pickering and other cases, Censsorship of Student Publications, Due Process, Discrimination, Diversity, Multicultural Issues, Personnel Administration
Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Dissertation Proposal Defense, Dr. William Allan ...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
The document discusses journals from the National Forum. In 3 sentences or less, it provides high-level information about the topic but does not include specific details or quotes from the document.
C E N S O R S H I P O F S T U D E N T P U B L I C A T I O NWilliam Kritsonis
The document summarizes two important Supreme Court cases related to censorship of student publications: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) and Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988). Tinker established that students can express personal opinions unless it causes disruption, while Hazelwood allowed more censorship if the publication was school-sponsored. The document also discusses how courts have dealt with obscenity, vulgar language, and defining school-sponsored vs open forum student publications.
The document discusses Michael Fullan's "Six Secrets of Change" and how they can be applied to foster improvement at a school. The six secrets are: 1) Love your employees 2) Connect peers with purpose 3) Build capacity before initiating change 4) Ensure learning is occurring among employees 5) Maintain transparency throughout the change process 6) Develop systems to solidify successful processes and address recurring problems. The author analyzes each secret in the context of their experience leading changes at their school, such as implementing smaller learning communities and increasing teacher collaboration. Fullan's framework provides guidance for leaders to effectively engage employees in the change process through relationship-building, meaningful collaboration, capacity development, transparency, and systematization.
FERPA, also known as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, is a US federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. It requires educational institutions receiving federal funds to annually notify students of their rights to access, amend, and consent to disclose their records. FERPA applies to all schools that receive federal funding, including K-12 schools and postsecondary institutions. It defines directory and non-directory information and restricts disclosure of personally identifiable information without student consent. Landmark court cases have established that FERPA violations do not result in private rights of action but can lead to a loss of federal funding for noncompliant schools.
This article introduces a theoretical framework model examining the effectiveness of pre-kindergarten Montessori programs in preparing children for kindergarten. The framework shows how effectiveness will be measured by comparing Kindergarten Texas Primary Reading Inventory test scores between children who attended a pre-k Montessori program and those who did not. The framework outlines how Montessori education philosophy, concepts, pedagogy, materials, and environment relate to kindergarten development, purpose, and outcomes assessment. It also discusses the history of Montessori education, pre-kindergarten and kindergarten in Texas.
This article discusses a study that provided teacher candidates opportunities to see technology modeled by university faculty and to use technology in their course assignments. The study found that this increased the teacher candidates' confidence in integrating technology into teaching. Specifically:
1) Teacher candidates observed faculty modeling technologies like WebCT, PowerPoint, and digital cameras. They then used these technologies in assignments.
2) A survey found that seeing technologies modeled and using them increased teacher candidates' confidence in integrating technologies for tasks like providing class notes, communicating, and enhancing instruction.
3) The modeling and assignments gave teacher candidates hands-on experience using technologies for tasks they would do as teachers, like finding online resources and designing lesson plans.
This document is a journal article authored by four academics with PhDs: Catherine Smith, Norman Butler, Teresa Hughes, and David Herrington. The article discusses personal reflections on native versus nonnative English teachers in Polish schools. It is published in the Spring 2007 issue of The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research.
Copy Of C O M P U T E R A N D I N T E R N E T L A W I N P U B L I C S ...William Kritsonis
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
1) Over time, Texas has implemented various measures to strengthen and standardize the K-12 curriculum, measure student achievement, and hold schools accountable for results.
2) The state curriculum includes core subjects and enrichment courses, but accommodations must be made for English learners and students with special needs on standardized tests.
3) A study found that integrating hands-on activities into lessons led to higher-order thinking skills compared to traditional lecture-based instruction.
The document summarizes four cases that were appealed to the Texas Commissioner of Education.
Case 1 discusses a teacher whose contract was terminated for failing to provide proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
Case 2 involves a teacher who did not have proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal, finding that the contract was void without certification.
Case 3 was dismissed because the agency filed the complaint against the wrong party, who was merely an employee and not the owner of the driving school.
Case 4 determines that the commissioner has jurisdiction over an employment contract dispute even though it was non a standard contract, and that failure to record a grievance hearing violated the teacher's
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana
The document discusses several important laws and court cases related to student attendance and education programs. It mentions Brown v. Board of Education which established that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. It also references Texas cases that restricted transfers that changed the racial composition of schools. Additionally, it outlines several state laws including compulsory attendance requirements between ages 6 to 17, kindergarten requirements, and penalties for failure to send children to school. The document provides an overview of legal guidelines around student attendance and education programs in the United States and Texas.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Search & Seizure - Presentation Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg - the principal as instructional leader nfeasj v27 n4 ...William Kritsonis
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, www.nationalforum.com, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas
www.nationalforum.com - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS Website
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Students Rights, Student Freedom of Speech, Student Expression, Pickering and other cases, Censsorship of Student Publications, Due Process, Discrimination, Diversity, Multicultural Issues, Personnel Administration
Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Dissertation Proposal Defense, Dr. William Allan ...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
The document discusses journals from the National Forum. In 3 sentences or less, it provides high-level information about the topic but does not include specific details or quotes from the document.
C E N S O R S H I P O F S T U D E N T P U B L I C A T I O NWilliam Kritsonis
The document summarizes two important Supreme Court cases related to censorship of student publications: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) and Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988). Tinker established that students can express personal opinions unless it causes disruption, while Hazelwood allowed more censorship if the publication was school-sponsored. The document also discusses how courts have dealt with obscenity, vulgar language, and defining school-sponsored vs open forum student publications.
The document discusses Michael Fullan's "Six Secrets of Change" and how they can be applied to foster improvement at a school. The six secrets are: 1) Love your employees 2) Connect peers with purpose 3) Build capacity before initiating change 4) Ensure learning is occurring among employees 5) Maintain transparency throughout the change process 6) Develop systems to solidify successful processes and address recurring problems. The author analyzes each secret in the context of their experience leading changes at their school, such as implementing smaller learning communities and increasing teacher collaboration. Fullan's framework provides guidance for leaders to effectively engage employees in the change process through relationship-building, meaningful collaboration, capacity development, transparency, and systematization.
FERPA, also known as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, is a US federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. It requires educational institutions receiving federal funds to annually notify students of their rights to access, amend, and consent to disclose their records. FERPA applies to all schools that receive federal funding, including K-12 schools and postsecondary institutions. It defines directory and non-directory information and restricts disclosure of personally identifiable information without student consent. Landmark court cases have established that FERPA violations do not result in private rights of action but can lead to a loss of federal funding for noncompliant schools.
This article introduces a theoretical framework model examining the effectiveness of pre-kindergarten Montessori programs in preparing children for kindergarten. The framework shows how effectiveness will be measured by comparing Kindergarten Texas Primary Reading Inventory test scores between children who attended a pre-k Montessori program and those who did not. The framework outlines how Montessori education philosophy, concepts, pedagogy, materials, and environment relate to kindergarten development, purpose, and outcomes assessment. It also discusses the history of Montessori education, pre-kindergarten and kindergarten in Texas.
This article discusses a study that provided teacher candidates opportunities to see technology modeled by university faculty and to use technology in their course assignments. The study found that this increased the teacher candidates' confidence in integrating technology into teaching. Specifically:
1) Teacher candidates observed faculty modeling technologies like WebCT, PowerPoint, and digital cameras. They then used these technologies in assignments.
2) A survey found that seeing technologies modeled and using them increased teacher candidates' confidence in integrating technologies for tasks like providing class notes, communicating, and enhancing instruction.
3) The modeling and assignments gave teacher candidates hands-on experience using technologies for tasks they would do as teachers, like finding online resources and designing lesson plans.
This document is a journal article authored by four academics with PhDs: Catherine Smith, Norman Butler, Teresa Hughes, and David Herrington. The article discusses personal reflections on native versus nonnative English teachers in Polish schools. It is published in the Spring 2007 issue of The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research.
Copy Of C O M P U T E R A N D I N T E R N E T L A W I N P U B L I C S ...William Kritsonis
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
1) Over time, Texas has implemented various measures to strengthen and standardize the K-12 curriculum, measure student achievement, and hold schools accountable for results.
2) The state curriculum includes core subjects and enrichment courses, but accommodations must be made for English learners and students with special needs on standardized tests.
3) A study found that integrating hands-on activities into lessons led to higher-order thinking skills compared to traditional lecture-based instruction.
The document summarizes four cases that were appealed to the Texas Commissioner of Education.
Case 1 discusses a teacher whose contract was terminated for failing to provide proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
Case 2 involves a teacher who did not have proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal, finding that the contract was void without certification.
Case 3 was dismissed because the agency filed the complaint against the wrong party, who was merely an employee and not the owner of the driving school.
Case 4 determines that the commissioner has jurisdiction over an employment contract dispute even though it was non a standard contract, and that failure to record a grievance hearing violated the teacher's
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana
The document discusses several important laws and court cases related to student attendance and education programs. It mentions Brown v. Board of Education which established that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. It also references Texas cases that restricted transfers that changed the racial composition of schools. Additionally, it outlines several state laws including compulsory attendance requirements between ages 6 to 17, kindergarten requirements, and penalties for failure to send children to school. The document provides an overview of legal guidelines around student attendance and education programs in the United States and Texas.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Hendricks, la velle cyber bullying nfjca v1 n1 2012[posted)]
1. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1, 2012
The Evolution of Bullying to Cyber Bullying:
An Overview of the Best Methods
for Implementing a Cyber Bullying
Prevention Program
Lavelle Hendricks, EdD
Assistant Professor
Department of Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education
College of Education and Human Services
Texas A&M University-Commerce
Commerce, TX
Rick Lumadue, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Educational Leadership
College of Education and Human Services
Texas A&M University-Commerce
Commerce, TX
L. Rusty Waller, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Educational Leadership
College of Education and Human Services
Texas A&M University-Commerce
Commerce, TX
______________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Tragic stories of cyber bullying among children and young adults are getting more frequent. As
a result, federal, state, and local governments are focusing their efforts on the importance of
addressing this issue by modifying laws and increasing funding. The results of this study
provide some of the best methods for implementing a cyber bullying prevention program for
teachers and parents.
______________________________________________________________________________
1
2. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
2____________________________________________________________________________________________
If only he had told us, if only we had known how desperate he was, maybe we could have
done something to help him. Following the suicide of their son, a mother and father sit and
wonder how things may have been different had they known how helpless their son felt as a
result of being harassed by his peers on the Internet and social networking sites. Tragic stories of
cyber bullying among children and young adults are getting more frequent. According to the
Secretary of Education Arne Duncan,
Cyber-bullying, as you know, is a new and especially insidious form of bullying. In 2007,
more than 900,000 secondary students reported being cyber-bullied. Cyber-bullying
allows bullies to do their work at a distance, outside of schools, in front of a broad
audience and sometimes under the protection of anonymity. New technologies provide
bullies with new tools to hurt students in old ways. (U.S. Department of Education, 2010,
para. 28)
This is not just a problem in America either. Cyber bullying is an issue in many
countries across the globe. For example,
In South Korea, a female college student was riding the train with her dog when it
defecated on the floor of the subway car. After the girl refused to clean up the mess,
another passenger on the train took her picture using her cell phone and posted it online.
In the months to follow, it became an Internet sensation in South Korea and “Dog Poop”
girl became the target of extreme harassment. Individuals found out her name and
address and soon she was forced to withdraw from school and move to another part of the
country. (“Stories of Cyber Bullying,” 2008, para. 5)
Purpose of the Article
Victims of cyber bullying are often afflicted with intense emotional and psychological
pain. In many instances, this has led to tragic acts of physical violence. Many of the victims
experience at least one or a combination of feelings of isolation, embarrassment and shame. The
media has reported on some of the most appalling situations of cyber bullying that resulted in
suicide. These reports are alarming for concerned parents and educators looking for answers.
Therefore, this study was conducted to provide teachers and parents an overview of some of the
best methods for implementing a cyber bullying prevention program. To begin this study, the
evolution of bullying and its relationship to cyber bullying was analyzed.
Cyber Bullying Explained
Bullying is a demonstration of antagonistic and premeditated malicious activities.
According to Dake, Price, and Telljohann (2003, p. 173), bullying occurs when “the affliction of
injury or discomfort is perpetrated upon another person.” The emotional and physical damage
bullying has caused demands for society to take legal action. Bullying has evolved from a few
hurtful remarks communicated in person to multimedia interaction that can be communicated via
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multiple electronic sources. The evolution of electronic communication is the foundation of
cyber bullying. Cyber bullying occurs through mobile phones via text messages, Twitter, and
the Internet. According to Hinduja and Patchin (2011),
Kids have been bullying each other for generations. The latest generation, however, has
been able to utilize technology to expand their reach and the extent of their harm. This
phenomenon is being called cyberbullying, defined as: “willful and repeated harm
inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices. (para. 1)
In addition, the enhanced communication social network has been a recent blistering topic in the
media regarding schools and the workplace. Although it seems that bullying has been in
existence since the beginning of time the publicity has been emphasized with the increase of
homicides and suicides related to cyber bullying.
The media frequently issues “breaking news reports” and special programming alerts
regarding cyber bullying. For example, ABC News recently aired a 20/20 two hour special titled
“Bullied to Death in America’s Schools” (Dubreuil & McNiff, 2010). This documentary reported
that at least 14 teenagers had committed suicide in the past year as a result of being bullied.
Dilmac (2009) has conducted several surveys that have shown cyber bullying is an international
problem, not just isolated in North America. Government agencies, schools and other places of
employment have attempted to put policies into place to protect against such acts. The purpose
of this article will show the concept of how bullying has evolved into the cyber world of
technology.
The researcher Dan Olweus, considered a pioneer in the research of bullying, has been
cited in many studies based on his expertise in this field. Olweus published his first book in
1973 titled, “Aggression on the Schools: Bullies and Whipping Boys”. This launched his forty
plus years of studying bullying problems in the United States and other countries. In his
findings, according to Hamarus and Kaikkonen (2008, p. 334), “Olweus argued that bullying
involves an imbalance of power.” Olweus is noted as the first to implement an anti-bullying
program (Carey, 2003). His anti-bullying design covers procedures in classrooms and may also
be used in the workplace to help diffuse bullying activities. In the early 1980s, Olweus began a
campaign to formulate laws against bullying in schools, which have since been signed into law.
Due to his work, some schools have experienced a 50% reduction in bullying. Administrators
and other educators have stated the work done by Olweus has certainly earned its merits and
improved student protection.
The United States Secret Service submitted a report investigating the characteristics of
students who have committed criminal offenses and discovered bullying as one of the key factors
leading to the criminal activities (Dake, Price, & Telljohann, 2003). In 12 of the 15 campus
shootings during the 1990s, the shooters had a history of being bullied. In the past, bullying
consisted of intimidation, manipulation, and physical aggressiveness against the weaker
opponent. Bullying was most prominent in schools or during the day (Dilmac, 2009). The
outcomes led to championship of the stronger opponent and sometimes the confiscation of
someone’s lunch money.
However, in today’s world of cyber bullying the victim is often publicly humiliated. As a
result, some victims devise a plan to get even by committing a stronger, negative action towards
the bully or others as discussed above.
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Within seconds, a rumor can circulate around the school or community before anyone has
verified its validity. Information can spread so rapidly that millions of people across the world
can view it before it can be removed. For example, a few years ago a Rutgers University
freshman student jumped from the George Washington Bridge because his sexual activities with
another male were unknowingly video taped and placed on the Internet (Rochman, 2010). The
accusers for this heinous crime may have considered their actions as mere fun or bashing of
homosexual activities. However, the ramifications were devastating for them and the victim.
The Evolution of Bullying to Cyber Bullying
Schoolyard bullying has increased in the United States over the past thirty years which
can be linked to the rising numbers of suicide and homicide cases in some areas. When reflecting
over the motive for bullying; the reason is normally something about the victim that they could
not change or correct. Examples would be dislike persons for their hair color, sexual orientation,
body size or their economic status. According to research by “Fight the Crime Teen” data, some
primary reasons for cyber bullying centers around interest in a male or female, appearance, race
or ethnicity, and sexual orientation (Raskauskas, 2009). Safran and Safran (2008) cite The
Social Skills Deficit Model, which theorizes that bullies victimize others in order to keep their
power and social status.
The variations of victimization from elementary, middle and secondary schools are
conflicting in physical, psychological and behavioral characteristics. Elementary students may
indulge in simple name calling and hitting of each other. The middle school students have been
given the opportunity to have cellular phones purchased by their parents usually at the urging of
the child. The use of computers in schools for elementary students may consist of navigating
through educational programs; while middle schools and high schools use computers for
development of programs, papers and have more freedom to interact with various websites. The
difference in grade levels shows the needs for each group of children to be aware of computer
etiquette and misuse.
Despite the grade level, children from various age ranges may be affected by bullying.
This fact has been researched since the late 1960s (Carey, 2003). Due to the limited access of
electronic devices in elementary schools these students were confined to physical and verbal
bullying of their peers. In middle and high schools students have access to electronic devices to
instigate cyber bullying.
Cyber Bullying Not Just an American Problem
However, bullying is not just a problem for children. Many adults experience bullying in
the workplace and the effects are just as damaging. Today schools and places of employment
issue a “zero tolerance” toward bullying in any form. In the workplace bullying, is often subtle
and undetected for some time. Bullying in the workplace can lead to increased turnover and
decrease the commitment of employees (Hutchinson, Vickers, Jackson, & Wilkes, 2006). The
negative impact is not only harmful to the individual or victim; it also has the ability to affect the
productivity in the workplace. In the health care arena, nurses are often treated with less respect
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by physicians and asked to perform tasks that are not considered “other duties as assigned.”
According to Hutchinson, Vickers, Jackson, and Wilkes (2010), “bullying can cause not only
psychological harm to those targeted, but also physical illness” of the employee (p. 26).
Some employees will use deceptive measures in order to gain status in the workplace.
Workplace bullying has been used in political maneuvers as an attempt to elevate oneself up the
corporate chain (Hutchinson et al., 2010). An example of workplace bullying would be
derogatory emails or verbal confrontations to a peer.
Research on bullying transcends international boundaries. According to Slee and Rigby
(as cited in Carey, 2003, p.17), "bullying is defined as deliberately intending to hurt by
repeatedly taking advantage of superior strength, either physical or psychological.” Gregor
reported workplace bullying is the top OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Act) issue in
Australia (2004).
In New Zealand, cyber bullying has become a growing concern due to the prominence of
mobile phones amonng the youth. A total of 1,530 students were surveyed in a recent study
conducted among youth ranging in age from 11 to 18. The study found that 43% of the
participants reported having some incident of cyber bullying (Raskauskas, 2009).
In the United Kingdom, a research study was conducted with 1,429 students regarding
their aggressor’s intent and the power imbalance between themselves and the aggressor (Hunter,
Boyle, & Warden, 2007). The ages of those interviewed were between the ages of 8 and 13
years. They described their lower methods of coping against being bullied. The United
Kingdom has conducted studies showing the growing problem of bullying in the schools as a
subcategory of aggressive behavior (Jennifer, Cowie, & Bray, 2006). A conflict resolution
animation film called “Bully Dance” was shown in British schools to identify bullying behaviors
and coping strategies for school age children.
Some common mistakes victims typically make are that they fail to disclose to a person
of authority that they have been bullied. Some victims perceive that electronic communication is
not traceable when they are anonymous so there is no need to report the offense. According to
Juvonen and Gross (2008, p. 503), “in theory, electronic communication tools enable bullies to
remain anonymous.” However; in today’s technological world many auditing programs have
devised methods of tracing anonymous transmissions. Many victims attempt to conceal the
events from the proper authorities or those who care about them for fear of future retaliation by
the perpetrator or ridicule by peers who would view in a negative manner (Juvonen & Gross,
2008).
Smith et al. (2007) provided suggestions to stop cyber bullying that include blocking or
ignoring the bully, not retaliating, and always notifying someone of authority. Other suggestions
include posting the incident and placing information regarding potential consequences and
campaigns against bullying on your message board. The survey also listed the suggestion to
“fight back” along with “staying away from school” as the least favorable options. Awareness
is a key identifier of cyber bullying prevention. According to Diamanduros, Downs, and Jenkins
(2008) “it is important for parents and teachers to educate their children on the impact that online
chats, instant messaging, text messaging and social networking sites such as MySpace can have
on their social lives” (p. 695).
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Cyber Bullying in Pop Culture
This issue has become so relevant that pop culture has embraced it. A recent episode of
Glee, On My Way, (Aguirre-Sacasa & Buecker, 2012) highlighted the harmful affects of cyber
bullying when one of the characters was bullied for being found out to be homosexual. The
Trevor Project Web Site, a national organization that helps LGBT suicide prevention, saw a 300
percent increase in visits after this episode aired (Mann, 2012). The ABC Family Movie “Cyber
Bully” (Booth & Biname, 2011) documented how a young girl’s character was damaged due to a
misunderstanding with her friends. This illustrated the harmful affects of cyber bullying on the
victim, the perpetrator, and others in the community. Everyone was affected in a negative
manner including those who were not directly involved. The victim experienced a drop in her
social status in school. During this time her parents were filing for a divorce. Through a series
of events, the victim deliberately deceived her mother and arranged to meet with new friends she
found on the Internet friends. These friends eventually turned on her and began cyber bullying
her. The victim sadly planned her death as the only means to escape her deep emotional pain.
According to Flaspohler, Elfstrom, Vanderzee, Sink, and Birchmeier (2009), “victims of bullying
are more likely to report physical and mental health problems and to contemplate suicide
compared with non-victims” (p. 638).
The movie revealed several issues where prevention methods could have been deployed.
When the mother gave her daughter a computer with Internet access, she should have taught her
online etiquette and safety guidelines. Research has shown an increase in victimization
occurring with home internet and other electronic communication devices (Juvonen & Gross,
2008). When the detrimental postings appeared she failed to inform her parents, teachers or
someone in authority. According to some attorneys, "parents of bullies may be sued for
defamation of character, invasion of privacy, physical and emotional distress" (“Schoolyard E-
Bullies,” 2005, p. 10).
Bullying Prevention
The need for anti-bullying intervention programs is essential to eradicate this destructive
behavior. Therefore, polices have been developed within local and state governing bodies to
address this social problem. Mandated reporting laws place school professionals in positions to
protect children. In addition, the Anti-Bullying Act was implemented to enforce strict guidelines
against bullying of all forms (Sherer & Nickerson, 2010).
The European Commission has developed strategies to help safe guard their Internet sites.
Their design is to educate users. This safety measure was developed for students, teachers, and
parents (Riva, 2010). Schools must implement protocols and training for teachers and students
and provide guidance for parents (Smith et al., 2007).
In Texas, school districts have adopted and implemented a “Zero Tolerance Bullying
Policy”. The Fort Worth Independent School District in Texas has started the “It’s Not Okay
Campaign”. This initiative was designed to support victims as well as encourage others to speak
up about inappropriate behaviors they witness. The program teaches students to identify sexting,
cyberbullying, dating violence and other awareness topics (Fort Worth Independent School
District, 2011). Teaching appropriate student conduct is important in building self-esteem, self-
7. LAVELLE HENDRICKS, RICK LUMADUE, AND L. RUSTY WALLER
____________________________________________________________________________________________7
efficacy, and trust within the social setting (Sherer & Nickerson, 2010). Many companies have
subscribed to employee assistance programs that address one on one counseling services for
anger management, stress, domestic violence and problems in the workplace (Hutchinson et al.,
2010).
Conclusion
Bullying has evolved from schoolyard fist fights to electronic character assignation. The
need and development of electronic communication etiquette has also been tated to protect
victims. The need for students, parents, teachers, employees and others to report abuse is a major
factor to assist in reversing the incidences of cyber bullying in America and around the world.
Cyber bullying may be frightening for many parents or older adults because the lack of computer
skills and knowledge; therefore it is important to enhance their learning as a means of
empowerment. The bullying prevention programs are designed to detect and redirect such
victimization of the innocent.
The effectiveness of these policies are continually being evaluated. Federal, state, and
local governments continue to focus on the importance of addressing social problems by
modifying laws and increasing funding. These efforts should aid in the fight against bullying.
As social networking sites continue to develop and communication advances in other countries,
it is imperative to stay vigilant in safeguarding our children against cyber bullying. The
consequences of cyber bullying have devastating affects on families and communities.
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